Summary
finding no double jeopardy violation when defendant's punishment on resentencing was more severe than the punishment had been in his previously void sentence
Summary of this case from Hammond v. StateOpinion
S21A0753
10-05-2021
PARROTT v. The STATE.
Hunter Joseph Rodgers, Keegan Christian Gary, Paulding County Public Defender's Office, 280 Constitution Blvd Suite 1086, Dallas, Georgia 30132, for Appellant. Patricia B. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula Khristian Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Christopher M. Carr, Attorney General, Department of Law, 40 Capitol Square, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30334, Anthony Brett Williams, A.D.A., Matthew Wayne Rollins, Paulding County District Attorney's Office, 280 Constitution Boulevard, Room 2072, Dallas, Georgia 30132, for Appellee.
Hunter Joseph Rodgers, Keegan Christian Gary, Paulding County Public Defender's Office, 280 Constitution Blvd Suite 1086, Dallas, Georgia 30132, for Appellant.
Patricia B. Attaway Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula Khristian Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Christopher M. Carr, Attorney General, Department of Law, 40 Capitol Square, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30334, Anthony Brett Williams, A.D.A., Matthew Wayne Rollins, Paulding County District Attorney's Office, 280 Constitution Boulevard, Room 2072, Dallas, Georgia 30132, for Appellee.
Warren, Justice. Jimmy Lloyd Parrott was convicted for, among other things, fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer in violation of OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5). After his initial probationary sentence for that offense was deemed void, he was resentenced to five years in prison. Parrott appeals from that resentencing, challenging the constitutionality of the sentencing provision of OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) under the Equal Protection Clause. Parrott also contends that his resentencing violated the constitutional prohibition on double jeopardy. For the following reasons, we affirm.
1. In 2014, Parrott pleaded guilty to six traffic-related offenses, including being a "habitual violator" under OCGA § 40-5-58 and felony fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer, in violation of OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5). In accordance with a negotiated plea agreement, the trial court sentenced Parrott to a combination of prison time, probation, and fines. As relevant to this appeal, Parrott received a sentence of five years, with two to serve in prison, for the habitual violator offense, and a consecutive sentence of five years’ probation, plus a $5,000 fine, for felony fleeing.
After he completed his first sentence and began serving the consecutive sentence for felony fleeing, Parrott moved to vacate as void the probation portion of that sentence, arguing that the applicable statute, OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5), did not authorize probation. Parrott insisted, however, that the fine portion was still valid, so there was no need for resentencing. The trial court agreed that the probation portion of Parrott's sentence was void, but it vacated his entire sentence for felony fleeing—including the fine portion—and announced its intent to resentence Parrott on that count.
That statute provides, in relevant part:
Any person violating the provisions of [this subsection] ... shall be guilty of a felony punishable by a fine of $5,000.00 or imprisonment for not less than one year nor more than five years or both.... Following adjudication of guilt or imposition of sentence for a violation of [the enumerated offense provisions], the sentence shall not be suspended, probated, deferred, or withheld [.]
OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) (emphasis supplied).
Parrott objected to the resentencing, contending, among other things, that resentencing him for felony fleeing would violate the constitutional prohibition on double jeopardy and that the sentencing provision of OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) was unconstitutional because it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The trial court overruled Parrott's objections but gave him a chance to seek the withdrawal of his guilty plea, which Parrott declined. After a sentencing hearing, the court resentenced Parrott to five years in prison, without a fine.
2. We first address Parrott's claim that OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. In that regard, Parrott argues that OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) on its face treats him differently than others in a similar situation because, he says, that provision mandates prison time for indigent defendants—like himself—who are unable to pay the $5,000 fine, whereas those who can afford the fine can avoid a prison sentence. Parrott's argument is without merit.
Even if Parrott is correct that the Equal Protection Clause prohibits differentiating between indigent and non-indigent defendants in the way he claims—a question we need not decide here—nothing in the plain language of OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) conditions the imposition of a fine on the defendant's ability to pay or otherwise treats indigent defendants differently from those who are not indigent. See OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) ; Nicely v. State , 291 Ga. 788, 792, 733 S.E.2d 715 (2012) ("[T]o show a denial of equal protection, one first must demonstrate that the law treats him differently than similarly situated persons."). Moreover, nothing in the record indicates that the sentencing court imposed a prison term on Parrott because he could not afford to pay a $5,000 fine, or that Parrott could have averted a prison sentence if he had demonstrated an ability to pay a fine. Accordingly, the trial court properly overruled Parrott's objection to resentencing based on equal protection grounds.
3. Parrott alternatively contends that, when the trial court resentenced him for felony fleeing, it imposed multiple punishments for a single crime in violation of the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. See Medina v. State , 309 Ga. 432, 435, 844 S.E.2d 767 (2020) (noting that the double jeopardy clauses of both the federal and state Constitutions protect the defendant from, among other things, "multiple punishments for the same offense") (citation and punctuation omitted).
See U.S. Const. amend. V ("No person shall ... be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb[.]"); Ga. Const. Art. I, Sec. I, Par. XVIII ("No person shall be put in jeopardy of life or liberty more than once for the same offense except when a new trial has been granted after conviction or in case of mistrial."). We have previously noted that "it is possible that the federal and state [double jeopardy] provisions carry different meanings" in light of their textual differences. State v. Jackson , 306 Ga. 626, 631 n.4, 831 S.E.2d 798 (2019). But neither party in this case draws "any meaningful distinctions between the two provisions in their arguments before this Court," so we do not consider any such distinctions. See id. at 631 n.4, 831 S.E.2d 798.
As an initial matter, Parrott did not receive "multiple punishments for the same offense" simply by virtue of being resentenced. A trial judge has the authority to "correct a void sentence at any time," Rooney v. State , 287 Ga. 1, 2, 690 S.E.2d 804 (2010) (citation and punctuation omitted), and "a sentence is void if the court imposes punishment that the law does not allow." von Thomas v. State , 293 Ga. 569, 571, 748 S.E.2d 446 (2013) (citation and punctuation omitted). On appeal, neither party disputes that Parrott's original sentence of five years’ probation for felony fleeing was void, and we agree with that conclusion based on OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) ’s express textual prohibition on the imposition of probation for a violation of that statute. See OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5) ("Following adjudication of guilt or imposition of sentence for a violation of [the enumerated offense provisions], the sentence shall not be suspended, probated, deferred, or withheld [.]") (emphasis supplied). Thus, the trial court was authorized to correct the void sentence it previously imposed, including by resentencing Parrott on that count. See Rooney , 287 Ga. at 2, 690 S.E.2d 804. See also Dennis v. State , 300 Ga. 457, 459, 796 S.E.2d 275 (2017) (because the defendant's original sentence for a particular offense was void, "the trial court was free to resentence him" for that offense).
Moreover, the mere fact that Parrott's new sentence was more severe than the original sentence also does not violate double jeopardy protections. We have stated that, in the multiple-punishment context, the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment protects a defendant's "legitimate ‘expectation of finality in his [original] sentence.’ " Stephens v. State , 289 Ga. 758, 764, 716 S.E.2d 154 (2011) (quoting United States v. DiFrancesco , 449 U.S. 117, 136, 101 S.Ct. 426, 66 L.Ed.2d 328 (1980) ). See also Wilford v. State , 278 Ga. 718, 719-720, 606 S.E.2d 252 (2004). But a convicted defendant, like Parrott, "has neither a vested right to nor a reasonable expectation of finality as to a pronounced sentence which is null and void." Hulett v. State , 296 Ga. 49, 54, 766 S.E.2d 1 (2014) (quoting Bryant v. State , 229 Ga. App. 534, 535, 494 S.E.2d 353 (1997) (rejecting double jeopardy claim where the trial court vacated the defendant's original sentence as void and imposed a new, longer sentence in compliance with the sentencing statute)); Strickland v. State , 301 Ga. App. 272, 274, 687 S.E.2d 221 (2009) (defendant had no reasonable expectation in the finality of a prison-only sentence because the applicable statute imposed a mandatory fine in addition to imprisonment). Cf. Wilford , 278 Ga. at 720, 606 S.E.2d 252 (holding that no double jeopardy violation occurred where the defendant was resentenced to a longer term after the trial court determined that his original sentence was improperly imposed under the First Offender Act).
The record shows that Parrott's new sentence for felony fleeing includes credit for the time he had already served on probation for that offense before being resentenced.
Although Parrott concedes that his probation sentence for felony fleeing was void, he contends that the trial court was not authorized to resentence him because a $5,000 fine by itself, without imprisonment, is a legal sentence for felony fleeing. See OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5). He thus argues that the trial court was required under Georgia law to vacate only the void portion of the sentence (i.e., probation) and leave the valid portion (the fine) as the sole remaining sentence. In other words, Parrott argues that the trial court was required to do nothing more and nothing less than excise the void portion of the sentence. This approach, however, is not compelled by our precedent.
Generally speaking, Georgia law gives trial judges great discretion in imposing a sentence within statutory parameters. See Tuggle v. State , 305 Ga. 624, 628, 825 S.E.2d 221 (2019) ("Generally speaking, trial courts have the discretion to impose sentence within the parameters prescribed by a statute and if the sentence is within the statutory limits, the appellate courts will not review it.") (citation and punctuation omitted); Rooney , 287 Ga. at 3, 690 S.E.2d 804 ("The discretionary assessment of punishment within legislatively prescribed boundaries has long been ingrained and accepted in American jurisprudence.") (citation and punctuation omitted); State v. Riggs , 301 Ga. 63, 68-70, 799 S.E.2d 770 (2017) (stating that, although the applicable sentencing statute did not expressly authorize a partially concurrent and partially consecutive sentence, "[w]e find within the law no limitation on this broad [sentencing] discretion" precluding such a "hybrid" sentence, and "in construing other statutes related to sentencing, we have found that a trial court's discretion is limited only by an express legislative act"). We acknowledge that this Court's handling of sentences that could be characterized as partially void may appear to be inconsistent. For example, in several of our cases where part of a sentence—such as a parole condition—was deemed void, we have held that only the void part (i.e., the improper parole condition) needed to be vacated. See, e.g., Humphrey v. State , 297 Ga. 349, 351, 773 S.E.2d 760 (2015) ("[The void] provision of the sentence—but only that provision—must be vacated."); Ellison v. State , 299 Ga. 779, 781, 792 S.E.2d 387 (2016) (same). In other, substantially similar cases, we have vacated an entire sentence and remanded for resentencing. See, e.g., Jackson v. State , 306 Ga. 266, 277, 830 S.E.2d 99 (2019) (holding that a sentence containing an improper parole condition "must be vacated and the case remanded to the trial court with direction to enter a legal sentence") (citation and punctuation omitted); Funderburk v. State , 276 Ga. 554, 555, 580 S.E.2d 234 (2003) (same). In neither line of cases, however, have we held that a particular approach was the exclusive approach a trial court must take to appropriately exercise the broad discretion it is generally afforded in resentencing.
The discretion traditionally afforded to trial courts in sentencing is also reflected in the way we have handled cases of merger error where resentencing is required. See, e.g., Cowart v. State , 294 Ga. 333, 336, 751 S.E.2d 399 (2013) ("Under our precedent, the decision as to which of the two felony murder verdicts should be deemed vacated—a decision that may affect which other verdicts merge and thus what other sentences may be imposed—is left to the discretion of the trial court on remand."); McClellan v. State , 274 Ga. 819, 820-821, 561 S.E.2d 82 (2002) (declining to establish "a policy of appellate sentencing" and remanding the case for the trial court "to exercise its discretion in resentencing" the defendant). See also, e.g., Lay v. State , 305 Ga. 715, 722, 827 S.E.2d 671 (2019) ("We ... vacate both felony murder convictions and sentences and remand the case for the trial court to enter a conviction and sentence on only one of them and to adjust any affected convictions and sentences accordingly."). Notably, a claim of merger error differs in some respects from a challenge to a void sentence: a claim of merger error is a challenge to a conviction and implicates the trial court's authority to impose a sentence in the first place, but "a challenge to a void sentence presupposes that the trial court was authorized to sentence the defendant but the sentence imposed was not allowed by law." Williams v. State , 287 Ga. 192, 193, 695 S.E.2d 244 (2010) (emphasis in original).
As we read it, the language in Humphrey and Ellison —that "only" the void provision "must be vacated," see Humphrey , 297 Ga. at 351, 773 S.E.2d 760 ; Ellison , 299 Ga. at 781, 792 S.E.2d 387 —merely emphasized which part of a sentence on a particular count the trial court was required to vacate, as opposed to limiting the trial court's sentencing discretion on remand.
In that vein, we generally cannot say that a trial court abuses its discretion when it corrects a "partially void" sentence on a particular count by vacating that sentence in its entirety and imposing a new sentence on that count within the statutory parameters. See, e.g., Riggs , 301 Ga. at 68-70, 799 S.E.2d 770 (affirming a sentencing structure not expressly authorized by statute and citing the trial court's "broad discretion" in sentencing); Rooney , 287 Ga. at 3-4, 690 S.E.2d 804 (discussing the discretion afforded to trial courts in sentencing). In light of the foregoing principles, we conclude that the trial court in this case did not abuse its discretion when it corrected Parrott's partially void sentence for felony fleeing by vacating that sentence in its entirety and imposing a new sentence on that count within the parameters of OCGA § 40-6-395 (b) (5). And because the trial court was authorized to resentence Parrott, we cannot say that Parrott had a legitimate "expectation of finality" in his original sentence, and so his double-jeopardy claim fails. See Hulett , 296 Ga. at 54, 766 S.E.2d 1 ; Stephens , 289 Ga. at 764, 716 S.E.2d 154.
We emphasize that our decision in this case concerns only the trial court's discretion to resentence on the particular count on which the sentence is deemed partially or wholly void. We express no opinion as to whether the trial court could also resentence on other counts, for which the sentences are not void, to preserve an overall sentencing scheme. See, e.g., Kaiser v. State , 285 Ga. App. 63, 64 & n.1, 646 S.E.2d 84 (2007) (stating that the Court of Appeals previously had vacated defendant's sentence "in its entirety" (that is, on all counts), and noting that "[i]n many circumstances it is appropriate to view the final negotiated plea agreement as a ‘package’ deal, the terms of which should not be treated in isolation from one another but rather as a cohesive whole") (citation and punctuation omitted).
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur.