Opinion
Docket No. 216.
Decided July 12, 1966.
Appeal from Wayne; Canham (James N.), J. Submitted Division 1 May 14, 1965, at Detroit. (Docket No. 216.) Decided July 12, 1966.
Declaration by New York Central Railroad Company, a Michigan corporation, against Michigan Milk Producers Association (MMPA), a Michigan corporation, and Elmer Myers for damages to train caused by a collision between train of plaintiff and truck owned by defendant Myers. Before trial plaintiff reached a settlement with defendant Myers, who was dismissed as a party. Judgment for defendant. Plaintiff appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Edward M. Miller, for plaintiff.
Alexander, Buchanan Conklin ( G. Cameron Buchanan, of counsel), for defendant.
A train owned by plaintiff New York Central Railroad was damaged in a collision with a truck on April 6, 1960. The truck was owned by Elmer Myers and was engaged in hauling milk to the defendant MMPA at the time of the accident. This suit for damages originally named both Myers and MMPA defendants, but a settlement was reached with Myers and the cause dismissed by stipulation as to him but continued against MMPA.
The plaintiff's theory on which the suit was tried asserted that MMPA was the principal and Myers was the agent in the milk business and under the doctrine of respondeat superior, MMPA was responsible for the damage to the train.
The defendant denied that Myers was its agent and asserted that he was an independent contractor hired by the farmer members of the association to deliver milk to its collection depots.
The case was tried by the court without a jury and a judgment of no cause of action was entered.
Plaintiff's appeal from this judgment makes five assertions of error.
1. "Did the trial court, sitting without a jury, reach clearly erroneous findings of fact, in finding no relationship between appellee and Myers (a `contract hauler' of bulk milk) upon which appellee might be held to respond for Myers' tort?"
2. "Did the trial court err in excluding otherwise competent, material, and relevant evidence on the ground that such evidence related to acts and transactions which occurred after the accident out of which this cause arose?"
3. "Did the trial court err in refusing to permit plaintiff-appellant to cross-examine Mr. Myers, when called as a witness, nor to refresh his recollection by use of a written statement Myers had given to his own attorney shortly after the accident?"
4. "Did the trial court err in denying appellant a partial new trial so that appellant might introduce evidence which had been admitted in a companion case tried after, but adjudicated before this case?"
5. "Was the dismissal of this cause as to Myers only, on the first day of the trial, a `release' of defendant-appellee, MMPA?"
Because the decision on the second question controls our disposition of the appeal we treat it first.
The plaintiff sought to introduce evidence that MMPA fired Myers after the accident. The trial court ruled that anything after the accident was immaterial and sustained the defendants' objection to the introduction of this evidence. We think the evidence was admissible.
The precise question was discussed in Mr. Justice Dethmers' opinion in DeCorte v. New York Central Railroad Company (1966), 377 Mich. 317, a case arising out of the same accident as here involved. He stated at page 332,
"Defendant complains of error in permitting evidence of its having, in effect, fired Myers after the accident. Plaintiff says it was material to the question of the relationship between them, and indicative of MMPA control over Myers in the milk-hauling enterprise. We think it was properly received."
This holding seems consistent with the following cases: Tata v. Muskovitz (1959), 354 Mich. 695; Goldman v. Century Insurance Company (1958), 354 Mich. 528, 535; Detroit Iron Steel Co. v. Detroit Gray Foundry Co. (1927), 240 Mich. 677.
We deem the exclusion of this evidence reversible error and accordingly remand the cause for a new trial.
We regard the exclusion of competent, material, relevant evidence bearing on the main issue of a trial reversible error where the party offering the evidence received an adverse factual determination of that issue and the consideration of such evidence might have resulted in a different finding by the trier of the fact. See Starkweather v. Martin (1874), 28 Mich. 471 and Colwell v. Adams (1883), 51 Mich. 491.
We cannot characterize the error as harmless as permitted by GCR 1963, 529.1, because we cannot say with assurance it did not affect the substantial rights of the party offering it. Justice requires that a party be given an evaluation of evidence by the trier of the fact rather than an evaluation of it by an appellate court.
In view of the foregoing the questions raised by the first and fourth assertions of error appear moot.
We see no reversible error in the third question raised.
Myers was not an adverse party at the time of the trial of the case. He could be cross-examined under the terms of the statute only if he were an agent or employee. We are unable to find any authority for the proposition that the plaintiff should be permitted to cross-examine on his theory of agency. The case of Jonescu v. Orlich (1919), 208 Mich. 89, contains language to that effect but it appears to be dictum.
See CLS 1961, § 600.2161 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 27A.2161). — REPORTER.
The question should be left in the discretion of the trial court. Where the purpose of the cross-examination would be to elicit testimony to establish the agency, in view of the broad depositional powers available to litigants under GCR 1963, 302, it would seem unnecessary to permit it.
We do not find a right under the statute in this circumstance, nor do we view the denial of the privilege an abuse of discretion.
It appears from the record and the briefs of both parties that there was no formal ruling by the trial court on the issue raised by the fifth assertion of error. The necessary implication of the court's judgment, however, is that the dismissal of Myers did not operate to dismiss MMPA.
We so rule. The provisions of GCR 1963, 504.1 are dispositive of the matter. The record does not indicate that the dismissal was with prejudice and hence we regard it as without prejudice and not an adjudication on the merits. This fact distinguishes the present case from Geib v. Slater (1948), 320 Mich. 316, which was overruled in part by Moore v. Palmer (1957), 350 Mich. 363, at 394.
While the logic of the rule escapes us, it seems that in Michigan the release of a servant-agent, necessarily releases a master-principal, but here there was no release.
Reversed and remanded. Appellant may tax its costs.
QUINN, P.J., and FITZGERALD, J., concurred.