Opinion
March 6, 1989
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Queens County (Finnegan, J.).
Ordered that the order is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law and the facts, and that branch of the defendant's motion which was to suppress statements made by him to the police is denied.
Contrary to the hearing court's determination, we conclude that the defendant was not in custody during the questioning conducted by Sergeant McKeon prior to the administration of his Miranda warnings and, therefore, the defendant's statements made in response to that questioning were not subject to suppression based on the failure to administer said warnings. It is well established that issues regarding custody are to be resolved by the application of the objective standard of whether a reasonable person in the defendant's position would believe that he was free to leave the presence of the police (see, People v. Yukl, 25 N.Y.2d 585, cert denied 400 U.S. 851; People v. Bailey, 140 A.D.2d 356, 358). The factors to be considered in applying this objective standard include, (1) the amount of time the defendant spent with the police (see, People v. Anderson, 42 N.Y.2d 35); (2) whether his freedom of action was restricted in any significant manner (see, People v. Rodney P., 21 N.Y.2d 1); (3) the location of and the atmosphere under which the defendant was questioned (see, People v. Yukl, supra); (4) the degree of cooperation exhibited by the defendant (see, People v. Torres, 97 A.D.2d 802); (5) whether he was apprised of his constitutional rights (see, People v. Oates, 104 A.D.2d 907); and (6) whether the questioning was investigatory or accusatory in nature (see, People v. Johnson, 91 A.D.2d 327, affd 61 N.Y.2d 932).
Applying the aforesaid standard to the case at bar, we conclude that a reasonable person in the defendant's position would not have considered himself to be in custody at the time of McKeon's initial questioning. The nature of McKeon's questioning at that point was investigatory rather than accusatory and it was conducted at the defendant's own place of business. Moreover, the defendant, who was fully cooperating with the police, was not physically restrained during the questioning nor was his freedom of movement restricted in any manner. In view of the foregoing, we find that the hearing court erred in concluding that the defendant's statements in response to McKeon's questioning were the product of custodial interrogation, requiring the administration of Miranda warnings. Mollen, P.J., Thompson, Kunzeman and Spatt, JJ., concur.