Summary
In Morrow v. Alexander, 24 N.C. 388, a father living in South Carolina delivered the deed for his daughter to his son, to be delivered to his daughter, and the Court held that the execution was complete and the title passed.
Summary of this case from Lynch v. JohnsonOpinion
June Term, 1842.
1. A deed, executed in South Carolina, for a slave then being in this State, with certain limitations over, which by the law of that State are invalid, but which by our law are good, must be construed according to the law of that State, and, therefore, the limitations over are void.
2. A deed for a female slave and "her increase" can only convey the woman and her issue born after the execution of the deed.
3. Where a father signed and sealed in South Carolina a deed for a slave to his daughter, who resided in North Carolina, and delivered it in South Carolina to his son, to be given to his daughter: Held, that the delivery was complete, and the deed, therefore, well executed in South Carolina.
APPEAL from Pearson, J., at Spring Term, 1842, of MECKLENBURG.
Boyden for plaintiffs.
W. J. Alexander, D. F. Caldwell, and Barringer for defendant.
Detinue for eight negroes. The possession and detention of the negroes by the defendant were admitted. The plaintiff offered in evidence a deed from one Rooker to Mrs. Mary Spears, the daughter of Rooker, dated 29 August, 1839, of which the following is a copy:
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, )) ss. YORK DISTRICT. )
Know all men by these presents, that I, John Rooker, of said State and District, do, for and in consideration of the tender love and affection which I have and bear unto my daughter Mary Wyatt Spears, let her have for her entire and independent use, independently of every other person whatsoever, a certain negro woman by the name of Sylvia, and her increase, so long as she, the said Mary, may live; and after her death, for said negroes to belong to the issue of said Mary's (389) body, if any there be; and if there should not be at said Mary's death any of her issue, then the said negroes to go to her nearest kindred by blood. Now, know all men by these presents, that I, the said John Rooker, do hereby forever warrant and defend the above mentioned negroes for the above mentioned purpose, from the lawful claim or claims of any other person or persons whatsoever. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 29 August, 1839.
J. ROOKER. [SEAL]
Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of J. H. ROOKER.
It was proved that the wife of the plaintiff Morrow was the only child of Mrs. Spears by her first husband; that in the lifetime of Spears, who resided in North Carolina, Rooker, who resided in South Carolina, loaned Spear's wife the negro girl Sylvia. Spears continued in the possession of Sylvia and her children until his death in 1837. After his death the negroes remained in the possession of Mrs. Spears in North Carolina, and while so in her possession Rooker caused the deed in question to be written, signed and sealed it at his residence in South Carolina and handed it to John H. Rooker, his son, and directed him to deliver it to Mrs. Spears. He accordingly did so, some ten days afterwards, at her residence in North Carolina. Mrs. Spears afterwards married the defendant, who took the negroes into possession in 1840. Mrs. Alexander died, leaving no child by the defendant, her second husband. The plaintiffs then demanded the negroes and brought this suit. The plaintiffs' counsel insisted that, upon this state of the facts, the deed did not take effect until its delivery to Mrs. Spears, and that, as Mrs. Spears lived in North Carolina, the laws of that State were applicable to the case. The defendant's counsel insisted that the deed took effect the instant it was delivered by the donor to his son, which being done in South Carolina, the laws of that State were applicable to the case, and that the plaintiff could not recover without showing that, by the laws of (390) that State, a limitation of a life estate in slaves could be made by deed; secondly, that the limitation in this deed, by the operation of the rule in Shelley's case, gave the entire estate to Mrs. Spears by the laws of this State. The facts not being controverted, the court directed the jury to render a verdict for the plaintiffs, subject to be set aside upon the questions reserved. Upon the first question reserved the court was of opinion with the plaintiffs that the case was to be decided by the laws of North Carolina, but upon the second question reserved the court was of opinion with the defendant that Mrs. Spears took the entire interest, and directed the verdict to be set aside and a nonsuit entered. From this judgment the plaintiffs appealed.
The action is for a female slave and her seven children. The deed under which the parties respectively claim conveys to Mary W. Spears "a certain negro woman by the name of Sylvia, and her increase, so long as the said Mary may live, and after her decease, for said negroes to belong to the issue of the said Mary's body, if any there be; and if there should not be, at the said Mary's death, any of her issue, then the said negroes to go to her nearest kindred by blood."
It does not seem to have been adverted to on the trial, though it is pretty certain, that neither of the present parties has a title to most of the negroes in dispute. The woman Sylvia and her issue born after the execution of the deed, only can pass under the conveyance of her and "her increase" (Cole v. Cole, 23 N.C. 460); and those born before yet belong to Rooker, the original owner. As the deed was executed in August, 1839, and the action was brought in January, 1841, it is not probable that more than one child, if any, was born in the interval. However, all the questions made at the trial apply to the mother (391) herself; and, therefore, must be determined.
If the limitation over to the "issue" of Mrs. Spears, after a life estate to herself, be good, it can only be under our statute of 1823, Rev. Stat., ch. 37, sec. 22, whereby limitations of slaves by deed are made effectual if they would be so in a will. At common law there could be no remainder after a life estate in a personal chattel created by deed. The case does not expressly state what is the law of South Carolina on this point. But we suppose that we must take such a limitation to be void there, because we know that they brought from England the common law, as we did, and, therefore, that it still prevails except as it may be altered by statute; and especially because, on the trial, the plaintiffs insisted that the limitation operated under the law of North Carolina, in contradistinction to that of South Carolina, which we understand to be an admission that it was not good in the latter law. If, then, the deed took effect under the law of South Carolina, and not under ours, it is not material to consider how the particular limitation would be regarded, had the deed been made in this State. And we are of opinion that this instrument was executed and delivered in South Carolina so as to become completely a deed there, and, consequently, that the absolute property in the negro Sylvia rested in Mrs. Spears, and the gift over to her issue is void.
When Rooker gave the deed to his son, it was not with the view that he should keep it for him, the donor, so that it might be under the control of the father, even for any short period. The son did not have the possession of the deed, as the agent for the father, for keeping it. Nothing like that was said, nor can such a thing be inferred from any part of the transaction, or from any purpose which can be supposed to have actuated the donor at the time. He had no reason for withholding the immediate delivery of the deed or postponing its operation.
If he could by parol constitute the son his agent to deliver a deed, sealed by himself, we see nothing to induce a belief that this was an act of that character. Did he mean that the deed should never take effect in case he or his daughter should die before it actually came to her hands? Why he should have so intended cannot be imagined. If, on the (392) contrary, the purpose was that the interest which the deed purports to convey should take effect at all events, it follows that, in delivering the deed to his son, he meant to part, and did part, with all dominion over the instrument; and, therefore, that the delivery to him was a delivery for the donees. When the maker parts from the possession of a deed, and directs it to be delivered to the grantee, without any condition expressed, there is a presumption that it was then delivered as a deed for the benefit of the grantee. Such a delivery to one for another makes the deed operate presently, and until it be refused by the grantee, which was never the case here; but, on the contrary, it was accepted. These positions are of such frequent occurrence as to require no discussion at present; but it is sufficient to refer to Bank v. Pugh, 8 N.C. 198; Tate v. Tate, 18 N.C. 22; and Shep. Touch., 57-8.
It is said, however, although it be a general principle that the efficacy and construction of contracts depend upon the lex loci contractus, yet that this case falls within an established exception: which is, that where a contract is made with a view to its operation in another country, then the law of the place in which it is to be performed, or the lex rei sitae, furnishes the rule upon which the efficacy of the instrument is to be judged. We think, however, that this is not a case of that kind. In the first place, this is not an executory agreement, to be performed anywhere, but it is an executed conveyance of a slave. It is true, the subject and the donee were, at the time, in this State. But the deed does not so state, nor contain any reference thereto. There is no ground for the assumption that the deed was intended to have any peculiar operation under the law of North Carolina, contradistinguished from the law of South Carolina, or from the law of the civilized world generally, whereby the alienation of personal property is permitted to the owner. The parties may have been aware that by the laws of some countries slavery is not recognized, and that the instrument could not there operate: not, however, by reason of the particular limitations to one for life, and then to her issue, but because negroes were not there the subjects of sale and conveyance. But, undoubtedly, the maker of this deed did not intend or expect that it would have effect by the law of North (393) Carolina, and by that singly or merely; but he expected that it would, and meant that it should, inure to the benefit of the grantees in every place in which slaves might be given or sold or conveyed. This is a very different question from that which relates to the forms and ceremonies of a contract made in one place for the conveyance of personal property situate in another, so as to make it effectual against creditors or other persons having claims on the property under the laws of the country in which it is. There is no obligation on the tribunals of a country to defeat peculiar rights conferred by their own law on their own citizens, by sustaining a contract not executed in conformity with that law. But here the maker of the deed has, by his domestic law, and by ours also, parted with all his property in the subject, at all events; and the only question is, to whom he has by the conveyance transferred it. Is it to the person in whom the deed would vest it by the law of his own country in which he executed it? or is it to one in whom, according to the limitations contained in the deed, it would be vested by the law of another country to which no reference is made, but in which the subject, in itself transitory, happened to be at the time? Clearly, we think, the maker of the deed cannot be said to have had a view to any other but his own law; and, therefore, that must determine the construction of the instrument. For this reason the judgment was, in our opinion, rightfully given for the defendant, and must be
PER CURIAM. Affirmed.
Cited: Robbins v. Rascoe, 120 N.C. 82.
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