Opinion
No. CIV 18-1189 JB/KK
09-10-2019
Lyle MOODY, Plaintiff, v. DOLLAR TREE STORE NO. 2967, Defendant.
Lyle V. Moody, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Plaintiff pro se. Andrea K. Robeda, Danny W. Jarrett, Jackson Lewis P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico, Attorneys for the Defendant.
Lyle V. Moody, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Plaintiff pro se.
Andrea K. Robeda, Danny W. Jarrett, Jackson Lewis P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico, Attorneys for the Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER ADOPTING THE MAGISTRATE JUDGE'S PROPOSED FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDED DISPOSITION
JAMES O. BROWNING, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE THIS MATTER comes before the Court on the Magistrate Judge's Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition, filed July 24, 2019 (Doc. 22)("PFRD"). The PFRD notifies the parties of their ability to file objections within fourteen days and that the failure to file objections within that timeframe waives appellate review. See PFRD at 19. The parties had until August 12, 2019, at the latest, to file any objections to the PFRD. See PFRD at 19. To date, the parties have not filed any objections.
Objections were due within fourteen days of the PFRD's service, with three additional days allowed to the Plaintiff because he was served by mail. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) ; Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(d). Seventeen days after July 24, 2019, was August 9, 2019, a Saturday, and Plaintiff Lyle Moody's objections were therefore due on Monday, August 12, 2019, the next business day. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(1)(C).
LAW REGARDING OBJECTIONS TO PROPOSED FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
District courts may refer dispositive motions to a Magistrate Judge for a recommended disposition. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(1) ("A magistrate judge must promptly conduct the required proceedings when assigned, without the parties' consent, to hear a pretrial matter dispositive of a claim or defense or a prisoner petition challenging the conditions of confinement."). Rule 72(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs objections: "Within 14 days after being served with a copy of the recommended disposition, a party may serve and file specific written objections to the proposed findings and recommendations." Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2). Finally, when resolving objections to a Magistrate Judge's proposal, "[t]he district judge must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge's disposition that has been properly objected to. The district judge may accept, reject, or modify the recommended disposition; receive further evidence; or return the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions." Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). Similarly, 28 U.S.C. § 636 provides:
A judge of the court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made. A judge of the court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge. The judge may also receive further evidence or recommit the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.
"The filing of objections to a magistrate's report enables the district judge to focus attention on those issues -- factual and legal -- that are at the heart of the parties' dispute." United States v. One Parcel of Real Property, With Buildings, Appurtenances, Improvements, and Contents, Known As: 2121 East 30th Street, Tulsa Okla., 73 F.3d 1057, 1059 (10th Cir. 1996) ("One Parcel")(quoting Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 147, 106 S.Ct. 466, 88 L.Ed.2d 435 (1985) ). As the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit has noted, "the filing of objections advances the interests that underlie the Magistrate's Act, including judicial efficiency." One Parcel, 73 F.3d at 1059 (citing Niehaus v. Kansas Bar Ass'n, 793 F.2d 1159, 1165 (10th Cir. 1986) ; United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947, 950 (6th Cir. 1981) ).
Congress enacted the Federal Magistrates Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 631 -39, in 1968.
The Tenth Circuit has held "that a party's objections to the magistrate judge's report and recommendation must be both timely and specific to preserve an issue for de novo review by the district court or for appellate review." One Parcel, 73 F.3d at 1060. "To further advance the policies behind the Magistrate's Act, [the Tenth Circuit], like numerous other circuits, ha[s] adopted ‘a firm waiver rule’ that ‘provides that the failure to make timely objections to the magistrate's findings or recommendations waives appellate review of both factual and legal questions.’ " One Parcel, 73 F.3d at 1059 (quoting Moore v. United States, 950 F.2d 656, 659 (10th Cir. 1991) ). "[O]nly an objection that is sufficiently specific to focus the district court's attention on the factual and legal issues that are truly in dispute will advance the policies behind the Magistrate's Act." One Parcel, 73 F.3d at 1060. In addition to requiring specificity in objections, the Tenth Circuit has stated that "[i]ssues raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's recommendation are deemed waived." Marshall v. Chater, 75 F.3d 1421, 1426 (10th Cir. 1996) ; see United States v. Garfinkle, 261 F.3d 1030, 1030-31 (10th Cir. 2001) ("In this circuit, theories raised for the first time in objections to the magistrate judge's report are deemed waived."). In an unpublished opinion, the Tenth Circuit has stated that "the district court correctly held that [a petitioner] had waived [an] argument by failing to raise it before the magistrate." Pevehouse v. Scibana, 229 F. App'x 795, 796 (10th Cir. 2007) (unpublished).
Pevehouse v. Scibana is an unpublished opinion, but the Court can rely on an unpublished opinion to the extent its reasoned analysis is persuasive in the case before it. See 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A) ("Unpublished decisions are not precedential, but may be cited for their persuasive value."). The Tenth Circuit has stated:
In this circuit, unpublished orders are not binding precedent, ... and we have generally determined that citation to unpublished opinions is not favored. However, if an unpublished opinion or order and judgment has persuasive value with respect to a material issue in a case and would assist the court in its disposition, we allow a citation to that decision.
United States v. Austin, 426 F.3d 1266, 1274 (10th Cir. 2005). The Court concludes that Pevehouse v. Scibana has persuasive value with respect to a material issue, and will assist the Court in its disposition of this Memorandum Opinion and Order.
In One Parcel, the Tenth Circuit, in accord with other Courts of Appeals, expanded the waiver rule to cover objections that are timely but too general. See One Parcel, 73 F.3d at 1060. The Supreme Court of the United States of America -- in the course of approving the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit's use of the waiver rule -- has noted:
It does not appear that Congress intended to require district court review of a magistrate's factual or legal conclusions, under a de novo or any other standard, when neither party objects to those findings. The House and Senate Reports accompanying the 1976 amendments do not expressly consider what sort of review the district court should perform when no party objects to the magistrate's report. See S. Rep. No. 94-625, pp. 9-10 (1976)(hereinafter Senate
Report); H.R. Rep. No. 94-1609, p. 11 (1976), U.S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 1976, p. 6162 (hereinafter House Report). There is nothing in those Reports, however, that demonstrates an intent to require the district court to give any more consideration to the magistrate's report than the court considers appropriate. Moreover, the Subcommittee that drafted and held hearings on the 1976 amendments had before it the guidelines of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts concerning the efficient use of magistrates. Those guidelines recommended to the district courts that "[w]here a magistrate makes a finding or ruling on a motion or an issue, his determination should become that of the district court, unless specific objection is filed within a reasonable time." See Jurisdiction of United States Magistrates, Hearings on S. 1283 before the Subcommittee on Improvements in Judicial Machinery of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., 24 (1975) (emphasis added) (hereinafter Senate Hearings). The Committee also heard Judge [Charles] Metzner of the Southern District of New York, the chairman of a Judicial Conference Committee on the administration of the magistrate system, testify that he personally followed that practice. See id. at 11 ("If any objections come in, ... I review [the record] and decide it. If no objections come in, I merely sign the magistrate's order."). The Judicial Conference of the United States, which supported the de novo standard of review eventually incorporated in § 636(b)(1)(C), opined that in most instances no party would object to the magistrate's recommendation, and the litigation would terminate with the judge's adoption of the magistrate's report. See Senate Hearings, at 35, 37. Congress apparently assumed, therefore, that any party who was dissatisfied for any reason with the magistrate's report would file objections, and those objections would trigger district court review. There is no indication that Congress, in enacting § 636(b)(1)(C), intended to require a district judge to review a magistrate's report to which no objections are filed. It did not preclude treating the failure to object as a procedural default, waiving the right to further consideration of any sort. We thus find nothing in the statute or the legislative history that convinces us that Congress intended to forbid a rule such as the one adopted by the Sixth Circuit.
Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. at 150-52, 106 S.Ct. 466 (footnotes omitted).
The Tenth Circuit also has noted, "however, that ‘[t]he waiver rule as a procedural bar need not be applied when the interests of justice so dictate.’ " One Parcel, 73 F.3d at 1060 (quoting Moore v. United States, 950 F.2d at 659 ) ("We join those circuits that have declined to apply the waiver rule to a pro se litigant's failure to object when the magistrate's order does not apprise the pro se litigant of the consequences of a failure to object to findings and recommendations.") (citations omitted). Cf. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. at 154, 106 S.Ct. 466 ("Any party that desires plenary consideration by the Article III judge of any issue need only ask. [A failure to object] does not preclude further review by the district judge, sua sponte or at the request of a party, under a de novo or any other standard."). In One Parcel, the Tenth Circuit noted that the district judge had decided sua sponte to conduct a de novo review despite the lack of specificity in the objections, but the Tenth Circuit held that it would deem the issues waived on appeal because that would advance the interests underlying the waiver rule. See 73 F.3d at 1060-61 (citing cases from other courts of appeals where district courts elected to address merits despite potential application of waiver rule, but courts of appeals opted to enforce waiver rule).
Where a party files timely and specific objections to the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommendation, "on [ ] dispositive motions, the statute calls for a de novo determination, not a de novo hearing." United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 674, 100 S.Ct. 2406, 65 L.Ed.2d 424 (1980). The Tenth Circuit has stated that a de novo determination, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b), "requires the district court to consider relevant evidence of record and not merely review the magistrate judge's recommendation." Griego v. Padilla (In re Griego), 64 F.3d 580, 583-84 (10th Cir. 1995). The Supreme Court has noted that, although a district court must make a de novo determination of the objections to recommendations under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), the district court is not precluded from relying on the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommendations. See United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. at 676, 100 S.Ct. 2406 ("[I]n providing for a ‘de novo determination’ rather than de novo hearing, Congress intended to permit whatever reliance a district judge, in the exercise of sound judicial discretion, chose to place on a magistrate's proposed findings and recommendations.")(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) ); see Bratcher v. Bray-Doyle Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 42 of Stephens Cty., 8 F.3d 722, 724-25 (10th Cir. 1993) (holding that the district court's adoption of the Magistrate Judge's "particular reasonable-hour estimates" is consistent with a de novo determination, because "the district court ‘may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate,’ ... [as] ‘Congress intended to permit whatever reliance a district judge, in the exercise of sound judicial discretion, chose to place on a magistrate's proposed findings and recommendations’ ")(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) ; United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. at 676, 100 S.Ct. 2406 )(emphasis omitted).
Where no party objects to the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommended disposition, the Court has, as a matter of course in the past and in the interests of justice, reviewed the Magistrate Judge's recommendations. In Workheiser v. City of Clovis, No. CIV 12-0485 JB/GBW, 2012 WL 6846401 (D.N.M. Dec. 28, 2012) (Browning, J.), where the plaintiff failed to respond to the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommended disposition, although the Court determined that the plaintiff "has waived his opportunity for the Court to conduct review of the factual and legal findings in the PFRD," the Court nevertheless conducted such a review. 2012 WL 6846401, at *3. The Court generally does not review the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommended disposition de novo where there is no objection, and determine independently necessarily what it would do if the issues had come before the Court first, but rather adopts the proposed findings and recommended disposition where "[t]he Court cannot say that the Magistrate Judge's recommendation ... is clearly erroneous, arbitrary, [obviously] contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion." Workheiser v. City of Clovis, 2012 WL 6846401, at *3. This review, which is deferential to the Magistrate Judge's work when there is no objection, nonetheless provides some review in the interest of justice, and seems more consistent with the intent of the waiver rule than no review at all or a full-fledged review. Accordingly, the Court considers this standard of review appropriate. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. at 151, 106 S.Ct. 466 ("There is nothing in those Reports, however, that demonstrates an intent to require the district court to give any more consideration to the magistrate's report than the court considers appropriate."). The Court is reluctant to have no review at all when its name will be at the bottom of an order adopting the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommendations.
The Court previously used as the standard for review when a party does not object to the Magistrate Judge's proposed findings and recommended disposition whether the recommendation was "clearly erroneous, arbitrary, contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion," thus omitting "obviously" in front of contrary to law. Solomon v. Holder, No. CIV 12-1039 JB/LAM, 2013 WL 499300, at *4 (D.N.M. Jan. 31, 2013) (Browning, J.)(adopting the recommendation to which there was no objection, stating: "The Court determines that the PFRD is not clearly erroneous, arbitrary, contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion, and accordingly adopts the recommendations therein."); O'Neill v. Jaramillo, No. CIV 11-0858 JB/GBW, 2013 WL 499521 (D.N.M. Jan. 31, 2013) (Browning, J.)("Having reviewed the PRFD under that standard, the Court cannot say that the Magistrate Judge's recommendation is clearly erroneous, arbitrary, contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion. The Court thus adopts [Magistrate] Judge Wormuth's PFRD." (citing Workheiser v. City of Clovis, 2012 WL 6846401, at *3 )); Galloway v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., No. CIV 12-0625 JB/RHS, 2013 WL 503744 (D.N.M. Jan. 31, 2013) (Browning, J.)(adopting the Magistrate Judge's recommendations upon determining that they were not "clearly contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion."). The Court does not believe that "contrary to law" accurately reflects the deferential standard of review that the Court intends to use when there is no objection. Finding that a Magistrate Judge's recommendation is contrary to law would require the Court to analyze the Magistrate Judge's application of law to the facts or the Magistrate Judge's delineation of the facts -- in other words performing a de novo review, which is required when a party objects only to the recommendations. The Court concludes that adding "obviously" to the standard better reflects that the Court is not performing a de novo review of the Magistrate Judge's recommendations. Going forward, therefore, the Court will, as it has done for some time now, review the Magistrate Judge's recommendations to which there are no objections for whether the recommendations are clearly erroneous, arbitrary, obviously contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion.
ANALYSIS
The Court carefully reviewed the PFRD, and the relevant briefs, including Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint, filed December 21, 2018 (Doc. 5)("MTD"), and the Plaintiff's Motion to Dismiss without Prejudice or, in the Alternative, to Transfer Plaintiff's Case to State District Court, filed June 14, 2019 (Doc. 18)("Moody's MTD"). The Court did not review the PFRD de novo, because the parties have not objected to it, but rather reviewed the PFRD of the Honorable Kirtan Khalsa, United States Magistrate Judge for the District of New Mexico, to determine if it is clearly erroneous, arbitrary, obviously contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion. The Court determines that the PFRD is not clearly erroneous, arbitrary, obviously contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, the Court will adopt the PFRD.
In addition, the Court will deny the request for an award of attorneys' fees and costs that Defendant Dollar Tree Store No. 2967 makes in its Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint, as well as in its reply in support of the motion. See MTD at 11; PFRD at 3. Dollar Tree offers no basis or reason for such an award beyond the bare request, and it would be improper for the Court to speculate on these points.
The PFRD did not address this request. See generally PFRD 1-19.
IT IS ORDERED that: (i) the Magistrate Judge's Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition, filed July 24, 2019 (Doc. 22), is adopted; (ii) the Defendant's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Complaint, filed December 21, 2018 (Doc. 5)("MTD"), is granted in part and denied in part as follows: (a) Plaintiff Lyle Moody's claim under the New Mexico Human Rights Act, N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 28-1-1 to -15 ("NMHRA") is dismissed without prejudice for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ; if Moody can plausibly and in good faith allege that he complied with the NMHRA's grievance procedures with respect to this claim or that he is entitled to a waiver of the jurisdictional requirement that he exhaust his administrative procedures, he may refile it; (b) Moody's prima facie tort claims are dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim pursuant to rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ; (c) Moody's claim under the New Mexico Unfair Practices Act, N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 57-12-1 to -26 is dismissed without prejudice for failure to state a claim pursuant to rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ; (d) Defendant Dollar Tree Store No. 2967's request for an award of attorneys' fees and costs incurred in bringing its MTD is denied; and (iii) Moody's Motion to Dismiss without Prejudice or, in the Alternative, to Transfer Plaintiff's Case to State District Court, filed June 14, 2019 (Doc. 18), is denied as moot.
Three of the Plaintiff's recent filings, each of which asks the Court to either dismiss this matter without prejudice or remand it to state court, suggest that he may not wish to refile his NMHRA claim in this Court. See Moody's MTD at 1-2; Plaintiff's Clarification To Dismiss Without Prejudice, And Motion to Remand To The District Court of the State of new Mexico County of Bernalillo, filed June 21, 2019 (Doc. 19); Plaintiff's Motion And Verification To This Court And To The Defendant That Plaintiff Did Mail One Copy Of Two Letters To The Dollar Tree Store, Inc. In Accordance To State Guidelines Pursuant To Plaintiff Exhaustion Of Administrative Remedies Under Rule 12(8)(6), Section 28 Rist v. Design Ctr. at Floor Concepts, 2013-NMCA-109, 314 P.3d 681, filed July 16, 2019 (Doc. 21). Moody is, of course, not obligated to file his claim.