Opinion
No. 01-08-00871-CR
Opinion issued May 27, 2010. DO NOT PUBLISH. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the 12th District Court, Grimes County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 15918.
Panel consists of Justices JENNINGS, HANKS, and BLAND.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In exchange for Jose Albino Murillo's plea of nolo contendere to the third-degree felony charge of prohibited sexual conduct, the State agreed to dismiss a second-degree felony charge of sexual assault. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 22.011(a)(1), 25.02(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2009). The trial court accepted Murillo's plea, assessed punishment at ten years' confinement and a fine of $2500, and certified that this was a plea bargain case and Murillo did not have the right to appeal. Because the State did not recommend a specific punishment agreed to by Murillo, and the judgment of the trial court stated: "Terms of Plea Bargain: N/A," our court ordered the trial court to amend the certification of the right to appeal to conform to the record, and, pursuant to our court's interim order, a different trial judge certified that this is not a plea bargain case and Murillo has the right to appeal. After reviewing the record on appeal, we hold that the State's agreement to dismiss the sexual assault charge is a plea bargain to which Murillo assented. Therefore, the trial court's original certification that Murillo's plea bargain waived any right to appeal is correct. We dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
Background
In June 2006, the State issued indictments against Murillo for sexual assault and prohibited sexual conduct. In March 2008, the trial court accepted a plea bargain between the State and Murillo, pursuant to which the State agreed to dismiss the charge of sexual assault and Murillo agreed to plead no contest to the charge of prohibited sexual conduct. In the agreement, Murillo waived his right to a jury trial and an appeal, but he did not waive his right to a presentence investigation report ("PSI"). The State did not recommend a specific punishment. The agreement, however, included acknowledgments by Murillo that: (1) the trial court explained that the court has discretion to assess punishment and probate the sentence; (2) Murillo understands the complete range of punishment for the offense; and (3) Murillo's attorney explained the legal consequences of both the plea and the trial court's certification of the right to appeal. The trial court admonished Murillo that he could be sentenced to confinement ranging from two to ten years, as well as a fine of up to $10,000. The court also admonished Murillo that if the court did not assess punishment in excess of what the State recommended and to which Murillo agreed, Murillo could only appeal matters on which the trial court gave permission or matters that were raised by written motion and ruled on before trial. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13(a)(3) (Vernon Supp. 2009); id. art. 44.02 (Vernon 2006). The trial court certified that this is a plea bargain case and Murillo does not have the right to appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a)(2). After the PSI was completed, the trial court held a sentencing hearing, at which Murillo asked the court to set aside his no contest plea on the ground that he did not enter it voluntarily. According to Murillo, he does not speak or understand English well, and no interpreter was present during the plea hearing. He testified that he signed the plea bargain documents because he thought they were for probation. Murillo "didn't know [he] was signing to be guilty" and he only signed the documents on the advice of his attorney. The State called Phillip Cox, who conducted Murillo's PSI, and Rebecca De La Rosa, a probation officer who acted as an interpreter for Murillo during his meeting with Cox, both of whom testified that Cox conducted the meeting in English and Murillo needed De La Rosa's assistance only three or four times during the four hour meeting. Cox also testified that, during the meeting, Murillo stated that he only entered the plea on the advice of his previous attorney, who allegedly told Murillo that he would have a greater chance of receiving probation if he pleaded no contest. The trial court ruled that Murillo entered the plea knowingly and voluntarily, and after hearing further testimony from Cox and the complaining witness, assessed punishment at ten years' confinement and a fine of $2500. Murillo filed a notice of appeal. In February 2009, we abated the appeal to obtain an amended certification. The order noted that the trial court's judgment states "Term of Plea Bargain: N/A." We requested an amended certification conforming to the record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(f) (allowing filing of amended certification of right to appeal to correct defect or omission); id. 37.1 (requiring appellate clerk to notify parties if certification is defective). The trial court filed an amended certification, signed by a different judge, which stated that this is not a plea bargain case and Murillo has the right to appeal. Murillo contends that (1) his conviction is appealable because he and the State entered into a "non-negotiated plea" and Murillo did not voluntarily enter his no contest plea or waive his right to appeal; and (2) section 25.02(a)(2) of the Penal Code unconstitutionally infringes on his liberty and privacy rights and is facially invalid.Discussion
Appellate Jurisdiction
Murillo contends that his agreement with the State, in which the State did not recommend a specific punishment, is a "non-negotiated" plea, and thus he did not validly waive his right to appeal. Rule 25.2(a)(2) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure addresses a criminal defendant's right to appeal and provides that:A defendant in a criminal case has the right of appeal. . . . The trial court shall enter a certification of the defendant's right of appeal each time it enters a judgment of guilt or other appealable order. In a plea bargain case — that is, a case in which a defendant's plea was guilty or nolo contendere and the punishment did not exceed the punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the defendant — a defendant may appeal only:
(A) those matters that were raised by written motion filed and ruled on before trial, or
(B) after getting the trial court's permission to appeal.TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a)(2). The trial court must certify that the particular case is: (1) not a plea bargain case and the defendant has the right of appeal; (2) a plea bargain case and the defendant has the right of appeal because he satisfied either Rule 25.2(a)(2)(A) or 25.2(a)(2)(B); (3) a plea bargain case and the defendant does not have the right of appeal; or (4) a case in which the defendant waived his right of appeal. Hargesheimer v. State, 182 S.W.3d 906, 911 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). If we determine that the certification is defective, the appellate clerk must notify the parties so that the trial court can remedy the defect by filing an amended certification. See TEX. R. APP. P. 37.1; id. 25.2(f). A certification is "defective" if it is correct in form, but inaccurate when compared with the record. Dears v. State, 154 S.W.3d 610, 614 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If we examine the certification after we receive the record, we have a duty to compare the certification to the record to determine whether it is defective. Id. at 615. The limitations on a plea-bargaining defendant's right to appeal apply only if the punishment imposed does not exceed the punishment recommended by the State and agreed to by the defendant. TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a). The Court of Criminal Appeals has previously held that an agreement between the State and the defendant, in which the State did not recommend a specific punishment but instead agreed to (1) not prosecute a pending charge, (2) not charge an additional offense, and (3) allow the trial court to consider the unadjudicated charge in assessing punishment, constituted an agreement "by which the prosecutor recommended, and the appellant agreed to, `punishment.'" Shankle v. State, 119 S.W.3d 808, 812-13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The Court identified two primary forms of plea-bargaining: (1) charge-bargaining, in which the State agrees to dismiss or refrain from bringing additional charges in exchange for a guilty or no contest plea, and (2) sentence-bargaining, in which the State agrees to a sentencing "cap." Id. at 813. According to the Court, both forms of plea-bargaining affect punishment and constitute negotiated agreements. Id. at 813-814. An agreement to dismiss a pending charge, for example, effectively caps the punishment at the maximum sentence for the remaining charge. Id. at 813. Charge-bargaining can also affect punishment if the dismissed charge is a "3(g) offense," which limits a trial court's ability to suspend a defendant's sentence and also affects parole eligibility. Id. at 813-14; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.12, § 3(g)(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009). Thus, under Shankle, even if the State does not make a specific punishment recommendation, if the State agrees to dismiss a charge in exchange for a guilty or no contest plea and the trial court sentences the defendant within the statutory range for the remaining charge, this agreement is a plea bargain in which "the punishment did not exceed the punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the defendant," and the defendant can only appeal matters raised by written motion and ruled on before trial or matters on which the trial court gave permission to appeal. See Shankle, 119 S.W.3d at 812-14; Kennedy v. State, 297 S.W.3d 338, 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (applying Shankle to agreement to plead guilty to lesser offense in exchange for dismissal of attempted capital murder charge); TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a). In this case, the State did not recommend a specific punishment in the plea bargain agreement. The State, however, did agree to dismiss the charge of sexual assault, which is a "3(g) offense," against Murillo in exchange for his no contest plea to the prohibited sexual conduct charge. The agreement thus capped Murillo's potential punishment at the maximum sentence for his remaining charge: ten years. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.02(c) (Vernon Supp. 2009) (prohibited sexual conduct is third degree felony); id. § 12.34 (Vernon Supp. 2009) (permissible punishment for third degree felonies is two to ten years' confinement plus a fine up to $10,000). The State and Murillo entered into a "charge-bargain" agreement. The trial court assessed punishment within the permissible punishment range. This case, therefore, is a plea bargain case in which the defendant pleaded no contest and the punishment imposed by the trial court did not exceed the punishment recommended by the State and agreed to by Murillo. TEX. R. APP. P. 25.2(a). Because the record shows that the trial court did not give Murillo permission to appeal and Murillo does not appeal a matter contained in a written motion ruled on before trial, we hold that Murillo forfeited the right to appeal in this case. Id.; Shankle, 119 S.W.3d at 814; see also Carender v. State, 155 S.W.3d 929, 931 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2005, no pet.) (holding Rule 25.2 requirements applied when defendant agreed to plead guilty in exchange for State withdrawing a punishment enhancement allegation). Our order requesting an amended certification noted that the record reflects that the trial court's judgment states "Terms of Plea Bargain: N/A." We have previously held, however, that indications in the record that an agreed punishment recommendation does not exist between the State and defendant do not necessarily convert the proceeding into an "open plea" not governed by Rule 25.2(a). Threadgill v. State, 120 S.W.3d 871, 872 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). In Threadgill, although the record included statements that the plea was "without a recommendation" and "without an agreed recommendation," it also reflected that the parties agreed to a punishment cap of twenty years. Id.; see also Waters v. State, 124 S.W.3d 825, 826 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd) ("[B]oth the guilty plea document and judgment reflect that there was no agreed sentencing recommendation, but an agreed `cap' of ten years and dismissal of cause number 91888."); Lemoins v. State, 37 S.W.3d 556, 559 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 2001, no pet.). Here, the record reflects that Murillo agreed to plead no contest to the prohibited sexual conduct charge in exchange for the State's dismissal of the sexual assault charge. We therefore conclude that the trial court's original certification of Murillo's right to appeal — stating that this is a plea bargain case and Murillo does not have the right of appeal — is correct. In this case, our court has the trial court's original, correct certification before it. We also informed the parties that appellate jurisdiction is an issue, and counsel for both Murillo and the State have briefed the issue. We thus vacate the amended certification order requested by our court, and reinstate the trial court's original, correct certification order.