Summary
stating that "it is reasonably certain that our act stems from the model State bill mentioned in the report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Boating laws enacted by all of our neighboring States are very similar to ours and further confirm the belief that ours is a model act."
Summary of this case from Opinion No. 1998-233Opinion
No. 5-4071
Opinion delivered February 6, 1967
1. NEGLIGENCE — OPERATION OF WATERCRAFT — STANDARD OF CARE REQUIRED. — The requirement that persons in charge of watercraft must exercise due diligence and maritime skill to avoid injury to others is satisfied by the use of such care as is reasonable under the circumstances. 2. NEGLIGENCE — ACTIONS — EVIDENCE, ADMISSIBILITY OF. — Trial court properly permitted 2 witnesses of considerable experience with watercraft to testify concerning facts constituting good or poor seamanship and to give opinion testimony based on hypothetical questions. 3. NEGLIGENCE — TRIAL, JUDGMENT REVIEW — INSTRUCTION ON STANDARD OF CARE. — Where jury had for its consideration testimony going to main issue of whether the boats were operated with reasonable care under the circumstances, including but not limited to maritime skill, trial court did not err in omitting the phrase "due diligence and maritime skill" from its instruction since the phrase may have confused the jury or indicated a double standard of care. 4. NAVIGABLE WATER — POWER TO CONTROL REGULATE — STATUTORY PROVISIONS. — The fact that federal law was enacted for regulation of motor boats in navigable waters did not indicate that Congress pre-empted the field of navigation thereby prohibiting the State from enacting a statute requiring that a lookout be posted in addition to the operator. 5. NAVIGABLE WATER — POWER TO CONTROL REGULATE — STATUTORY PROVISIONS. — Arkansas statute requiring one towing a skier to either equip his boat with a rearview mirror or post a lookout is within police power of the State and is not in contravention of federal law but an aid to the enforcement of prudent navigation. 6. NEGLIGENCE TRIAL, JUDGMENT REVIEW — INSTRUCTION ON LOOKOUT. — Trial court did not err in giving an instruction on lookout in view of the statute. [Ark. Stat. Ann. 21-232(b) (Repl. 1956).]
Appeal from Union Circuit Court, Second Division, Melvin Mayfield, Judge; affirmed.
Shackleford Shackleford, for appellant.
Bernard Whetstone and Rogers Armstrong, for appellee.
This action for damages arose from a collision between two motor boats near Calion, Arkansas, on the Ouachita River, a navigable stream of the United States. Both boats were pleasure craft, and both were pulling skiers. Jerald Carney, a minor, along with his father, Homer Carney, plaintiffs below, were each awarded damages as against two of the five defendants, Harry Parker and Eric Davis. The appellant here is Harry Parker, and he appeals — not from the judgment awarded the Carneys — but from judgments in favor of five third party defendants. The appeal is grounded on the contention that the trial court erred in giving two instructions.
The lead boat was owned by James Price and being operated by Billy Price; Danny Washington and Russell Hale occupied the rear of the lead boat and served as lookouts. This boat was towing a piece of styrofoam on which Jerald Carney and Johnny Price were riding. The styrofoam broke, throwing Carney into the water, where he was struck by a boat operated by defendant, Harry Parker. Eric Davis, Parker's co-defendant, was skiing behind the boat operated by Parker. The Carneys also joined as defendant the owner of the boat, Walter Horn. This boat was originally loaned to Eric Davis, Jimmy Duffey, Tom Cranston, and Harry Parker. A joint venture was alleged as against all the named parties.
The defendants made the owner and operator of the lead boat, the two lookouts, and Johnny Price (riding on the styrofoam) all third party defendants, alleging specific acts of negligence and joint venture.
Parker's appeal is grounded on the single contention that the substantive law of admiralty applicable to the case was not applied by the trial court. The two instructions complained of deal with standard of care and with lookout.
Standard of Care. Parker contends that the standard of care imposed on a boat operator in navigable waters is the exercise of due diligence and maritime skill. He offered the following instruction:
"You are instructed that a person in charge of the operation of a vessel must at all times exercise due diligence and maritime skill to avoid injury to others, by collision or otherwise. He should use such care as is reasonable under the circumstances then existing. The conduct of the operator of a vessel is to be judged in light of the danger, emergency, and conditions that existed at the time and place of the accident."
The court refused the instruction and gave court's Instruction No. 8:
"Now in connection with these Interrogatories which I have just read, you are instructed that it was the duty of all persons involved in the occurrence which gave rise to this case to use ordinary care for their own safety and the safety of others. When I use the words, `ordinary care,' I mean that care which a reasonably careful person would use under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence in this case. It is for you to decide how a reasonably careful person would act under those circumstances and of course, the failure to use such ordinary care is negligence."
Here, it should be noted that in the instruction immediately preceding No. 8, the court told the jury that the term negligence means "the failure to do something which a reasonably careful person would do, or the doing of something which a reasonably careful person would not do, under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence in this case."
The crux of Parker's argument is that it was error for the court to omit the phrase "due diligence and maritime skill" from its instruction to the jury.
We are not in disagreement with appellant Parker's general statement of the maritime law, namely, that persons in charge of watercraft must exercise due diligence and maritime skill to avoid injury to others. But this is simply another way of saying the operator should act as a reasonably careful person would act under the circumstances.
Appellant cites 18 Am.Jur. 153, 227, to support the requirement of due diligence and maritime skill. But that same section, continuing, recites that the requirement is satisfied by the use of such care as is reasonable under the circumstances. In the case at bar, the trial court properly permitted two witnesses of considerable experience with watercraft to testify concerning facts constituting good or poor seamanship. They were also permitted to give opinion testimony based on hypothetical questions.
Thus, the jury had for its consideration testimony going to the main issue — whether the boats in question were operated with reasonable care under all the circumstances, including, but not limited to, maritime skill. To use the phrase "maritime skill" might well have tended to place undue emphasis on the testimony of these two expert witnesses and to detract from the ultimate test of "reasonable care under the circumstances." The phrase "maritime skill" could well be interpreted by jurors to connote a variety of meanings, such words as "art," "dexterity," and "wisdom," being well known synonyms of the word "skill." Therefore, "maritime skill" could to a juror connote the highest decree of caution and skill, when the law requires only reasonable care. Appellant did not incorporate in his proffered instruction any definition of maritime skill.
There is yet another fallacy in Parker's proposed Instruction No. 1: it could well have indicated to the jury a double standard of care, namely, due diligence and maritime skill, and, additionally, reasonable care under the circumstances.
Greathouse v. Wolff (Mo.App.), 360 S.W.2d 297 (1962) is a case which arose out of a water skiing accident in navigable waters. There we find an instruction which comports with our theory that the court's No. 8 was correct. It is a long instruction, and to set it out verbatim is not necessary. Summarizing the test of ordinary care was applied to that case. The phrase "exercise of ordinary care" appears three times in that instruction. Nowhere therein does the phrase "maritime" skill" appear.
Maritime cases are replete with awards based on specific findings of failure to use ordinary care. To cite a few: Malmin v. Sternheim,, 202 Ill. App. 214 (1917); Rautbord v. Ehmann, 190 F.2d 533 (1951); and U.S. v. Meckling, 141 F. Supp. 608 (1956).
Lookout. Appellant Parker next complains of Instruction No. 10(2) this being all instruction on lookout:
"No person shall operate a vessel on any waters of the State of Arkansas for towing a person or persons on water skis, or an aquaplane, or similar device unless there is in such vessel a person, in addition to the operator, in a position to observe the progress of the person or persons being towed. Provided, however, if the towing boat is equipped with a wide angle marine rear view mirror in a position to observe the skiers being towed, the above requirement shall not apply, and, . . . ."
In Instruction No. 11 the court told the jury a violation of this rule could be considered by them as evidence of negligence.
Instruction No. 10 is based on a statutory rule. Ark. Stat. Ann. 21-232(b) (Repl. 1956).
Admiralty law does not specifically require the presence of a person in addition to the operator to assist the latter in keeping a lookout. T. 33 U.S.C. § 351 is as follows:
"Usual additional precautions require (Rule 26). Nothing in Sections 302-352 of this title shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner or master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case. R. S. 4233; Feb. 19, 1895, c. 102, 1, 28 Stat. 672; Mar. 3, 1897, c. 389, 13, 29 Stat. 690; May 21, 1948, c. 328, 4, 62 Stat. 250." (Emphasis supplied.)
It is the position of appellant Parker that our statute requiring a posted lookout in addition to the operator is in conflict with admiralty law. We gather it to be the position of appellant that Congress has preempted the field of navigation in navigable waters. So appellant would argue that since Congress has not enacted a law requiring an additional person for a lookout tho State Ms prohibited from so providing. This position is not tenable.
Reynolds Channel, Long Beach, New York, is a navigable waterway and within the territorial limits of the Town of Hempstead, New York. Hempstead passed an ordinance governing the operation of motorboats on this waterway. In People v. Bianchi, 155 N.Y.S.2d 703 (1956), Bianchi appealed from a conviction under two sections of the ordinance. One section required careful and prudent operation and at a speed which would not endanger the life or property of another. The other section fixed the maximum speed in the channel at 12 miles per hour, and in premise's designated as basin, dock anchorage, or bathing areas, four miles per hour. The convictions were affirmed. The Bianchi case furnishes an exhaustive treatise on the question of conflict between federal and state authority. The following statement and cited authorities support the view that the theory of federal pre-emption has long been discarded:
"It may be true that the United State's Constitution confers upon the Federal Government jurisdiction over interstate commerce but it does not follow from this that the state or its derivative creature the town, is thereby prohibited from exercising its police power to regulate a local incident of that commerce. This has been the judgment of the United States Supreme Court in an unbroken line of cases from Cooley v. Board of Port Wardens, 12 How. 299, 13 L.Ed. 996, to the present day. Willson v. Blackbird Creek Marsh. Co., 2 Pet. 245, 7 L.Ed. 412; State of California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 109, 61 S.Ct. 930, 85 L.Ed. 1219; Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 63 S.Ct. 307, 87 L.Ed. 315.
"In the Cooley case the view is sanctioned that the state government possesses a commerce power concurrent with that of the Federal Government as to the local incidents of interstate commerce."
With further respect to this particular field of navigation, the Bianchi case makes this significant statement, which well fits the case at bar:
"While it is true, as the defendant asserts, that the Federal Government has an interest in the field of navigation (just as it has an interest in other areas over which the nation and the states have been held to possess concurrent jurisdiction), in the field of navigation [sic], the federal interest is not so dominant, and the problems involved are not so completely national in character, as to make any or all local regulation unthinkable where the Federal Government has acted. On the contrary, dissimilar conditions in different parts of the country require that special consideration and handling that only a decentralized treatment can afford. (Emphasis added). Furthermore, the federal regulatory scheme established in the Motorboat Act of 1940 is not so complete as to make reasonable the inference that Congress left no room for the states to supplement it."
We think it highly significant that Congress has, in fact, encouraged the enactment of uniform State Legislation governing pleasure boats. In U.S. Code Congressional and Administrative News, Vol. 3, p. 5228, is recited the history surrounding the Federal Boating Act of 1958. The Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce recommended the passage of the bill which, among other things, would "provide coordination and cooperation with the states in the interest of uniformity of boating laws . . ." The Committee further observed that a model State bill had been prepared by the Council of State Governments and would possibly be considered in 1959 by forty-five States which would then be holding legislative sessions. The Committee placed its stamp of approval on model State laws governing boating in these words:
"There is particular urgency in passage at this session because 45 States will hold legislative session in 1959, at which the model State bill developed by the recreational boating regulation subcommittee, committee on suggested State legislation, Council of State Governments, could be considered. Enactment of this model bill by the States would provide substantially uniform Federal and State boating safety laws and regulations and enforcement procedures.
"Such a development would be vastly in the interests of the millions who now are finding recreational boating an increasingly alluring pastime, by obviating conflicting requirements when State lines are crossed and by achieving greater uniformity of regulations in the several States.
"It would mark, too, a healthy advance in coordination of legislation and enforcement as between the States and the Federal Government, by permitting State regulation and enforcement on navigable waters which heretofore have been the sole province of the Federal Government."
Our Legislature in 1959 enacted Act No. 453, a comprehensive act regulating boats. The stated purpose of the act was to promote safety in respect to the operation of vessels "and to promote uniformity of laws relating thereto." Thus, it is reasonably certain that our act stems from the model State bill mentioned in the report of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Boating laws enacted by all of our neighboring States are very similar to ours and further confirm the belief that ours is a model act.
Appellant Parker contends that under admiralty law a special lookout is not necessary "if the bridge actually observes what a lookout should have seen." He cites Osaka Shosen Kaisha Ltd. v. Angelos, Leitch Co. Ltd., 301 F.2d 59 (1962), and United States v. S. S. Soya Atlantic, 330 F.2d 732 (1964). In those cases there were men on the bridge or the forecastle, or both, and it was found to be a fact that they observed what a special lookout should have seen had he been present. In the case before us, Parker was the sole occupant of the boat which struck Carney; Parker was charged with failure to maintain a lookout. Just ahead of him was a boat pulling two skiers: he was pulling one skier. Thus, he owed a duty to keep a lookout both ahead and behind. He had no rearview mirror. In this situation it was for the jury to determine, under appropriate instructions as applied to the evidence, whether a proper lookout was being maintained. Quoting from Osaka, cited by appellant, a proper lookout is said to be a factual question and a duty which "is an inexorable requirement or prudent navigation."
Finally, in support or his theory that the substance law of admiralty precludes the giving of an instruction based on our statute requiring a posted lookout, Parker cites Intagliata v. Shipowners Merchants Towboat Co. (Calif.) 159 P.2d 1 (1945). At that time a characteristic feature of maritime law was to the effect that if both parties were at fault the damages would be equally divided. In the Intagliata case the trial court adhered to the rule of contributory negligence which generally precludes a plaintiff from recovering damages. The appellate court held that comparative negligence is a principle of admiralty and to ignore it would be to contravene an essential purpose expressed by an act of Congress. When Arkansas adopted a model boating code which recites that the absence of a rearview mirror and a posted lookout can be considered as evidence of negligence, it certainly did not contravene "an essential purpose expressed by an act of Congress." The laws enacted by Congress require a lookout. Maritime cases recognize lookout to be a duty which "is an inexorable requirement of prudent navigation." To require one towing a skier to either equip his boat with a rearview mirror or post a lookout is a most sensible requirement. Rather than contravene federal law, it can reasonably be said to aid in the enforcement of prudent navigation.
Since we hold that appellant's objections to the instructions are without merit, we do not reach questions raised by appellees.
Affirmed.