Summary
holding that the licensee's self-serving testimony is legally insufficient for establishing that licensee was medically incapable of completing a sufficient breath test
Summary of this case from Fenchak v. CommonwealthOpinion
October 24, 1988.
Motor vehicles — Licensing — Suspension — Scope of appellate review — Refusal to submit to breathalyzer.
1. The scope of review of the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania in a motor vehicle license suspension case is limited to determining whether the trial court committed an error of law or abused its discretion and whether its findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence. [561]
2. In a case involving the suspension of a motorist's operating privilege as a consequence of a refusal to submit to breathalyzer testing, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation must prove that the police officer had reasonable grounds to believe that the motorist was driving under the influence, that the motorist was arrested, that the motorist refused to submit to the testing, and that the officer gave the motorist an adequate warning of the consequences of refusal. [562]
3. Considering that a motor vehicle licensee was sitting in a vehicle parked in a restricted area, that she refused a police officer's request to present her vehicle registration card, that she exhibited belligerent behavior when asked to exit the vehicle and that the odor of alcohol was apparent on her breath, the police officer had reasonable grounds to believe that she was driving under the influence. [562]
4. When a motor vehicle licensee does not offer any medical reason for her inability to supply sufficient breath to operate a breathalyzer, that failure can be treated as a refusal to submit to the test. [562-3]
Judge McGINLEY concurred in the result.
Senior Judge KALISH filed a dissenting opinion.
Submitted on briefs May 18, 1988, to Judges DOYLE and McGINLEY, and Senior Judge KALISH, sitting as a panel of three.
Appeal No. 1467 C.D. 1987, from the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County in the case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Christine Berta, No. S.A. 763 of 1987.
Motor vehicle operator's license suspended by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Licensee appealed to the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County. Appeal sustained. DOYLE, J. Department appealed to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania. Held: Reversed.
Melissa K. Dively, Assistant Counsel, with her, Harold H. Cramer, Assistant Counsel, and John L. Heaton, Chief Counsel, for appellant.
Stephen A. Zappala, Jr., Dattilo, Barry, Fasulo Cambest, P.C., for appellee.
This is an appeal by the Department of Transportation, Bureau of Driver Licensing (Department) from an order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County which sustained the appeal of Christine Berta (Licensee) from an action of the Department suspending Licensee's operating privileges for one year for refusal to comply with the breathalyzer test requirement appearing in Section 1547 of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C. S. § 1547.
This opinion was reassigned to the writer on August 18, 1988.
The trial court found that a police officer had observed Licensee sitting in a vehicle parked in a restricted area. The officer exited his car and walked over to Licensee's vehicle. He asked Licensee to show him her operator's permit and vehicle registration. Licensee refused the officer's initial request and several subsequent requests. The officer then asked Licensee to step out of her vehicle and she refused. He then opened the door on the operator's side of Licensee's vehicle and forcibly removed Licensee from her vehicle. Licensee bit and kicked the officer and refused to comply with his orders. Once she was outside the vehicle the officer detected the odor of alcohol on her breath. Subsequently, Licensee was arrested for various offenses including driving while under the influence. Licensee was advised that she was under arrest for operating a motor vehicle while driving under the influence and was transported to the police station for purposes of conducting a breathalyzer test.
At the police station, Licensee was informed that the failure to take the breathalyzer test would result in the loss of her license for at least one year. Licensee then attempted to perform the breathalyzer test by blowing air into the machine but she did not blow a sufficient amount to cause a proper reading. Thus, Licensee's attempts to take the test were treated as refusals. On this basis the Department suspended her license. Licensee appealed to the common pleas court which concluded, based upon Licensee's demeanor, candor and frankness that Licensee had blown into the breathalyzer machine as hard as she could and, thus, had not refused to take the test. The trial court further found that the arresting officer did not have reasonable grounds for believing that Licensee was under the influence of alcohol even though this was not the basis of Licensee's appeal to the trial court. That court, however, sustained Licensee's appeal. This appeal by the Department followed.
Our scope of review is limited to determining whether the trial court committed an error of law or abused its discretion and whether its findings of fact are supported by competent evidence. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Vairo, 9 Pa. Commw. 454, 308 A.2d 159 (1973). In a case involving the suspension of a motorist's operating privilege as a consequence of a refusal to submit to breathalyzer testing, the Department must prove that (1) the officer had reasonable grounds to believe that the motorist was driving under the influence (2) the motorist was arrested and was asked to submit to chemical testing (3) the motorist refused to submit to the testing and, where the issue is raised, that (4) the officer gave the motorist an adequate warning of the consequences of refusal. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Sinwell, 68 Pa. Commw. 605, 450 A.2d 235 (1982). The only issues which are raised for our consideration are whether the police officer had reasonable grounds to believe that Licensee was driving under the influence, and whether the trial court properly determined that Licensee's actions in blowing as hard as she could did not constitute a refusal to take the breathalyzer test.
Considering first the question of whether the officer had reasonable grounds for his belief, the law is well settled that the proper inquiry is whether a reasonable person in the position of the officer viewing the facts and circumstances as they appear to him or her could have concluded that the motorist had operated the vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. White v. Commonwealth, 59 Pa. Commw. 156, 428 A.2d 1044 (1981). Relevant facts to be considered are, inter alia, the odor of alcohol on the licensee's breath, the licensee's general appearance and his behavior. Corry v. Commonwealth, 59 Pa. Commw. 324, 429 A.2d 1229 (1981). Considering that Licensee was sitting in a vehicle parked in a restricted area, that she refused the officer's request to present her vehicle registration card, that she exhibited belligerent behavior when asked to exit the vehicle and that the officer detected the odor of alcohol on her breath, we cannot say that there was not a reasonable basis for the officer's conclusion. Accordingly, we must reverse the trial court's ruling on this issue.
We now reach the question of whether Licensee's "good faith attempt" to supply sufficient breath could legally constitute a refusal. It is undisputed that Licensee has not offered any medical reason for her inability to supply sufficient breath. This Court's opinion in Department of Transportation, Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Jones, 38 Pa. Commw. 400, 395 A.2d 592 (1978) is instructive. In Jones, the licensee supplied healthy blasts of air and testified that she blew into the machine in good faith. This Court held that such self-serving testimony standing alone was insufficient as a matter of law, absent competent medical evidence, to show that Jones was unable to take the test. We can see no basis for distinguishing the facts of this case from those in Jones. Accordingly, we must conclude that on the issue of refusal, Jones is controlling here and for this reason reverse the common pleas court's conclusion that there was no refusal to submit to the breathalyzer test.
Reversed.
ORDER
NOW, October 24, 1988, the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County in the above-captioned matter is hereby reversed and the Department's suspension is reinstated.
This decision was reached prior to the resignation of Judge MacPHAIL.
Judge McGINLEY concurs in the result.
I respectfully dissent.
In order to uphold the suspension of an operator's license for refusal to take a breathalyzer test, DOT has the burden of proving, initially, that the arresting officer had reasonable grounds to believe that the licensee was driving while intoxicated. In other words, the propriety of the suspension for such refusal depends on whether the police officer had reasonable grounds to believe that the licensee was driving while intoxicated. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Doyle, 103 Pa. Commw. 490, 520 A.2d 917 (1987).
The trial court stated that, "defendant's [licensee's] demeanor, candor and frankness, and unhalting articulation suggested the tone and quality of honest conviction and veracity. Ergo, we resolved the issue of credibility in favor of Defendant [licensee]." Having resolved the credibility issue, the trial court found that Officer Ganaway did not have reasonable grounds to believe that licensee was operating the vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.
The fact finder determines credibility. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Traffic Safety v. Emory, 91 Pa. Commw. 580, 498 A.2d 26 (1985). He may accept or reject all or part of a witness' testimony. While the trial judge may have believed part of Officer Ganaway's testimony, it may be that the officer's testimony concerning the odor of alcohol on licensee's breath, which was noticed only after licensee refused to move her car and had to be forcibly moved, influenced the trial judge's determination of credibility.
Under the circumstances of the credibility determination in favor of licensee, I must agree that DOT has not met its burden of proof. Therefore, I need not reach the issue of the refusal to take the breathalyzer test. Accordingly, I would affirm.