Opinion
Civil No. 2008-37.
July 7, 2009
Tom Bolt, Esq., A. Jennings Stone, Esq., Nycole A. Thompson, Esq., St. Thomas, U.S.V.I., For the plaintiff. Susan Bruch Moorehead, Esq., Kyle R. Waldner, Esq., William L. Blum, Esq., St. Thomas, U.S.V.I., For the defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The plaintiff, National Financial Partners Corp. ("NFPC"), has moved for summary judgment against the defendants, Dennis A. Cunning ("Cunning") and Rhonda J. Wrenn a/k/a Rhonda J. Wrenn Cunning ("Wrenn") (together, the "Defendants"). In their opposition to the motion, the Defendants argue that the parties' dispute must be submitted to arbitration. For the reasons that follow, the Court will order this matter to arbitration.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
NFPC is a corporation formed under Delaware law with its principal place of business in New York.Cunning and Wrenn (together, the "Defendants") own real property described as Parcel No. 1C Estate Thomas, No. 6C New Quarter, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, consisting of 0.45 U.S. acres, more or less, as shown on PWD Map No. D9-2537-T83 (the "Property").
On or about December 30, 2005, Cunning executed a Secured Personal Recourse Promissory Note (the "Note") in favor of NFPC in the amount of $1,761,686. The Note requires repayment of principal and interest at the rate of six percent over an eight-month term, beginning on January 1, 2006.
Wrenn is not a signatory to the Note.
To secure repayment of the Note, both Cunning and Wrenn executed a Pledge Agreement. The Pledge Agreement purports to grant NFPC a security interest in the Property as well as other collateral not a subject of this lawsuit.
In a letter dated August 1, 2007, NFPC made demand on Cunning for repayment of the Note.
NFPC commenced this action against the Defendants in March 2008. In Count One, NFPC asserts that Cunning has breached the terms of the Note. In Count Two, NFPC alleges that Cunning has breached the terms of the Note and the Pledge Agreement. Count Three alleges that the Defendants are in default under the Note and the Pledge Agreement and seeks to foreclose NFPC's alleged security interest in the Property.
NFPC has moved for summary judgment against the Defendants, who oppose the motion. In their opposition to the motion, the Defendants maintain, among other things, that this matter must be submitted to arbitration pursuant to the Pledge Agreement. The Court ordered, and timely received, supplemental briefing on the issue of arbitrability.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate if "the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); see also Hersh v. Allen Products Co., 789 F.2d 230, 232 (3d Cir. 1986).
The movant has the initial burden of showing there is no genuine issue of material fact, but once this burden is met it shifts to the non-moving party to establish specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial. Gans v. Mundy, 762 F.2d 338, 342 (3d Cir. 1985). The non-moving party "may not rest upon mere allegations, general denials, or . . . vague statements. . . ." Quiroga v. Hasbro, Inc., 934 F.2d 497, 500 (3d Cir. 1991). "[T]here is no issue for trial unless there is sufficient evidence favoring the non-moving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986).
"[A]t the summary judgment stage the judge's function is not himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial." Id. In making this determination, this Court draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. See Bd. of Educ. v. Earls, 536 U.S. 822, 850 (2002); see also Armbruster v. Unisys Corp., 32 F.3d 768, 777 (3d Cir. 1994).
B. Standard for Compelling Arbitration
The Federal Arbitration Act (the "FAA") provides that "a written provision in . . . a contract to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable save upon any grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract." 9 U.S.C. § 2. The FAA "establishes a presumption in favor of arbitrability when arbitrability is in doubt. . . ." Ballay v. Legg Mason Wood Walker, Inc., 878 F.2d 729, 733 (3d Cir. 1989); see also Shearson/Am. Express, Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220, 226-27 (1987); Johnson v. West Suburban Bank, 225 F.3d 366 (3d Cir. 2000) ("[T]he presumption in favor of arbitration established by the [FAA] is a powerful one."); John Hancock Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Olick, 151 F.3d 132, 137 (3d Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). "An order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute." AT T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650 (1986).
Because arbitration is a question of contract, "a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit." Id. at 648. Therefore, whether or not parties must submit their dispute to arbitration is a question of contract between the parties. First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 943-44 (1995). A court cannot require a party to arbitrate unless that party has agreed to do so. See EEOC v. Waffle House, Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 294 (2002).
When deciding a motion to compel arbitration, the court employs a standard similar to the summary judgment standard. See Par-Knit Mills, Inc. v. Stockbridge Fabrics Co., Ltd., 636 F.2d 51, 54 (3d Cir. 1980). "Only when there is no genuine issue of fact concerning the formation of the agreement should the court decide as a matter of law that the parties did or did not enter into such an agreement." Id. at 54. The party opposing the motion receives "the benefit of all reasonable doubts and inferences that may arise." Id. The non-moving party, however, must establish more than the "mere existence of a scintilla of evidence" in support of its position. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986). "If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted." Id. at 249-50 (internal citations omitted). If a genuine issue of fact is present, the court must hold a trial to determine whether an arbitration agreement exists. 9 U.S.C. § 4.
III. ANALYSIS
Because, for the reasons discussed below, the Court concludes that this matter must be submitted to arbitration, the Court need not reach the merits of NFPC's motion for summary judgment. According to the Defendants, their dispute with NFPC is governed by an arbitration clause contained in the Pledge Agreement.
Under the FAA, "[a] motion to compel arbitration calls for a two-step inquiry into (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and (2) whether the particular dispute falls within the scope of that agreement." Trippe Mfg. Co. v. Niles Audio Corp., 401 F.3d 529, 532 (3d Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). "The FAA instructs courts to refer to principles of applicable state law when determining the existence and scope of an agreement to arbitrate." Id. at 532 (citing Volt Info. Sciences, Inc. v. Bd. of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 475 (1989)).
The FAA undisputedly applies in this matter. The FAA applies to all contracts "evidencing a transaction involving commerce." 9 U.S.C. § 2. The FAA defines "commerce" to include commerce "in any Territory of the United States. . . ." 9 U.S.C. § 1 (emphasis supplied); see also Isidor Paiewonsky Assocs., Inc. v. Sharp Properties, Inc., 998 F.2d 145, 154 n. 10 (3d Cir. 1993) (citing Kanazawa Ltd. v. Sound, Unlimited, 440 F.2d 1239 (9th Cir. 1971) (noting that the FAA applies to commerce in Guam)); Sewer v. Paragon Homes, Inc., 351 F. Supp. 596, 599 (D.V.I. 1972).
Under Virgin Islands law, the essential prerequisites for the creation of a valid contract are "a bargain in which there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange and a consideration." University of the Virgin Islands v. Petersen-Springer, 232 F. Supp. 2d 462, 469 (D.V.I. 2002); see also Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 17 (1981). "Consideration" requires a performance or a return promise that has been bargained for. Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 17 (1981). Where there is no mutual assent, or no meeting of the minds, there is no contract. James v. Fitzpatrick, 25 V.I. 124, 127 (V.I.Terr. Ct. 1990).
See V.I. CODE ANN. tit. 1, § 4 ("[T]he restatements of the law . . . shall be the rules of decision in the courts of the Virgin Islands[.]").
The Pledge Agreement to which the Defendants refer is attached to NFPC's summary judgment papers. That document provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
The Defendants also rely on the copy of the Pledge Agreement submitted by NFPC. ( See, e.g., Defs.' Mem. Supp. Opp'n Pl.'s Mot. Summ. J. 3 n. 1.)
In order to secure payment of the promissory note dated December 30, 2005 . . . payable to [NFPC], . . . in the amount of . . . $1,761,686 . . . which Note Dennis Cunning delivered in connection with a loan extended to him by [NFPC], Dennis Cunning and Rhonda Wrenn . . . hereby grant [NFPC] a security interest in, and assign, transfer and pledge to [NFPC], the following securities and other property:
. . . .
(c) The entirety of the [Defendants'] rights, title and interest in Parcel No. 1C Estate Thomas, No. 6C New Quarter, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, as shown on PWD No. D9-2537-T83[.]
(Pl.'s Am. Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J., Exh. C at 1.)
The Pledge Agreement clearly and unambiguously grants NFPC a security interest in the Property owned by the Defendants to secure repayment of a loan. Furthermore, it is supported by consideration and signed by both Cunning and Wrenn, thus manifesting the parties' mutual assent to its terms. See Adams v. Am. Residential Servs., L.L.C., Civ. No. 02-0410, 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26478, at *14 (D.D.C. May 8, 2003) (applying District of Columbia law) ("[A] signature indicates mutuality of assent and a party is bound by the contract unless he or she can show special circumstances relieving him or her of such an obligation." (citations omitted)); Blair v. Scott Specialty Gases, 283 F.3d 595, 603 (3d Cir. 2002) ("When both parties have agreed to be bound by arbitration, adequate consideration exists and the arbitration agreement should be enforced." (citation omitted)). Indeed, the parties do not dispute that they agreed to the terms set forth in the Pledge Agreement. ( See Pl.'s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 2) ("The Cunnings . . ., in order to secure payment of the Note, . . . executed and delivered to [NFPC] a Pledge Agreement granting [NFPC] a security interest in, and assigning, transferring and pledging to [NFPC] the entirety of their rights, title and interest in the Property." (citations omitted)); (Defs.' Statement Undisputed Material Facts 1) ("Defendants admit to signing the Pledge Agreement[.]"). The Pledge Agreement, including its arbitration clause, constitutes a valid, binding contract. See, e.g., Salvadori v. Option One Mortg. Corp., 420 F. Supp. 2d 349, 356 (D.N.J. 2006) (finding the first part of the motion-to-compel inquiry satisfied where "the parties executed a signed and valid Agreement to Arbitrate").
The Court asks next whether the parties' dispute falls within the scope of the Pledge Agreement's arbitration clause. That clause provides, in pertinent part:
12. Arbitration. Any controversy between the parties hereto involving the construction or application of any terms, covenants or conditions of this Agreement or the Note, or any claims arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the Note, or the breach hereof or thereof, will be submitted to and settled by final and binding arbitration in New York, New York, before a mutually agreeable single arbitrator and pursuant to the rules of the American Arbitration Association then in effect, and judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. In the event of any arbitration under this Agreement or the Note, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover from the losing party reasonable expenses, attorneys' fees and costs incurred therein or in the enforcement or collection of any judgment or award rendered therein. The "prevailing party" means the party determined by the arbitrator to have most nearly prevailed, even if such party did not prevail in all matters, not necessarily the one in whose favor a judgment is rendered.
(Pl.'s Am. Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J., Exh. C at 7) (emphasis supplied).
The arbitration clause is certainly broad enough to encompass NFPC's claims against the Defendants, as those claims arise out of the Note and the Pledge Agreement. See, e.g., Trippe Mfg. Co., 401 F.3d at 533 (finding the language of an arbitration clause "very broad, encompassing `all disputes, claims, and controversies arising under this Agreement, or a breach thereof. . . .'" (emphasis supplied)); Alejandro v. L.S. Holding, Inc., 310 F. Supp. 2d 745, 750 (D.V.I. 2004) (compelling arbitration where the agreement "mandates arbitration for any and all disputes arising from [the plaintiff's] employment" (emphasis supplied)), aff'd, 130 Fed. Appx. 544 (3d Cir. 2005) (unpublished).
Accordingly, the Court finds that there are no genuine questions of material fact concerning either the Pledge Agreement's validity or coverage of the dispute between NFPC and the Defendants.
NFPC advances two main reasons why this matter should not be submitted to arbitration. First, NFPC asserts that the Defendants agreed that NFPC could, in the event of default by the Defendants, pursue its remedies in a judicial proceeding. NFPC relies on a mortgage (the "Mortgage") that the Defendants executed in favor of NFPC. The Mortgage is attached to NFPC's brief on arbitration and is signed by both Cunning and Wrenn. It provides, in part:
The mortgagor is Dennis A. Cunning and Rhonda A. Wrenn ("Borrower"). This Security Instrument is given to [NFPC] ("Lender"). Borrower owes Lender . . . $1,761.686.00. . . . Borrower does hereby mortgage, grant and convey to Lender the following described property located in St. Thomas, Territory of the Virgin Islands:
Parcel No. 1C Estate Thomas, No. 6C New Quarter, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, as shown on PWD No. D9-2537-T83.
(Pl.'s Supp. Br. Arbitrability, Exh. 1 at 1.)
In an excerpt to which NFPC ascribes particular weight, the Mortgage also explains what remedies are available to NFPC in the event of the Defendants' default:
If the default is not cured on or before the date specified in the notice, Lender at its option may require immediate payment in full of all sums secured by this Security Instrument without further demand and may foreclose this Security Instrument in a judicial proceeding.
( Id., Exh. 1 at 8.)
According to NFPC, the language quoted above establishes that the Defendants "agreed that [NFPC] could require immediate payment in full of all sums secured by the mortgage and foreclose the mortgage by judicial proceeding if they failed to cure their default." (Id. at 2.) In other words, in NFPC's view, the Mortgage mandates a judicial resolution.
NFPC's reliance on the Mortgage to argue that this matter cannot be submitted to arbitration is misplaced for at least two reasons. First, the Mortgage does not convey the meaning that NFPC urges. The clear and unambiguous language of the Mortgage nowhere categorically prohibits alternative dispute resolution. Rather, the Mortgage merely authorizes NFPC to petition a court in the event of the Defendants' default. In essence, NFPC reads a prohibition into what is clearly permissive language. Importantly, there is no legal support for such a reading.
Second, even assuming NFPC were correct in its assertion that disputes arising out of the Mortgage are, as a general matter, to be resolved in court, NFPC fails to reconcile the Mortgage with the Pledge Agreement. The Pledge Agreement stipulates that "any claims arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the Note, or the breach hereof or thereof, will be submitted to and settled by final and binding arbitration[.]" No language casts a wider net than "arising out of" and "relating to." See Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood Conklin Mfg. Co., 388 U.S. 395, 397-98 (1967) (stating that "the parties agreed to a broad arbitration clause" saying that "[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Agreement, or the breach thereof, shall be settled by arbitration" (emphasis supplied) (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Altria Group, Inc. v. Good, 129 S. Ct. 538, 548 (2008) (noting the broad scope of "relating to" and explaining that "relating to is synonymous with having a connection with" (quotation marks and citation omitted)); Morales v. Trans World Airlines, 504 U.S. 374, 383 (1992) (explaining that "relating to" means "`to stand in some relation; to have bearing or concern; to pertain; refer; to bring into association with or connection with'" (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1158 (5th ed. 1979)).
Both the Pledge Agreement and the Mortgage invest NFPC with a security interest in the same Property owned by the Defendants. The complaint in this matter essentially alleges that Cunning owes NFPC money under the Note; that both Cunning and Wrenn have defaulted under the terms of an instrument that gives NFPC a security interest in that Property; and that NFPC is entitled to foreclose on its interest by virtue of that agreement. As discussed above, that dispute is clearly subject to the Pledge Agreement's arbitration clause. Significantly, there is no doubt that that dispute also has an "association" or a "connection" with any dispute between the parties that exists by virtue of the Mortgage.
Moreover, as noted above, NFPC's characterization of the Mortgage as inexorably commanding court action is inaccurate. The Mortgage says only that NFPC, in the event of the Defendants' default, "may" seek foreclosure in court. It is beyond peradventure that the use of the word "may" expresses permissiveness. See Bin Lin v. AG of the United States, 543 F.3d 114, 124 (3d Cir. 2008) (noting that the term "may" in a regulation is "permissive language"); Rossman v. Fleet Bank Nat'l Ass'n, 280 F.3d 384, 393 (3d Cir. 2002) (noting "[t]he permissive sense of `may'"). Such permissive language stands in marked contrast to the language in the Pledge Agreement, which states that any dispute between the parties "will" be submitted to arbitration. The language in the Pledge Agreement, unlike the language in the Mortgage, "impose[s] discretionless obligations." Lopez v. Davis, 531 U.S. 230, 241 (2001); see also Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 471 (1983) (describing "shall," "will," and "must" as "language of an unmistakably mandatory character").
Finally, while it is well-established law that a party cannot be compelled to arbitrate absent his agreement to arbitrate, see Painewebber, Inc. v. Hartmann, 921 F.2d 507, 511 (3d Cir. 1990) (citation omitted), NFPC has in fact agreed via the Pledge Agreement to arbitrate its dispute with the Defendants. NFPC's position that the Mortgage somehow vitiates that agreement improperly discounts the "strong federal policy in favor of the resolution of disputes through arbitration" that the FAA embodies and to which the parties subscribed by way of the Pledge Agreement. Kirleis v. Dickie, McCamey Chilcote, P.C., 560 F.3d 156, 160 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting Alexander v. Anthony Int'l, L.P., 341 F.3d 256, 263 (3d Cir. 2003)). As a consequence, the Court is unpersuaded by NFPC's position that the Mortgage's reference to a judicial proceeding means that the parties' dispute must be addressed in court.
NFPC also asserts that even if the parties' dispute ordinarily should be submitted to arbitration, the Defendants have waived their right to arbitrate.
Waiver of the right to arbitrate "is not to be lightly inferred." Gavlik Const. Co. v. H.F. Campbell Co., 526 F.2d 777, 783 (3d Cir. 1975) (quoting Carcich v. Rederi A/B Nordie, 389 F.2d 692, 696 (2d Cir. 1968)). "[T]he touchstone for determining whether the right to arbitrate has been waived" is prejudice. Hoxworth v. Blinder, Robinson Co., 980 F.2d 912, 925 (3d Cir. 1992). A nonexclusive list of factors is used to determine whether the requisite level of prejudice exists: (1) "the timeliness or lack thereof of a motion to arbitrate"; (2) "the degree to which the party seeking to compel arbitration or to stay court proceedings pending arbitration has contested the merits of its opponent's claims"; (3) "whether that party has informed its adversary of the intention to seek arbitration even if it has not yet filed a motion to stay the district court proceedings"; (4) "the extent of its non-merits motion practice"; (5) "its assent to the trial court's pretrial orders"; and (6) "the extent to which both parties have engaged in discovery." Ehleiter v. Grapetree Shores, Inc., 482 F.3d 207, 222 (3d Cir. 2007) (alteration, quotation marks and citation omitted). "[W]aiver will normally be found only "where the demand for arbitration came long after the suit commenced and when both parties had engaged in extensive discovery." Painewebber Inc. v. Faragalli, 61 F.3d 1063, 1068-69 (3d Cir. 1995) (quoting Gavlik, 526 F.2d at 783).
To prevail on its waiver argument, NFPC points to Cunning's failure to raise the issue of arbitration in his answer to the complaint. NFPC is correct that Cunning's answer makes no mention of arbitration. NFPC ignores, however, that Wrenn's answer clearly states that this matter "is barred because of a mandatory arbitration clause" and that "all claims or disputes under the [parties'] agreement are to be submitted to arbitration in New York." (Def. Wrenn's Answer ¶¶ 2, 5-6.) In her answer, Wrenn further asserts as an affirmative defense that "[t]he agreement under which [NFPC] asserts claims has a mandatory arbitration clause which deprives this Court of jurisdiction." (Id. at 5.) Although Cunning and Wrenn filed separate answers, they since have filed most pleadings together, including their opposition to NFPC's summary judgment motion. In that opposition, the Defendants assert that this matter must be arbitrated. Wrenn's answer certainly put NFPC on notice that arbitration was on the mind of at least one of the Defendants.
Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the complaint mean the first amended complaint.
In the Court's view, the several other factors enumerated above also counsel against a waiver finding.
First, NFPC's complaint was filed on April 30, 2008. On June 13, 2008, NFPC requested permission to serve Wrenn by publication. That request was granted on June 27, 2008. The record does not reflect that service by publication ever occurred. On September 3, 2008, NFPC requested the entry of default against Wrenn. After that request was filed, Wrenn evidently became aware of this matter and filed a notice of appearance on September 15, 2008. After being granted an extension of time, Wrenn filed her answer on September 29, 2008. She asserted her right to arbitrate in that answer. The Court does not find that the lapse of a mere two weeks between Wrenn's appearance in this matter and her assertion of her right to arbitrate constitutes enough of a delay for waiver purposes. See, e.g., Palcko v. Airborne Express, Inc., 372 F.3d 588, 599 (3d Cir. 2004) (finding no waiver where a motion to compel arbitration came thirty-eight days after the defendant learned of the lawsuit); Wood v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 207 F.3d 674, 680 (3d Cir. 2000) (finding no waiver where a party "delayed seeking arbitration only by one-and-a-half months"); Painewebber, 61 F.3d at 1069 (finding no waiver despite a two-month delay); see also, e.g., Thyssen, Inc. v. Calypso Shipping Corp., 310 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. 2002) (concluding that there was no waiver although the defendant sought arbitration more than eighteen months after the suit was filed and after plaintiff filed a motion for partial summary judgment), cited with approval in Palcko, 372 F.3d at 598.
The record reflects that personal service was effected on Cunning on April 4, 2008 at a hotel located on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands.
Second, discovery in this matter has been minimal. The record shows that the parties have done little more than hold a conference pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f). They also have met with the magistrate judge on at least three occasions. The magistrate judge's orders following those meetings indicate only that the parties were contemplating mediation. No discovery or motion practice cutoffs have been established. No trial date has been scheduled. There is no hint in the record that the parties have conducted depositions, propounded interrogatories, requested documents or engaged in other fact discovery. There is likewise no evidence that NFPC has incurred substantial expenses in maintaining this lawsuit. These circumstances also militate against a waiver finding. Cf. Ehleiter, 482 F.3d at 223 (finding waiver where "the parties engaged in extensive discovery, with both sides exchanging several sets of interrogatories, requests for production of documents, and expert witness reports, as well as participating in the depositions of numerous witnesses"); Hoxworth, 980 F.2d at 926 (finding waiver where the "plaintiffs devoted substantial amounts of time, effort, and money in prosecuting the action, while defendants were able to use the Federal Rules to conduct discovery not available in the arbitration forum").
Third, the Defendants' non-merits motion practice has been minimal. The only motions Wrenn has filed is an opposition to NFPC's request for entry of default and a request for an extension of time to file her answer. The opposition and the request for an extension of time were filed when this lawsuit was still nascent. All other non-merits motion practice originates not with the Defendants, but with NFPC itself. These circumstances likewise disfavor a waiver finding. See, e.g., Wood, 207 F.3d at 680 (finding no waiver where "the defendant's "litigation tactics had not been extensive: it had not taken any depositions[,] served any discovery demands[,] [or] been able to use the Federal Rules to conduct discovery not available in the arbitration forum" (quotation marks and citation omitted)); cf. Ehleiter, 482 F.3d at 223 (finding waiver where the defendant "engaged in substantial non-merits motion practice . . ., including filing a motion to implead a third party defendant").
Finally, although both of the Defendants have filed answers, it is well settled that "merely answering on the merits, asserting a counterclaim (or cross-claim) or participating in discovery, without more, will not necessarily constitute a waiver." Gavlik, 526 F.2d at 783 (alteration, quotation marks and citation omitted). Indeed, contesting the merits of a claim "is not enough to overcome the presumption of arbitrability." Wood, 207 F.3d at 680 (citing Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983)).
On balance, the Court does not find that the Defendants have waived their right to arbitrate. None of the factors discussed above, standing either alone or together, show sufficient, if any, procedural or substantive prejudice to NFPC. NFPC's waiver argument therefore fails.
IV. CONCLUSION
Where, as here, the parties to a dispute have agreed to arbitrate and their dispute falls within the scope of their agreement, a court is not at liberty to address that dispute in the face of a motion to compel arbitration. See At T Techs. v. Communications Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 649 (1986) ("[I]n deciding whether the parties have agreed to submit a particular grievance to arbitration, a court is not to rule on the potential merits of the underlying claims."); IBEW, Local 21 v. Ill. Bell Tel. Co., 491 F.3d 685, 688 (7th Cir. 2007) ("When determining whether the parties have agreed to arbitration, a court must be careful not to consider the merits of the underlying claim." (citation omitted)), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1696 (2008). Accordingly, the Court will stay this matter and order the parties to arbitration. An appropriate order follows.