Opinion
April 24, 1933.
July 14, 1933.
Workmen's compensation — Employee — Chronic disease — Death hastened by performance of ordinary duties — Accident — Evidence — Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, Section 301, Article III (Workmen's Compensation Act).
In a claim for compensation under the Workmen's Compensation Act, the claimant's testimony disclosed that her husband was employed by the defendant as a laborer and that he died while in the course of his employment as the result of a rupture of an aneurysm of the ascending arch of the aorta. It appeared that prior to his death he had been delivering wet cement in a wheelbarrow over a level scaffold. While pushing a barrow he paused for a moment to speak to a fellow employee and during the course of his conversation collapsed and died shortly thereafter. The uncontradicted evidence was that the employee had been suffering from a chronic degenerative disease of the circulatory system and that the presence of the aneurysm placed his life in jeopardy whether he was moving or quiet. Although the claimant showed that her husband's death resulted from violence to the physical structure of his body, she failed to adduce any evidence that the violence was occasioned through the happening of any occurrence in the course of his employment calling for any extra exertion or strain, other than that required by his usual and ordinary labor for the day.
In such circumstances, where there was no evidence of any accident, the claimant was not entitled to compensation and the judgment of the court below, sustaining the award for the claimant, will be reversed.
Death or disability overtaking an employee at his work is not compensable unless it is the result of an accident. Death or disability hastened by the performance of the usual and ordinary duties of an employee cannot be treated as accidental.
The right to recover compensation is limited to cases where the injury or death is shown to have been due to some unexpected or fortuitous event.
Appeal No. 151, October T., 1933, by defendants from judgment of C.P., No. 2, Philadelphia County, December T., 1932, No. 2510, in the case of Philomena Pelusi v. Joseph Mandes and Sons and The Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York.
Before TREXLER, P.J., KELLER, CUNNINGHAM, BALDRIGE, STADTFELD, PARKER and JAMES, JJ. Reversed.
Appeal from award of compensation to claimant by Workmen's Compensation Board. Before LEWIS, J.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Superior Court.
The court dismissed the appeal and sustained the award. Defendants appealed.
Error assigned, among others, was the order of the court.
George F. Blewett, and with him Robert P.F. Maxwell, for appellants, cited: O'Neill v. Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, 108 Pa. Super. 425; Diriscavage v. Pennsylvania Coal Company, 96 Pa. Super. 189.
James J. Regan, Jr., for appellee.
Argued April 24, 1933.
This appeal is by Joseph Mandes and Sons, contracting masons, and their insurance carrier, from a judgment entered by the court below upon an award of compensation to the dependent widow and daughter of an employe, Louis Pelusi, for his sudden death on November 14, 1929.
Admittedly, Pelusi's death occurred while he was in the course of his employment, but the pivotal question, under the assignments, is whether it was caused by "an accident," within the meaning of Section 301 of Article III of our Workmen's Compensation Law of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, or was the natural result of a progressive and incurable disease with which he was afflicted.
These material and uncontroverted facts were developed by the testimony:
Claimant's husband, about forty-five years of age, was employed by appellants as a laborer and had been doing the work in which he was engaged when stricken (delivering wet cement from a wheelbarrow to masons) "off and on" for a period of about four years.
In the language of Dr. Blakeslee, called by claimant, Pelusi was "handicapped" by a "chronic, degenerative disease of the circulatory system and of the kidneys, with a specialized diseased process involving the arch of the aorta . . . . . . a lesion known as an aneurysm." This witness also said the presence of the aneurysm placed the employe's life "in jeopardy, whether he was moving or whether he was quiet, and any effort, even though it may be slight, would be sufficient to rupture this aneurysm" with fatal results.
Another medical expert likened the condition of Pelusi's aorta to that of "a rubber tube about to give way."
The coroner's physician, who performed the post mortem, said: "He shouldn't have been on the job; if he would have been in bed, he would have been better off; sick man"; and explained that his continual exertion from day to day had gradually enlarged the artery.
At the time of Pelusi's death appellants were constructing the Clothier Memorial at Swarthmore College. He had been engaged for several days in delivering wet cement to the masons. It was mixed on the ground, run into a wheelbarrow, having a wooden frame and iron pan, and the loaded barrow, weighing from 150 to 200 pounds, was placed upon an elevator and hoisted to a scaffold about twelve feet above the ground. When the cement arrived at the scaffold, it became the duty of Pelusi to remove the barrow from the elevator and wheel it along the level scaffold, six feet in width and constructed of heavy planks, delivering the cement to the masons as needed by them.
On the morning of November 14, 1929, Pelusi reported for work at seven o'clock and worked at his usual task for more than an hour. Shortly after eight, he wheeled his barrow a distance of about seven feet from the elevator and stopped at the station of a mason, a fellow countryman who was about to return to Italy. He put his barrow down and engaged momentarily in conversation with this workman; suddenly the color of his face changed and he died almost instantly from a rupture of the aneurysm.
With reference to the wheelbarrow and the nature of the work, one of his employers testified: "It is a two-legged affair with one wheel; regular wheelbarrow; where the wheel is an axle; after you have it up, just lean against it; it is easy; level stretch; but, if you are going to push it up a hill, I will say it is some job."
The award was based upon this finding of fact by the board: "There is medical testimony that Pelusi's death was due to a rupture of an aneurysm of the ascending arch of the aorta, that he had for some time been afflicted with this aneurysm, and that the strain and exertion of wheeling the wheelbarrow load of cement caused the rupture; and we so find as a fact." From this, the conclusion of law was drawn that his death resulted from "an accidental injury suffered in the course of his employment."
In our opinion, the law has not been properly applied to the facts appearing from the evidence in this case.
The fatal defect in claimant's case is that although she has shown her husband's death resulted from violence to the physical structure of his body, she has not adduced any evidence that the violence was occasioned through the happening of any undesigned, unforeseen, sudden or unexpected, occurrence — any mishap, untoward or fortuitous, event.
There is no evidence of any objective happening or incident (Micale v. Light S.W. Ins. Fund, 105 Pa. Super. 399, 161 A. 600) outside of the usual and normal course of events to be expected in the performance of the work in which Pelusi had been engaged daily; nor is there any evidence from which the inference could be drawn that there was anything unusual about the exertion put forth by him in moving this particular load of cement.
It is clear from an examination of the testimony of the medical experts that when they spoke of "extra" or "undue" strain they meant any strain in excess of the normal blood pressure. One of them said: "He probably was straining that condition with every bodily movement he made. It has a whole chain of effects on that diseased vessel wall that brought about the end. The aneurysm wall wasn't able, and in many cases isn't able, to withstand any variations in pressure in the circulation and with an aneurysm the efforts, the physical efforts put forth by the individual, have a rather great effect upon the aneurysm and sooner or later lead to rupture."
In every compensation case, the claimant must first show the happening of some "accident"; only after that has been done, are the compensation authorities empowered to consider its alleged harmful results.
We now have an authoritative interpretation by our Supreme Court of the words, "an accident," as they are used in the statute. In Lacey v. Washburn and Williams Company, 309 Pa. 574, Mr. Justice DREW, speaking for the court, said: "The rule deducible from our decisions limits the right to recover compensation to cases where injury or death is due to some unexpected or fortuitous event."
We think this case is ruled by Gausman v. Pearson Co., 284 Pa. 348, 131 A. 247; Diriscavage v. Penna. Coal Co., 96 Pa. Super. 189; O'Neill v. Lehigh C. Nav. Co., 108 Pa. Super. 425; Waleski v. Susquehanna Collieries Co., 108 Pa. Super. 342; and Mooney v. Yeagle et al., 107 Pa. Super. 409.
In the O'Neill case the death of the employe was caused by an attack of angina pectoris which occurred while he was engaged in the performance of his usual duties as a carpenter for a coal company, and in the Mooney case the decedent, a plumber, was stricken with a fatal heart attack while working in a trench. There, as here, it appeared from the evidence that Mooney had been suffering for more than a year from chronic myocarditis and it was contended that his death had been superinduced by the strain of his work, which was excessive for a man in his physical condition. In discussing the necessity of proving some accident, KELLER, J., reviewed the leading cases on both sides of the line and that discussion need not be repeated.
Under all the evidence in the case at bar, the strongest inference which may legitimately be drawn is that Pelusi's death would probably not have occurred on November 14, 1929, if he had not been at work that day; in other words, that it was hastened by his employment.
But that is not sufficient, for, as stated in Gausman v. Pearson Co., supra, death or disability overtaking an employe at his work is not compensable unless it is the result of accident, and death or disability hastened by the performance of the usual and ordinary duties of an employe cannot be treated as accidental; nor can death or disability overtaking an employe in the course of his employment, but resulting from a natural cause, be so treated. To hold otherwise, would be to make the employer an insurer of the life and health of the employe and would render it exceedingly difficult for a middle-aged or physically defective person to obtain employment.
On the other hand, if there is evidence of a mishap or accident to an employe, the fact that he was suffering from a chronic ailment, which rendered him more susceptible to injury than an ordinary person would be, will not deprive him or his dependents of compensation.
The judgment now appealed from cannot be sustained, because, in the language of Lesko v. Lehigh Valley Coal Co., 270 Pa. 15, 112 A. 768, there was not shown "any sudden, unlooked for, occurrence in the course of [Pelusi's] work calling for any extra exertion or strain other than that required by his usual and ordinary labor for the day."
The cases relied upon by the board, the court below, and counsel for appellee, are distinguishable upon their facts. In Clark v. Lehigh Valley Coal Co., 264 Pa. 529, 107 A. 858, a case in which the employe's aorta was ruptured while vomiting, there was abundant evidence of an accident, through which his clothing had been set on fire; in Murphy v. P. R.C. I. Co., 98 Pa. Super. 108, the employe was engaged in unusual and unaccustomed work — shoveling coal over a high partition; in Zborovian v. Suffolk Anth. Col. Co., 93 Pa. Super. 320, the employe was unloading mine props, one of which became unbalanced and caused the accident; in Kotkoskie v. N.W. Mine Co., 105 Pa. Super. 480, 161 A. 480, the mine car, which the employe was pushing, unexpectedly caught against the roof by reason of overloading; Betts v. American Stores Co. et al., 105 Pa. Super. 452, 161 A. 589, is an illustration of an accident happening while the employe was performing labor in the usual manner and without over exertion, but the award was based upon the happening of the accident; and Pollock v. Clairton Schl. Dist. et al., 100 Pa. Super. 333, was a hernia case in which the contest was not whether the injury had resulted from an accident, but whether notice had been given to the employer within the specified period.
In all of these cases there was evidence from which the compensation authorities could properly find that the employe had been the victim of some mishap, or fortuitous or unexpected happening or incident, outside of the usual course of events, — some "accident," as interpreted and defined in the above cited decision of the Supreme Court.
As the record in this case is barren of any such evidence, we must sustain the first, second, fourth and fifth assignments of error.
Judgment reversed and here entered in favor of the defendants.