Summary
recognizing the violation of a city ordinance as negligence per se
Summary of this case from Jung v. DaviesOpinion
No. 27388
Decided December 20, 1939.
Negligence — Violation of statute or ordinance negligence per se — Defense of contributory negligence not precluded and defeats recovery, when — Truck driver at railroad grade crossing to look and listen, when — Operating truck toward tracks, resulting in collision, negligence per se, when.
1. The violation of a positive, specific and affirmative duty enjoined by statute or ordinance is negligence per se, or negligence as a matter of law. When a violation is conceded or established, the question whether the violator is guilty of negligence is not debatable, and the court must charge as a matter of law that the violator is guilty of negligence.
2. The fact that a defendant is chargeable with negligence per se, or as a matter of law, does not preclude a defense of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff; and if negligence on the part of the plaintiff is established and shown to be a proximate cause of the injury of which he complains, he cannot recover.
3. The driver of a truck, about to pass over a railroad grade crossing on a public street, must exercise his senses of sight and hearing to discover whether trains are also about to pass over such crossing, and such observation must be made at such time and place as to be effective for that purpose. ( Detroit, Toledo Ironton Rd. Co. v. Rohrs, 114 Ohio St. 493, approved and followed.)
4. The driver of a truck approaching a railroad grade crossing who is able, before going upon such crossing and while in a place of safety, to see a train also approaching such crossing, but voluntarily continues to operate his truck toward the railroad tracks at a rate of speed which brings it and the train to the crossing at or near the same instant, resulting in a collision causing his death, is negligent as a matter of law.
CERTIFIED by the Court of Appeals of Marion county.
Plaintiff, appellee herein, brought this action as administratrix of the estate of Earl W. Patton to recover for the alleged wrongful death of her decedent, who was killed by a train operated by the defendant, The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, in the city of Bucyrus.
The main line of The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, from Pittsburgh to Chicago, passes through the city of Bucyrus in an easterly and westerly direction. Whetstone street, a much traveled thoroughfare in the city of Bucyrus, crosses the railroad at grade in a northerly and southerly direction in the eastern part of the city.
On the south side of the railroad, the street has a slight upgrade to the tracks. The crossing is equipped with an automatic electric signal bell located in the northeast quadrant of the crossing, and the bell was in an operating condition at the time of the accident which is the subject of this action. There is also located at this crossing, visible to those using the street, the usual crossing sign bearing in black letters on a white background the words "railroad crossing, danger."
At the time of the accident there was in force in the city of Bucyrus a city ordinance making it unlawful to operate any train, within the corporate limits, at a speed in excess of 25 miles per hour.
About six o'clock in the morning on November 10, 1933, the defendant company operated its passenger train, known as the Broadway Limited, in a westerly direction over Whetstone street crossing in the city of Bucyrus, at a speed of approximately 60 miles per hour. At the same time, plaintiff's decedent, Earl W. Patton, age 34 years, operating a motor truck loaded with coal, approached the railroad crossing on Whetstone street from the south. The testimony is that the truck was not running fast but sounded as if it were running in second or third gear. The train and truck so approaching the crossing reached it at the same instant, resulting in a collision which killed plaintiff's decedent instantly, demolished the truck, and carried parts of it down the track a distance of one-fourth of a mile. The engine of the train stopped approximately one-half mile west of the crossing.
Plaintiff's decedent, who was a coal trucker hauling coal from Coshocton to a point in Bucyrus north of the railroad, had used the crossing frequently and was familiar with it. The atmosphere was heavy and cloudy but not foggy, and lights could be seen a distance of a half mile or more. There was undisputed evidence that one approaching this crossing on Whetstone street from the south would have an unobstructed view of any train approaching from the east, depending upon the distance which he was south of the tracks, as follows: At a point 40 feet south of the south rail of the tracks there was a view to the east of 1100 feet; at a point 65 feet south of the south rail of the tracks there was a view to the east of 582 feet; and at a point 80 feet south of the south rail of the tracks there was a view to the east of 380 feet.
There were no eyewitnesses to this accident, but testimony as to the physical conditions immediately following the accident was given by residents living near the crossing who were awakened by the crash of the collision. The plaintiff claims there was negligence on the part of the defendant in the speed with which the train was operated, the claim being made that it was in violation of the city ordinance relating to speed. On the other hand, the defendant claims contributory negligence as a matter of law on the part of plaintiff's decedent in failing to heed the signal bell, crossing sign and other warnings, and in going upon the tracks in front of the approaching train which must have been in full view of plaintiff's decedent for some time before he reached the crossing.
In the trial court, there was a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. Motions for a directed verdict, for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial were overruled, and judgment was entered on the verdict. This judgment was affirmed by the Court of Appeals, one judge dissenting. The Court of Appeals, however, finding that its judgment in this case was in conflict with the judgment of the Court of Appeals of Lucas county in the case of Ballmer, Admx., v. Pennsylvania Rd. Co., 59 Ohio App. 221, 17 N.E.2d 435, certified the record in this case to this court for review and final determination.
Mr. Carter M. Patton and Mr. William P. Moloney, for appellee.
Messrs. Beer Beer, for appellant.
The principal error claimed by the defendant, appellant herein, is that the trial court erred in overruling its motions for a directed verdict and its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The only question of importance to be determined is whether, under the circumstances, plaintiff's decedent was guilty of contributory negligence, as a matter of law, in attempting to pass over the railroad crossing in question, and, if so, was his negligence in so doing the proximate cause of his death.
Since there were no eyewitnesses to the actual collision which resulted in the death of plaintiff's decedent, and as a consequence no testimony as to certain facts bearing upon the conduct of both plaintiff's decedent and the members of the crew operating the train at the time of the collision, certain presumptions arise in favor of both plaintiff's decedent and defendant, and must be given effect as though proven facts in the case. It is true that one witness whose home is on Whetstone street, north of and next to the crossing, and who was at home in bed but awake at the time of the accident, testified that he heard no whistle blow or no crossing bell ring and did not even hear the train until a second before the crash. But in view of the fact that there was credible testimony that the signal bell was in operation a few minutes later, and in view of the fact that the train, going 60 miles per hour, must have made considerable noise as it approached the crossing, it would seem that the witness in question was either not in a position to hear or was not giving attention. At best, his testimony was of a negative character and was scarcely sufficient to overcome the presumption of fact which the law supplies in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
It must be presumed, therefore, that plaintiff's decedent looked and listened for trains before he went upon the crossing and that he did so at a point where such observation and precaution would be effective for his safety. It must also be presumed that defendant's engine whistled for the Whetstone crossing at a point not less than 80 or more than 100 rods east of the crossing; that the locomotive bell of the train was ringing continuously from the point above mentioned until the engine passed the crossing (Section 8853, General Code); and that the locomotive carried a headlight of sufficient candlepower to render plainly visible, at a distance of not less than 350 feet in advance of the engine, whistling posts, land marks and other signal signs (Section 8945-1, General Code). The facts heretofore related, as shown by the record, are substantially uncontradicted; and the facts presumed, as above enumerated, must be taken as true.
The duty of one traveling by vehicle on a public street or highway when approaching and about to cross over steam railway tracks, intersecting such street or highway, has been quite definitely settled in this state by repeated pronouncements of this court.
In the case of Detroit, Toledo Ironton Rd. Co. v. Rohrs, 114 Ohio St. 493, 151 N.E. 714, the court said:
"It is the duty of a driver of a vehicle upon a public highway when approaching a grade crossing of a steam railroad to both look and listen for approaching trains and to do so at such time and place and in such manner as will make the looking and listening effective."
In the case of Pennsylvania Rd. Co. v. Rusynik, 117 Ohio St. 530, 159 N.E. 826, 56 A. L. R., 538, the court said:
"When a traveler upon a public highway approaches a steam railway which intersects at grade the highway, with one or more tracks, with an intention of crossing over, it is the duty of such traveler, before going upon the railway, to look both ways and listen for the approach of trains; and such looking and listening must be at such time and place and in such manner as will be effective to accomplish the ends designed thereby."
Under the undisputed facts in this case when plaintiff's decedent, Patton, reached a point 65 feet south of the tracks he had a clear view of the headlight of the engine for 582 feet east of the crossing, and when he was at a point 40 feet south of the tracks he could have seen the headlight even a greater distance. If his truck was moving toward the tracks at the crossing at the rate of ten miles per hour, while the train was approaching the crossing at the rate of 60 miles per hour or six times as fast as the truck, the train was but 240 feet from the crossing when his truck was 40 feet away, both approaching the same point, the crossing in question. If the truck was moving at the rate of 20 miles per hour, the train was but 120 feet from the crossing when the truck was 40 feet away. Unquestionably, at this time he could have seen the headlight of the approaching train.
When in this position, which would be a point where his looking and listening would be effective, a failure to look would certainly have been gross negligence on his part. If he did look he must have seen the headlight of the approaching train and he is chargeable with having seen what could have been seen. If he had been living at the time of the trial, and had testified that when 40 feet from the tracks he looked but saw no train, it would have availed him nothing because he would be held to have seen what could have been seen.
In the case of Detroit, Toledo Ironton Rd. Co. v. Rohrs, supra, this court held that: "A driver of a vehicle upon a highway cannot recover damages for an injury received in a collision at a steam railroad crossing, even though he testifies that he looked and listened and neither saw nor heard anything approaching on the railroad track before going upon the crossing, when the only conclusion that can reasonably be reached upon the evidence is that there is no doubt that had he looked he must have seen the danger, that was immediately at hand, in time to avoid injury." In this case, Judge Kinkade, speaking for the court, said:
"Surely it will not do for one to claim the right to recover simply because he has looked and did not see, if the conditions are such that, had he looked, he must have seen. When he says he did look, and the conditions establish the fact that any one who looked would have seen, then, if he says he did not see, his own evidence establishes the fact that he did not look, though he may think he did." See, also, Cincinnati, N. O. T. P. Ry. Co. v. Farra (6 C.C.A.), 66 F., 496; Erie Rd. Co. v. Hurlburt (6 C.C.A.), 221 F., 907.
On the other hand, if he had listened immediately before going upon the tracks, can there be doubt that he could have heard the signal bell, the locomotive bell, or at least the noise of the train less than 300 feet away? Some excuse for Patton's going on the track immediately in front of the train is made on the ground that the atmosphere was heavy or murky, and that because of this condition he was unable to see the approaching train. If the visibility was poor, or his ability to hear was interfered with because of other noises such as that of his truck, he was required to take greater precautions if necessary on that account, and, under such circumstances, to insure his safety, it may have been his duty to stop before going on the tracks. Pennsylvania Co. v. Morel, 40 Ohio St. 338; Toledo Terminal Rd. Co. v. Hughes, 115 Ohio St. 562, 154 N.E. 916; Erie Rd. Co. v. Weinstein (6 C.C.A.), 116 F., 271.
It must be conceded that since the train was traveling at a rate of speed in excess of 25 miles per hour, the maximum rate permitted by the ordinance, there was a violation of the speed ordinance in force in the city of Bucyrus, and such violation constituted negligence per se on the part of the defendant company. When a positive, specific and affirmative duty is enjoined by statute or odinance, the violation thereof is negligence per se, or negligence as a matter of law. Under such circumstances, the question whether the violator is guilty of negligence is not debatable. When the violation is conceded or established the court must charge, as a matter of law, that the violator is guilty of negligence ( Variety Iron Steel Works Co. v. Poak, 89 Ohio St. 297, 304, 106 N.E. 24; Schell v. DuBois, Admr., 94 Ohio St. 93, 113 N.E. 664, L.R.A. 1917A, 710; Swoboda v. Brown, 129 Ohio St. 512, 196 N.E. 274), and if the jury finds that the violation was the proximate cause of the injury a case is made out against the defendant.
However, the fact that the defendant is chargeable with negligence per se or as a matter of law, does not preclude a defense of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff, and if negligence on the part of the plaintiff is established and shown to be a proximate cause of the injury of which he complains, he cannot recover. Pennsylvania Rd. Co. v. Rusynik, supra.
Under these circumstances, what is the inevitable conclusion to be reached in this case? It seems to the court that no one in the exercise of due care would assume to go upon the tracks of this crossing as plaintiff's decedent did under the situation here presented. Here was a 60 mile-an-hour train rushing toward him not over 240 feet away when he must have been in a place of safety 40 feet from the tracks. At his slow rate of speed he could have stopped his truck almost instantly. He proceeded, nevertheless, upon the tracks and attempted to cross over ahead of the train when it was less than three seconds away.
We think it cannot be said that such conduct on his part manifested the exercise of due care, or that his conduct was not the proximate cause of his death. If the omission of due diligence in the use of his faculties of sight and hearing contributed to his injury and death, then his negligence in that respect was the proximate cause of his death; or, if by the exercise of due care he could have avoided injury and death, his failure to exercise such care was the proximate cause of his death.
It has been held by this court that a driver of an automobile who, with knowledge of the existence of a railroad grade crossing, drives his automobile upon such crossing at night and collides with a train, "is guilty of contributory negligence which justifies the direction of a verdict against him, even though automatic warning signals located at such crossing were not working, nor other warnings given by the railroad company," although at that time there was a dense fog, it was very difficult to distinguish objects ahead, and he was unable to ascertain that there was a train on the tracks at the particular point. Toledo Terminal Rd. Co. v. Hughes, supra.
This court has also held in the case of Pennsylvania Rd. Co. v. Rusynik, supra, that: "If his [driver of a motor car at a highway railroad crossing] failure to look in the direction from which a train is approaching, at a time and place when such looking would have been effective, results in an injury to himself when the same might have been avoided had he so looked, such conduct constitutes contributory negligence as a matter of law that will prevent a recovery * * *."
Under the facts disclosed by the record in the instant case, the trial court should have directed a verdict for the defendant. The judgments of the Common Pleas Court and of the Court of Appeals are reversed, and final judgment is entered for the defendant.
Judgment reversed.
WEYGANDT, C.J., DAY, ZIMMERMAN and MATTHIAS, JJ., concur.
WILLIAMS, J., concurs in paragraphs one and two of the syllabus and in the judgment.
MYERS, J., not participating.