Opinion
November 26, 1941.
January 5, 1942.
Practice — Pleadings — Issues — Evidence — Burden of proof — Savings fund deposit — Withdrawal.
1. The issues of a case are defined by, and confined to, the pleadings and the question whether the burden of proof rests with the plaintiff or defendant is determined from the pleadings before the introduction of any evidence. [620]
2. In a suit by the personal representative of a deceased depositor to recover the amount of a savings account deposited with the defendant, in which the plaintiff not only pleaded the deposit and the failure to return the money on a proper notice but also pleaded the withdrawal of the deposit upon an order alleged to be by a mentally incompetent depositor after notice to the defendant and not signed by the depositor, and issue was joined on the latter averment, it was held that in the absence of affirmative proof by the plaintiff to support the allegation a directed verdict for the defendant was proper. [615-22]
3. A party may be relieved of the burden imposed upon him by the fact that the necessary proof is introduced by his adversary. [620-21]
Argued November 26, 1941.
Before SCHAFFER, C. J.; MAXEY, DREW, LINN, STERN, PATTERSON and PARKER, JJ.
Appeal, No. 284, Jan. T., 1941, from judgment of C. P. No. 1 (tried in C. P. No. 3), Phila. Co., June T., 1940, No. 2907, in case of Lillie M. Otto, administratrix, v. Western Saving Fund Society. Judgment affirmed.
Assumpsit. Before MILNER, J.
Verdict directed for defendant and judgment entered thereon. Plaintiff appealed.
F. Raymond Heuges, for appellant.
J. B. Colahan, with him Townsend, Elliott Munson, for appellee.
The action here is to recover a saving account of $3,487.84, from the defendant Bank, deposited by the plaintiff's decedent, Hannah Davault.
The cause of action set forth in the plaintiff's statement, charged that the defendant, Western Saving Fund Society, had improperly allowed the withdrawal of the account: ( a) after notice "of the mental condition" of the decedent; ( b) after a request "to pay no withdrawals from" the account; and ( c) "on an order not containing the signature of the decedent."
The affidavit of defense admitted the opening of this saving account under a signed agreement assenting to the rules and regulations of the defendant Society, which enabled a depositor who was unable to attend in person to receive money, to withdraw it by power of attorney or order signed by the depositor upon blanks furnished by the Society and acknowledged when required, provided the deposit book is presented to the Society at the time of such withdrawal. The rules provide that no other method of transfer of the depositor's money will be recognized by the Society. The latter denied the notice of the mental condition of the decedent; denied the receipt of a request to pay no withdrawals from the account; and denied that they allowed the withdrawal on an order not containing the signature of the decedent. The Society, on the other hand, averred that "Hannah Davault duly executed a withdrawal notice to the order of John Davault, her son," for the entire "principal balance on deposit . . . and accumulated interest . . .," that "the signature to said withdrawal order was by mark and was duly acknowledged before a Notary Public and duly witnessed . . . and the deposit book . . . duly presented to the Society for cancellation . . . in accordance with the rules of the defendant Society. . . ." The Society further averred that this balance was redeposited with it in the name of John Davault. The Society also denied knowledge of the decedent's confinement as a patient in the Hospital for mental diseases or that she was suffering from senile dementia.
At the trial, the plaintiff offered in evidence the paragraph in the affidavit of defense which admitted that on December 6, 1923, the decedent opened a saving account with the Society and signed a signature card with her signature and assented to the rules and regulations of the defendant Society. Counsel for the plaintiff then offered a photostatic copy of the account which showed the withdrawal of all the money on deposit on October 26, 1934. The plaintiff admitted "that during the year 1934 . . . owing to her advanced age, Hannah Davault was unable to conduct her own affairs. Defendant does not admit as a fact that her inability to conduct her own affairs was due to any mental incapacity."
A letter dated August 20, 1934, was offered in evidence, which was written to the Society by the plaintiff's counsel. It was as follows: "Gentlemen: Please make no withdrawal payments on the above account inasmuch as Mrs. Davault is, her son advises me, now of insufficient capacity to take care of her property." The answer to this letter was also offered in evidence and it said: "The account in the name of Hannah Davault, C-50289, has been marked 'Full two weeks' notice.' In order to stop payments we must have a court restrainer." The plaintiff then offered in evidence "a photostatic copy of the withdrawal slip by which this account was finally closed, . . . and also the signature card opening this account."
The withdrawal slip for the entire balance of the account purported on its face to be executed by Hannah Davault, by her mark. It was witnessed by Gladys Maguire and acknowledged before a Notary Public. It was drawn to the order of Hannah Davault's son, John Davault, was on a form furnished by the Society and was accompanied by the deposit book. Plaintiff showed that John Davault died on December 11, 1934; and Hannah Davault, plaintiff's decedent, died December 14, 1934.
Letters of administration were taken out on John Davault's estate by his wife, Katherine Davault, and upon presentation of an order to withdraw the fund accompanied by a short certificate, the entire balance was paid to her. Due notice of the issuance of letters of administration was given by advertisement. No claim was ever made on this administratrix for this money.
In the Hannah Davault estate, letters of administration c. t. a. were issued to the decedent's granddaughter, Lillie M. Otto, the plaintiff. An account was apparently filed by her and she was discharged. In answer to a question by the Court below, it was admitted that no claim against the Society was listed as an asset of the estate in the inventory and appraisement or in the account. Subsequent to her discharge, on the 5th day of June 1940, new letters were granted to the plaintiff as administratrix de bonis non for the purpose of this lawsuit.
The Society offered in evidence its rules and among these were the following: "Every depositor with this Society, shall, at the time of making his first deposit, sign his or her name upon the cards provided for the purpose, and shall state thereon his occupation and place of residence, and shall thereby signify his assent to these rules and regulations, and to any future amendments thereto."
"The deposit book must be presented when all withdrawals are made. Possession of the book shall be sufficient evidence of the ownership thereof, to authorize the payment thereon. Although the Society will endeavor to prevent fraud on depositors, yet any payment made to any person when producing a deposit book, before notice of the loss of such book shall be given to the Society, shall be valid against the Society, and sufficient release to the Society."
The Society also showed by documentary proof that between December 12, 1932, and October 27, 1934, Hannah Davault, made eight withdrawals. All these were made on forms furnished by the Society and signed by Hannah Davault's mark, acknowledge before a Notary Public, and in almost every instance witnessed by either a member of her family or some other person. The withdrawal of October 27, 1934, the one in issue was made in the same manner. Admittedly, no claim was ever made upon the Society for having paid the other eight orders and the legitimate inference is that they were regular and proper.
This was the state of the record when the trial judge, on the written motion of the defendant for binding instructions, directed the jury to find for the Society-Defendant.
The matter came before the Court in banc upon plaintiff's motions for judgment n. o. v. and a new trial. The Court below overruled the motions. This appeal followed.
At the trial, the plaintiff contended, first, the Society was liable because it paid on the order of a depositor who was suffering from senile dementia, and, second, that the mark on the order was a forgery. There was no competent proof by the plaintiff to sustain either contention. We have examined the testimony and find that the Court below was correct in stating that "there was no competent proof offered or adduced that she [Hannah Davault] was insane or of unsound mind, or that she was unable to take care of her property, or that she might become the victim of designing persons, nor was there any proof offered that legal proceedings had been taken to have her legally adjudged insane or mentally incompetent, or that a guardian had been appointed of her person. And what is more important, there was no proof adduced that the defendant had actual knowledge that Hannah Davault was insane or mentally incompetent. All it had was a letter from an attorney who gave hearsay information that she was of insufficient capacity to take care of her property. The defendant was not justified in refusing to honor her withdrawal order on such hearsay information: Lancaster Co. Nat'l Bank v. Moore, 78 Pa. 407, 414; Gen. Pulaski B. L. Association v. Provident Trust Co. of Phila., 338 Pa. 198, 201."
The appellant declares she "bases her claim solely upon the fact that money was deposited with defendant, and when request for payment was made, such payment was refused . . ." She also stated: "Plaintiff contends her decedent was in the position of a creditor of defendant and all it was necessary for her to prove was that deposits were made and, on proper demand, payment refused"; she claims that "having shown deposit and non-payment she was entitled to have the jury consider her case. There is no claim by plaintiff that the bank was responsible for an opinion as to the depositor's sanity; plaintiff bases her case upon the creditor-debtor relationship existing between a bank and its depositors, and since the bank refused payment the burden of proof is upon it to show why."
The contention thus raised must on this record be decided adversely to the appellant. The issue is framed by the plaintiff's statement of claim and the affidavit of defense. "The issues of a case are defined by, and confined to, the pleadings. . . . In determining the issues made in the case, the pleadings, and not the evidence must be looked into . . .": 14 Standard Encyclopedia of Procedure 524. To the same effect is the statement in 20 American Jurisprudence 141, 135: "The question whether the burden of proof rests with a plaintiff or defendant . . . is determined from the pleadings before the introduction of any evidence . . ."
Here, the plaintiff pleaded the deposits, and if she merely pleaded the failure to return the money on a proper notice, and brought her proof within the pleadings, a prima facie case would have been made out and it would have been defendant's duty then to come forward with evidence: Henes v. McGovern, 317 Pa. 302, 309, 310, 176 A. 503. The plaintiff, however, did not rest on the pleading of a deposit and the failure to return it, but also pleaded the withdrawal upon an order which she alleged was by an incompetent after notice to the Society, and which did not contain the signature of the depositor. Thus, she anticipated the defense of withdrawal upon a written order and raised a new issue. This issue was met by a specific denial by the defendant savings bank. This denial in the affidavit of defense, was a challenge to the plaintiff to prove the averments pleaded, to wit, that the withdrawal order was by an incompetent after notice of the disability to the Society, and that it did not contain the signature of the depositor. As already stated by us, neither of her averments were proved. In fact, the plaintiff proved by her offers of the defendant's pleadings and its records that the account was closed upon an order of the plaintiff's decedent similar in form to eight other orders which admittedly were regular and in strict conformity to the rules of the savings bank to which she assented in writing when she became a depositor. When the plaintiff proved that the account was closed upon an order of the plaintiff's decedent, she did all that the law required the defendant to prove. In 20 American Jurisprudence 140, Sec. 135, it is stated: ". . . a party may be relieved of the burden imposed upon him by the fact that the necessary proof is introduced by his adversary."
If the order closing the account was a forgery or did not contain the signature of the depositor by her mark, plaintiff had the opportunity to prove that fact. But even if she had proved it, she would have had the further burden of showing want of ordinary care by the Society in making payment on the order. Mere proof of loss would not have been sufficient: Bulakowski v. Phila. Saving Fund Society, 270 Pa. 538, 113 A. 553. Here, however, there was no proof of forgery or that the signature by mark was not that of the depositor. Since the order signed by the mark of the depositor, duly witnessed and acknowledged and accompanied by the pass or deposit book, and otherwise in strict accordance with the rules and regulations of the Society, stood unchallenged by any proof of forgery or of the mental incompetency of the depositor, the plaintiff failed to meet the burden she assumed and the instructions were right. The Society justly refused the payment plaintiff demanded because the account had been exhausted by an order whose prima facie validity stands.
The judgment is affirmed.