Opinion
No. 95-30670.
May 22, 1997.
Trevor G. Bryan, Bryan Jupiter, New Orleans, LA, Meyer H. Gertler, Rodney Paul Vincent, Catherine Baroco Landry, Assoc Atty, Gertler, Gertler Vincent, New Orleans, LA, for Orleans Parish School Bd.
Mary Lue Dumestre, Stone, Pigman, Walther, Wittmann Hutchinson, New Orleans, LA, James C. Gulotta, Jr., Phillip A. Wittmann, Stone, Pigman, Walther, Wittmann Hutchinson, New Orleans, LA, for W. R. Grace Co.
Martin W. Dies, Orange, TX, Robert B. Watts, Bracewell and Patterson, Houston, TX, Thomas A. Rayer, Denechaud Denechaud, New Orleans, LA, for The Roman Catholic Church of The Archdiocese of New Orleans, Amicus Curiae.
Martin W. Dies, Orange, TX, Jack A. Grant, Grant Barrow, Gretna, LA, Robert B. Watts, Bracewell and Patterson, Houston, TX, for Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office and Lafourche Parish School Board, Amici Curiae.
Martin W. Dies, Orange, TX, Robert B. Watts, Bracewell and Patterson, Houston, TX, Fred H. Sutherland, Beard Sutherland, Shreveport, LA, for Caddo Parish School Board and Webster Parish School Board, Amicus Curiae.
Martin W. Dies, Orange, TX, Robert B. Watts, Bracewell and Patterson, Houston, TX, Kenneth F. Sills, Hammonds Sills, Baton Rouge, LA, for East Baton Rouge Parish School Board, St. Charles Parish School Board, Natchitoches Parish School Board, Evangeline Parish School Board, Amici Curiae.
William B. Baggett, Baggett, McCall Burgess, Lake Charles, LA, Martin W. Dies, Orange, TX, Robert C. McCall, Lake Charles, LA, Robert B. Watts, Bracewell and Patterson, Houston, TX, for Acadia Parish School Board, Allen Parish School Board, Calcasieu Parish School Board, Cameron Parish School Board, Iberia Parish School Board, Jefferson Davis Parish School Board, Lafayette Parish School Board, Lasalle Parish School Board, St. Martin Parish School Board, Vermillion Parish School Board, Amici Curiae.
Appeal from the United States District Court For the Eastern District of Louisiana
The Orleans Parish School Board (School Board) appeals an adverse summary judgment in its action to recover the costs of removing asbestos from school buildings. Concluding that the district court properly held that the School Board's claims against W.R. Grace Co.-Conn. (Grace) had prescribed, we affirm.
BACKGROUND
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, school boards across the nation learned of the potential dangers of asbestos, the possibility of its presence in school buildings, and the expense of its removal. Motivated by this knowledge, in 1983 the school boards filed a national class action against numerous asbestos manufacturers. In 1988 the School Board opted out of the class action and filed suit in Louisiana state court against the same asbestos manufacturers, including Grace.
The School Board's action was removed to federal court and Grace moved for summary judgment, contending that the claims were subject to a one-year liberative prescription which had accrued before the filing of the national class action. The School Board countered by urging that its claims had not prescribed and, in the alternative, that La. R.S. 9:5644(c) revived otherwise prescribed claims against asbestos manufacturers. The district court agreed with Grace, entered summary judgment dismissing the action, and the School Board timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
We review a district court's entry of summary judgment de novo and apply the identical legal standards as the district court. The district court's entry of summary judgment will be deemed appropriate if "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law."
Songbyrd, Inc. v. Bearsville Records, Inc., 104 F.3d 773 (5th Cir. 1997).
We sit herein as an Erie court and apply the substantive law of the state of Louisiana. The primary source of law in Louisiana is the Louisiana Civil Code; a secondary source is its jurisprudence. We therefore consider first the Civil Code and then the decisions of the Louisiana Supreme Court in our determination of the validity vel non of Grace's limitations claim, in civilian terminology cognomened prescription.
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938).
La. Civ. Code art. 1 and cmt.b.
Article 3492 of the Civil Code provides the applicable prescriptive period for the School Board's claims: Delictual actions are subject to a liberative prescription of one year. This prescription commences to run from the day injury or damage is sustained . . . .
Within the realm of delictual actions against asbestos manufacturers, the Louisiana Supreme Court recently dispositively decided the time of the commencement of accrual of this one-year prescriptive period.
In Cameron Parish School Board v. Acands, Inc. the Cameron Parish School Board sued asbestos manufacturers to recover the costs of removing asbestos from its school buildings. One manufacturer filed a peremptory exception of prescription. Upon its review of the exception of prescription, Louisiana's highest state court noted that it is often difficult to identify the exact point in time that prescription begins to run. It held, however, that at the latest, prescription begins to run against a school board in a suit against an asbestos manufacturer when the school board becomes aware that asbestos is present in "at least some of its buildings" posing a health risk to employees, and that it must be removed at a considerable expense.
687 So.2d 84 (La. 1997).
Id. at 89.
Thus informed, we consider the timeliness of the instant claims. The School Board learned that it had asbestos in at least some school buildings in 1979 when, prompted by admonitions of the Environmental Protection Agency, it conducted a visual inspection of all of its school buildings, and collected 301 samples of building materials from six schools. It submitted 24 samples for laboratory testing which established the presence of asbestos in five of the schools. Further, in a report entitled "Asbestos in New Orleans Public Schools A Status Report," the School Board reported that [a]ll schools, administrative buildings, and support service locations — 136 structures — were inspected visually for presence of asbestos with the following results:
The School Board tested the remainder of the 301 bulk samples in 1981 and 1982.
99 schools with some friable materials, some of which could be asbestos
20 locations with all asbestos-type material in good condition
17 sites with no asbestos-type material.
This same information was contained in a report prepared by Dr. Samuel A. Scarnato, the Deputy Superintendent. The report was entitled "Asbestos In Schools," dated November 30, 1979, and distributed to both the Superintendent and the Members of the School Board.
In 1979 the School Board also learned of the potential health risks associated with asbestos. The EPA sent numerous documents detailing the dangers of asbestos to school boards across the nation. Of particular note, the School Board received a document entitled "School Asbestos Program Questions Answers." In this document, the EPA explained that asbestos in school buildings was of great concern because "[e]xposure to asbestos fibers c[ould] cause debilitating or fatal diseases." The EPA also characterized asbestos as hazardous warning that
[e]pidemiological studies of asbestos workers have shown that exposure to asbestos increases the risks of developing lung cancer, mesothelioma . . . and asbestosis . . . . EPA believes that any exposure to asbestos involves some increase of risk. No safe level of exposure or "threshold" level has ever been established . . . .
Finally, by 1980 the School Board knew that asbestos had to be removed from its school buildings and that the removal process was an expensive one. The 1979 status report explained that correction of the asbestos problem would begin after all of the bulk samples were tested. In addition, the report characterized the removal process as complex and necessarily expensive. In 1980 the School Board prepared an "Asbestos Survey and Estimate" which reflected that the cost of removing asbestos would be approximately $5,000,000. That same year, the School Board began to remove asbestos from its school buildings.
Although from the record we cannot pinpoint the exact day that prescription began to run against the School Board, it is not necessary that such be done. The record reflects beyond peradventure that the School Board knew by sometime in 1980 that asbestos was a serious problem and that it necessitated an extensive and expensive removal process. The one year liberative prescription for delictual actions began to accrue against the School Board at that time. The School Board's claims were thus prescribed by the time the national class action lawsuit was filed in 1983.
Cameron Parish.
The district court concluded that prescription began to run against the School Board in 1981. Even under this expansive reading of the facts, the School Board's claims were prescribed long before the filing of the national class action.
The School Board contends that even if its claims prescribed, they were revived by La. R.S. 9:5644(C). We are not persuaded. This issue was decided conclusively in Cameron Parish in which the Louisiana court held that La. R.S. 9:5644(c) could not be retroactively applied to "claims as to which prescription has already accrued." We act herein as an Erie court and this decision is dispositive of the School Board's argument. We therefore conclude and hold that the School Board's claims against Grace prescribed before the filing of any litigation which might have interrupted prescription and the claims were not revived by 9:5644(c), or any other statutory enactment.
La. R.S. 9:5644(C): Any person who has an action to recover for asbestos abatement work under the provisions of this Section but whose action is barred by the prescriptive period provided in R.S. 9:5644 shall have one year from the effective date of this Act within which to bring an action or be forever barred.
Cameron Parish at 92.
The judgment appealed is AFFIRMED.