Opinion
CV 18-87-H-BMM-JTJ
2020-03-20
MONTANA GREEN PARTY, Danielle Breck, Cheryl Wolfe, Harry C. Hoving, Doug Campbell, Steve Kelly, Antonio Morsette, Tamara R. Thompson, and Adrien Owen Wagner, Plaintiffs, v. Corey STAPLETON, in his official capacity as Secretary of State for the State of Montana, Defendant.
ORDER ADOPTING MAGISTRATE JUDGE'S FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs Montana Green Party and eight registered Montana voters (collectively "Plaintiffs") brought this action against Montana's Secretary of State Corey Stapleton ("Stapleton"). (Doc. 29.) Plaintiffs challenge the constitutionality of the signature requirement that a minor political party must meet to be placed on an election ballot in Montana. Plaintiffs assert that the signature requirement violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Plaintiffs request that the Court declare the signature requirement for individual legislative districts unconstitutional and enjoin the requirement's enforcement. (Id. at 12-13.)
Plaintiffs and Stapleton filed cross-motions for summary judgment. (Docs. 36 & 41.) The parties agree that no genuine issues of material fact exist with respect to Plaintiffs' claims. Judge Johnston issued Findings and Recommendations on February 28, 2020. (Doc. 63.) Judge Johnston recommends that the Court grant Stapleton's Motion for Summary Judgment. (Id. at 19.) Judge Johnston further recommends that the Court deny Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment. (Id. ) Judge Johnston also recommends that the Court deny as moot Stapleton's Motion to Exclude the Opinions of Plaintiffs' Expert Witness. (Id. ) Plaintiffs filed an objection to Judge Johnston's Findings and Recommendations on March 13, 2020. (Doc. 64.)
BACKGROUND
a. Minor Political Party Placement on Montana's Statewide Election Ballots
A minor political party may obtain a place on Montana's statewide election ballots in one of two ways. First, a minor political party will appear automatically on the primary election ballot if in either of the last two general elections the party had a candidate for statewide office receive a total vote that equaled 5 percent or more of the total votes cast for the successful gubernatorial candidate. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(1). Second, a minor political party will appear on the primary election ballot if it submits a petition signed by registered voters that complies with the petition program described in Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2).
Montana's petition program includes a statewide signature requirement, a signature requirement for individual legislative districts (a per-district signature requirement), and a filing deadline. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2). The statewide signature requirement directs that the number of registered voters equal to 5 percent or more of the total votes cast for the successful gubernatorial candidate in the last election, or 5,000 registered voters, whichever is less, sign the petition. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b).
Montana is divided into 100 legislative districts of approximately equal population. (Doc. 61 at 4.) The per-district signature requirement mandates that registered voters in at least 34 of Montana's 100 legislative districts sign the petition. Mont. Code. Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b). The per-district signature requirement further mandates that, in at least 34 legislative districts, the number of signatures collected must equal 5 percent or more of the total votes cast for the successful gubernatorial candidate in the last election in that district, or 150 signatures in that district, whichever is less. Id.
The county election administrators must receive the signed petition no later than 92 days before the date of the primary election. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(c)-(d). County election administrators verify the submitted signatures and then forward the verified petition sheets to the Secretary of State at least 85 days before the date of the primary election. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(c)-(d). The Secretary of State considers and tabulates the verified petition sheets. Upon determining that the petition contains the requisite number of verified signatures, the Secretary of State certifies the minor political party as eligible for placement on the primary ballot. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-27-307.
b. Montana's 2018 Statewide Elections
Montana held a statewide primary election on June 5, 2018, and a statewide general election on November 6, 2018. Montana Green Party sought to qualify for the 2018 statewide election under the petition program. See Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601. Montana Green Party's signatures needed to be submitted to the county election administrators on or before March 5, 2018.
Two Montana Green Party leaders, Danielle and Thomas Breck, began to gather signatures in 2017. The Brecks had submitted only 699 signatures to election administrators by March 5, 2018. To the Brecks' surprise, a Nevada political consulting firm, Advanced Micro Targeting, independently collected an additional 9,461 signatures from four counties in the three weeks leading up to March 5, 2018. Larson v. Montana , 394 Mont. 167, 434 P.3d 241, 248 (2019). Montana Green Party, between the efforts of Advanced Micro Targeting and the Brecks, submitted a total of 10,160 signatures from 47 legislative districts.
County election administrators verified 7,386 of the signatures from 38 legislative districts submitted by Montana Green Party. County election administrators forwarded the signature sheets to the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State determined that the verified signatures satisfied the statewide signature requirement and the per-district signature requirement in 38 legislative districts. The Secretary of State certified Montana Green Party for placement on the primary election ballot. Larson , 434 P.3d at 248.
A group of plaintiffs filed a lawsuit in Montana state district court challenging the Secretary of State's certification of Montana Green Party. The plaintiff group asked the Montana state court to set aside the Secretary of State's certification of the Montana Green Party because of a number of allegedly invalid signatures. The Montana state district court agreed with the plaintiffs and invalidated 87 of the signatures submitted by the Montana Green Party for a variety of reasons. See Larson , 434 P.3d at 249-250. The Montana state court's nullification of the 87 signatures resulted in the Montana Green Party satisfying the per-district signature requirement in only 30 legislative districts. The Montana Green Party no longer possessed enough valid signatures in 34 legislative districts to satisfy the per-district signature requirement. See Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b).
The Montana state district court enjoined the Secretary of State from effectuating his prior certification of the Montana Green Party. Larson , 434 P.3d at 250. The Montana state district court directed the Secretary of State to remove the Montana Green Party from Montana's 2018 primary election. Id. The Montana Supreme Court affirmed on August 21, 2018. id. at 268.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court reviews de novo those Findings and Recommendations to which a party timely objected. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). The Court reviews for clear error the portions of the Findings and Recommendations to which the party did not specifically object. McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Commodore Bus. Mach., Inc. , 656 F.2d 1309, 1313 (9th Cir. 1981). Where a party's objections constitute perfunctory responses argued in an attempt to engage the district court in a reargument of the same arguments set forth in the original response, however, the Court will review the applicable portions of the findings and recommendations for clear error. Rosling v. Kirkegard , 2014 WL 693315 *3 (D. Mont. Feb. 21, 2014).
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs brought the current lawsuit to challenge the constitutionality of Montana's petition program. (Doc. 29.) Plaintiffs argue that the petition program violates the First Amendment because the signature requirement severely burdens Montanans' rights to associate politically and to cast votes effectively. Plaintiffs argue further that Montana's petition program violates the Fourteenth Amendment because it allocates unequal power to the registered voters of equally populated legislative districts.
Judge Johnston evaluated Plaintiffs' claims in his Findings and Recommendations. (Doc. 63.) Judge Johnston determined that Montana's petition program complies with the First Amendment as it imposes a reasonable burden on the rights of a minor political party. (Doc. 63 at 9-12.) Judge Johnston further noted that Montana has an important state interest in requiring that each political party on the ballot enjoys a modicum of voter support. (Id. at 13.) Judge Johnston determined that the important state interest sufficiently justifies the reasonable burdens imposed by the petition program. (Id. )
Judge Johnston next determined that Montana's petition program complies with the Fourteenth Amendment by comparing the program to similar programs in other jurisdictions. (Doc. 63 at 15.) Plaintiffs' equal protection argument mirrors the equal protection arguments rejected by federal appellate courts in Libertarian Party v. Bond , 764 F.2d 538, 544 (8th Cir. 1985), and Semple v. Griswold , 934 F.3d 1134, 1141-42 (10th Cir. 2019). The Eighth Circuit in Bond , 764 F.2d at 544, determined that Missouri's percentage-of-votes formula imposed a reasonable method of establishing the requisite number of petition signers. Missouri's formula complied with the Equal Protection Clause. Id. The Tenth Circuit in Semple , 934 F.3d at 1141, likewise rejected an equal protection challenge to Colorado's per-district signature requirement. The Tenth Circuit determined that the signature requirement satisfies the Equal Protection Clause when the total population in each district proves "approximately" equal. Id. at 1141-42.
Plaintiffs raise six specific objections to Judge Johnston's Findings and Recommendations. (Doc. 64 at 16-34.) The Court addresses each objection.
I. PLAINTIFFS' OBJECTION ONE : THE COMBINED EFFECT OF MONTANA'S PETITION PROGRAM
Plaintiffs assert that Judge Johnston misunderstood their constitutional challenge. (Doc. 64 at 16.) Plaintiffs argue that Judge Johnston improperly construed Plaintiffs' challenge as a challenge only to the per-district signature requirement. Plaintiffs assert that they challenge the combined effect of Montana's petition program. (Id. at 17.) That is, Plaintiffs' challenge the combined effect of the statewide signature requirement, the per-district signature requirement, and the filing deadlines. (Id. )
Judge Johnston's analysis of the per-district signature requirement instead of the combined effect of Montana's petition program proves of no consequence. Plaintiffs' challenges center around the per-district signature requirement, and Plaintiffs themselves state that the Montana Green Party would have qualified for the ballot "[b]ut for" the per-district signature requirement. (See Doc. 64 at 11.) The Court assures the Plaintiffs that it will, however, evaluate Plaintiffs' claims as constitutional challenges to Montana's petition program as a whole. The Court will analyze the constitutionality of the combined effect of (1) the statewide signature requirement; (2) the per-district signature requirement; and (3) the filing deadlines. See Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2).
II. PLAINTIFFS' OBJECTION TWO: PLAINTIFFS' FIRST AMENDMENT CLAIM
States may regulate a minor political party's access to the ballot so long as the restrictions do not interfere with two fundamental First Amendment rights: the right to associate for the advancement of political beliefs, and the right of qualified voters to cast their votes effectively. Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State Republican Party , 552 U.S. 442, 452, 128 S.Ct. 1184, 170 L.Ed.2d 151 (2008) ; Williams v. Rhodes , 393 U.S. 23, 30, 89 S.Ct. 5, 21 L.Ed.2d 24 (1968). Courts undertake a two-pronged analysis to weigh the constitutionality of a ballot access law. Burdick v. Takushi , 504 U.S. 428, 434, 112 S.Ct. 2059, 119 L.Ed.2d 245 (1992). Courts first determine the "character and magnitude" of the burden that the ballot access law imposes on the plaintiff's First Amendment rights. Nader v. Brewer , 531 F.3d 1028, 1034 (9th Cir. 2008). Courts then determine whether the ballot access law imposes a severe or discriminatory restriction on the plaintiff's constitutional rights, or a reasonable, non-discriminatory restriction. Id.
Courts identify and evaluate the state's justification for the ballot access law under the second prong. Ballot access laws that impose a severe or discriminatory restriction on the plaintiff's constitutional rights are subject to strict security. Nader , 531 F.3d at 1035. Courts will uphold those laws only if the laws are narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest. Id. Ballot access laws that impose reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions are subject to less scrutiny. Anderson v. Celebrezze , 460 U.S. 780, 788, 103 S.Ct. 1564, 75 L.Ed.2d 547 (1983). Courts will uphold those laws if a state's important regulatory interests justifies them. Id.
Plaintiffs object to Judge Johnston's evaluation of the nature and severity of Montana's petition program. (Doc. 64 at 20.) Plaintiffs argue that the petition program is unconstitutional because the state lawsuit plaintiffs challenged the Montana Green Party's petition signatures after the Secretary of State already had acknowledged the number of signatures. (Id. at 20.) Plaintiffs argue specifically that the per-district signature requirement makes Montana's petition program unconstitutionally severe. (Id. at 23.)
Montana's per-district signature requirement provides that a minor political party must submit signatures from registered voters equal to 5 percent of the total votes cast for the successful candidate for governor at the last general election in each district, or 150 electors, whichever is less, in at least 34 legislative districts. See Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b). The number of signatures that a minor political party must collect in each district will vary from district to district based on the number of voters in that district who voted for the successful candidate for governor in the previous election. Id.
A minor political party must collect 150 signatures in a legislative district if 3,000 or more voters voted for the successful candidate for governor in that legislative district in the last election. A minor political party must collect fewer signatures in a legislative district if fewer than 3,000 people voted for the successful candidate for governor in that legislative district in the last election. Plaintiffs assert that this per-district signature requirement discriminates against districts where the successful candidate for governor received more votes, because the minor political party must collect more signatures in those districts. (Doc. 64 at 24.) Plaintiffs report that the per-district signature requirement varies from 55 to 150 petition signatures per district. (Doc. 64 at 26.)
Plaintiffs take issue with the fact that the per-district signature requirement mandates a different number of signatures from approximately equally populated legislative districts. (Doc. 64 at 24.) Plaintiffs disagree with Judge Johnston's finding that the per-district signature requirement imposes no severe burden on ballot access. (Doc. 64 at 20-24 (see Doc. 63 at 10-12).)
Plaintiffs in their objection to Judge Johnston's First Amendment findings simply restate the arguments they made in their summary judgment motions. Plaintiffs' objections represent an attempt to engage the Court in a reargument of the same arguments set forth previously. As a result, the Court will review Judge Johnston's First Amendment analysis for clear error. See Rosling , 2014 WL 693315 at *3. The Court finds no error in Judge Johnston's evaluation of the facts and established law. See Wash. State Grange , 552 U.S. at 452, 128 S.Ct. 1184.
III. PLAINTIFFS' OBJECTIONS THREE, FOUR, AND FIVE : PLAINTIFFS' FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT CLAIM
The Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause requires each person to have the same voting power as another in a statewide election. Moore v. Ogilvie , 394 U.S. 814, 817, 89 S.Ct. 1493, 23 L.Ed.2d 1 (1969). Judge Johnston analyzed relevant case law and concluded that Montana's petition program does not violate the Equal Protection Clause. (Doc. 63 at 13-19.)
Plaintiffs object to Judge Johnston's Fourteenth Amendment analysis. (Doc. 64 at 25-33.) Plaintiffs assert that Montana's justification for the petition program fails to pass constitutional scrutiny. (Doc. 64 at 25.) Plaintiffs argue that it "simply makes no logical sense" for the per-district signature requirement to be unequal depending on the number of the total votes cast for the successful candidate for governor at the last general election. (Id. at 26.) Plaintiffs focus on comparing Montana's ballot access laws to other states' ballot access laws. (Id. at 30-32.)
Plaintiffs report that Judge Johnston failed to discuss the United States Supreme Court's one-person, one-vote principle as articulated in Moore v. Ogilvie , 394 U.S. 814, 89 S.Ct. 1493, 23 L.Ed.2d 1 (1969), and discussed in Blomquist v. Thomson , 739 F.2d 525 (10th Cir. 1984). (Doc. 64 at 25.) Plaintiffs further object to Judge Johnston's analysis of Bond , 764 F.2d at 544, and Semple , 934 F.3d at 1141-41. (Doc. 64 at 28, 32-33.)
Plaintiffs' objections to Judge Johnston's Fourteenth Amendment findings, once again, represent a restatement of the arguments made in their summary judgment motions. Judge Johnston disagreed with the Plaintiffs, and the Plaintiffs now attempt to engage the Court in a reargument of the same arguments they previously set forth. The Court, accordingly, will review Judge Johnston's Fourteenth Amendment analysis for clear error. See Rosling , 2014 WL 693315 at *3. The Court finds no error.
IV. PLAINTIFFS' OBJECTION SIX : PLAINTIFFS' EXPERT WITNESS
Plaintiffs object to Judge Johnston's recommendation that the Court deny Defendant's Motion to Exclude the Opinions of Plaintiffs' Expert Witness (Doc. 39) as moot. (Doc. 64 at 33-34.) Plaintiffs state that it is not clear to what extent Judge Johnston rejected or accepted portions of Plaintiffs' expert's evidence. (Id. ) Plaintiffs urge the Court to reject Judge Johnston's recommendation and accept Plaintiffs' expert's opinions.
Judge Johnston recommended, and the Court agrees, to deny Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and grant Stapleton's motion for summary judgment. Defendant's motion to exclude Plaintiffs' expert witness's opinions is moot. The Court will deny it as such.
ORDER
Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Judge Johnston's Findings and Recommendations (Doc. 63) are ADOPTED IN FULL .
2. Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 41) is GRANTED .
3. Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 36) is DENIED .
4. Defendant's Motion to Exclude the Opinions of Plaintiffs' Expert Witnesses (Doc. 39) is DENIED as moot.
5. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment accordingly. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
John Johnston, United States Magistrate Judge
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs, the Montana Green Party and eight registered Montana voters, have brought this action against Montana's Secretary of State, Corey Stapleton (Stapleton). Plaintiffs challenge the constitutionality of a signature requirement that a minor political party must satisfy in order to be placed on the primary election ballot. Plaintiffs allege that Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Plaintiffs request that the Court declare the signature requirement for individual legislative districts unconstitutional, and enjoin its enforcement.
The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment together with a Joint Statement of Undisputed Facts. The parties agree that no genuine issues of material fact exist with respect to the claims asserted. The motions have been referred to the undersigned under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) for findings and recommendations. (Doc. 31). The Court has conducted a hearing on the motions. The Court is prepared to enter its findings and recommendations.
BACKGROUND
a. Montana's Legislative Districts
Montana has 100 legislative districts. The boundaries for the legislative districts were established after the 2010 census. The legislative districts are approximately equal in population. (Doc. 61 at 4).
b. Montana's Two-Tiered Ballot Access Scheme
Montana has created a two-tiered ballot access scheme for minor political parties seeking to be placed on the primary election ballot. A minor political party will appear automatically on the ballot if the party had a candidate for a statewide office in either of the last two general elections who received a total vote equaling 5% of more of the total votes cast for the successful gubernatorial candidate. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(1).
Alternatively, a minor political party may appear on the primary ballot if it submits a petition signed by registered voters that complies with the petition program described in Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2).
c. Montana's Petition Program
Montana's petition program includes a statewide signature requirement, a signature requirement for individual legislative districts (a per-district signature requirement), and a filing deadline. Mont. Code Ann. § 13–10–601(2).
The statewide signature requirement requires that the petition must be signed by a number of registered voters equal to 5% or more of the total votes cast for the successful gubernatorial candidate in the last election or 5,000 registered voters, whichever is less. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b).
The per-district signature requirement requires that the petition must be signed by registered voters in at least 34 of Montana's 100 legislative districts. The per-district signature requirement further requires that in at least 34 legislative districts the number of signatures collected must equal 5% or more of the total votes cast for the successful gubernatorial candidate in the last election in that district, or 150 signatures in that district, whichever is less. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b).
Montana's petition program also requires that the signed petition must be presented to the appropriate election administrator along with the circulation affidavits, no later than 92 days before the date of the primary election. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(c)-(d).
When the election administrators receive the petition sheets and circulation affidavits they must "verif[y]" the submitted signatures. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(c). The county administrators must then forward the "verified petition" sheets and attached circulation affidavits to the Secretary of State at least 85 days before the date of the primary election. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(d).
When the Secretary of State receives the petition sheets and circulation affidavits, the Secretary of State must "consider and tabulate" the verified petition signatures and then, upon determining that the petition includes the requisite numbers of verified signatures, certify the subject political party as eligible for placement on the primary ballot. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-27-307.
d. The Election in 2018
In 2018, the statewide primary election date was June 5, 2018, and the statewide general election date was November 6, 2018. Two Montana Green Party leaders (Danielle and Thomas Breck) began gathering signatures in 2017 to qualify the Montana Green Party for the 2018 election ballots under Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601. The deadline to submit signed qualification petitions and affidavits to the county election administrator was March 5, 2018. The Brecks had submitted only 699 signatures as of March 5, 2018. However, to their surprise, in the final three weeks before the March 5th deadline, Advanced Micro Targeting, a Nevada political consulting firm, had independently collected an additional 9,461 signatures from four counties (Cascade, Lewis and Clark, Missoula and Yellowstone) in support of the Montana Green Party's petition. Larson v. Montana , 394 Mont. 167, 434 P.3d 241, 248 (2019). Through the combined efforts of the Brecks and the Advanced Micro Targeting, the Montana Green obtained a total of 10,160 statewide signatures from 47 of Montana's 100 legislative districts.
County election administrators verified 7,386 of the signatures submitted by the Montana Green Party. The county election administrators forwarded the verified petition sheets and attached circulation affidavits to the Secretary of State for his review. The Secretary of State determined that the verified signatures satisfied both the statewide signature requirement and the per-district signature requirement in 38 legislative districts. Based on this finding, the Secretary of State certified the Montana Green Party for placement on the primary election ballot. Larson , 434 P.3d at 248.
Shortly after the Secretary of State made his determination, a plaintiff group filed a lawsuit in the Montana First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County, challenging the Secretary of State's certification of the Montana Green Party. The lawsuit named the Secretary of State as the defendant and the Montana Green Party as an interested party. The plaintiff group argued that the Secretary of State's certification of the Montana Green Party should be set aside because a number of the signatures submitted by the Montana Green Party were invalid.
The state district court agreed with the plaintiff group. The court determined that 87 of the signatures submitted by the Montana Green party were invalid. The court found the signatures to be invalid for a variety of reasons. The court ruled that:
1. 36 petition signatures from 6 legislative districts were invalid because the signature gather had submitted
false affidavits attesting that he had personally gathered the signatures;
2. 31 petition signatures from 8 legislative districts were invalid because they did not match the corresponding signatures on the voter registration cards;
3. 6 petition signatures from 3 legislative districts were invalid because they were matched to the wrong registered voter;
4. 9 petition signatures from 4 legislative districts were invalid because they were not associated with correct or correctly altered signing dates; and
5. 5 petition signatures from 4 legislative districts were invalid because they did not include a printed name.
Larson , 434 P.3d at 250. The state court's nullification of the 87 signatures had a significant adverse impact on the Montana Green Party. The Montana Green Party no longer possessed enough valid signatures to satisfy the per-district signature requirement in the minium 34 legislative districts, as required under Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b). The Montana Green Party could only meet the per-district signature requirement in 30 legislative districts. Id.
Given this shortfall, the state district court enjoined the Secretary of State from giving effect to his prior certification of the Montana Green Party, and the court directed the Secretary of State to remove the Montana Green Party from Montana's 2018 primary election ballot. Id.
The Secretary of State and the Montana Green Party filed cross-appeals with the Montana Supreme Court. The Montana Green Party later moved to dismiss its appeal. The Montana Green Party filed the present action while its motion to dismiss was pending before the Montana Supreme Court. The Montana Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the state district court on August 21, 2018. Larson , 434 P.3d at 268.
e. Present Lawsuit
The present lawsuit challenges the constitutionality of Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts. Plaintiffs concede that both Montana's statewide signature requirement and Montana's petition signature deadline, pass constitutional muster. Plaintiffs specifically state:
"While the petition signature deadline is rather early, and the number of [state-wide] petition signatures required [is] relatively high compared to other states, these requirements individually are not unconstitutional."
(Doc. 38 at 30-31).
Plaintiffs argue, however, that Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Plaintiffs argue that the per-district signature requirement violates the First Amendment because the signature requirement creates a severe burden on the rights of Montana citizens to associate politically and to cast votes effectively that cannot be justified on grounds it serves a compelling state interest.
Plaintiffs argue that Montana's per-district signature requirement violates the Fourteenth Amendment because it allocates unequal power to the registered voters of equally populated legislative districts.
DISCUSSION
A. Plaintiffs' Challenge Under the First Amendment
a. The Two-Pronged Analysis
Ballot access laws that restrict a political party's access to an election ballot trigger two fundamental First Amendment rights: the right of individuals to associate for the advancement of political beliefs, and the right of qualified voters to cast their votes effectively. Williams v. Rhodes , 393 U.S. 23, 30, 89 S.Ct. 5, 21 L.Ed.2d 24 (1968). These rights are not absolute, however. Burdick v. Takushi , 504 U.S. 428, 433, 112 S.Ct. 2059, 119 L.Ed.2d 245 (1992). States may enact ballot access laws that restrict a minor political party's access to the ballot so long as the restrictions do not violate the Constitution. Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State Republican Party , 552 U.S. 442, 452, 128 S.Ct. 1184, 170 L.Ed.2d 151 (2008).
Courts undertake a two-pronged analysis to determine whether a ballot access law violates the First Amendment. Burdick , 504 U.S. at 434, 112 S.Ct. 2059. Courts first determine the "character and magnitude" of the burden that the election law imposes on the plaintiffs' First Amendment rights. Nader v. Brewer , 531 F.3d 1028, 1034 (9th Cir. 2008). The court determines whether the ballot access law imposes a severe or discriminatory restriction on the plaintiffs' constitutional rights, or a reasonable, non-discriminatory restriction. Id.
Under the Second Prong of the analysis, the court identifies and evaluates the State's justification for the ballot access law. Election laws that impose a severe or discriminatory restriction on the plaintiffs' constitutional rights are "subject to strict scrutiny and will be upheld only [if they] are narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest." Nader , 531 F.3d at 1035. Election laws that impose "reasonable, nondiscriminatory restrictions," are subject to less scrutiny and will be upheld if they are justified by the State's "important regulatory interests." Anderson v. Celebrezze , 460 U.S. 780, 788, 103 S.Ct. 1564, 75 L.Ed.2d 547 (1983) ; see also, Arizona Libertarian Party v. Reagan , 798 F.3d 723, 730 (9th Cir. 2015). The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has described this approach as a "sliding scale" approach: "the more severe the burden imposed, the more exacting [the] scrutiny; the less severe, the more relaxed [the] scrutiny." Arizona Libertarian Party v. Hobbs , 925 F.3d 1085, 1090 (9th Cir. 2019).
b. Nature and Severity othe Restriction
A signature requirement qualifies as a severe restriction if it shown that the requirement would, in most instances, prevent a "reasonably diligent" minor political party from obtaining a place on the ballot. See Nader , 531 F.3d at 1035 ; Arizona Libertarian Party v. Reagan , 798 F.3d at 730.
Here, the undisputed facts show that Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts does not impose a severe burden on a minor political party seeking to gain access to an election ballot. Montana enacted the per-district signature requirement in 1981. Minor political parties have successfully completed Montana's per-district signature requirement eight times since 1981: the Libertarian party qualified for the ballot in 1982; 2) the Natural Law Party qualified for the ballot in 1996; 3) the Reform Party qualified for the ballot in 1996; 4) the Constitution party qualified for the ballot in 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006; and 5) the Americans Elect Party qualified for the ballot in 2012.
No evidence has been presented of even a single instance where a minor political party was unable to collect enough signatures to satisfy Montana's per-district signature requirement. In 2018, the Montana Green Party collected enough signatures to satisfy the per-district signature requirement in 38 legislative districts. The Montana Green Party would have qualified for placement on the ballot if its signature gathers would have complied with Montana's signature gathering requirements. For these reasons, the Court must conclude that the burden imposed by Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts is reasonable and not severe.
c. Montana's Justification for its Signature Requirement
Having determined that Montana's per-district signature requirement is reasonable and not severe, the Court must now determine whether the signature requirement is designed to serve "important regulatory interests." Arizona Libertarian Party v. Reagan , 798 F.3d at 730. The court must consider:
1. "[T]he precise interests put forward by the State as justifications for the burden imposed by its [signature requirement];"
2. "[T]he legitimacy and strength of each of those interests;" and
3. "[T]he extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the plaintiff[s]' [constitutional] rights.
Anderson , 460 U.S. at 789, 103 S.Ct. 1564.
Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts is designed to serve a number of important state interests. Montana, like every other state, has a right to require that minor political parties demonstrate a modicum of support in order to qualify for placement on the ballot. Munro v. Socialist Workers Party , 479 U.S. 189, 193, 107 S.Ct. 533, 93 L.Ed.2d 499 (1986) ; Jenness v. Fortson , 403 U.S. 431, 442, 91 S.Ct. 1970, 29 L.Ed.2d 554 (1971). Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts undeniably accomplishes this interest by directly measuring a minor political party's level of support. It ensures that only bona fide candidates with a measure of support gain access to the ballot. See Hobbs, 925 F.3d at 1094 ; Swanson v. Worley , 490 F.3d 894, 911 (11th Cir. 2007). Montana's per-district signature requirement also prevents voter confusion and ballot overcrowding. Id.
Montana's important state interest of requiring that each political party on the ballot have a modicum of support is sufficient to justify the burden imposed by Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts. Hobbs 925 F.3d at 1093-1094. The Court must therefore conclude that Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts does not violate the First Amendment.
B. Plaintiffs' Challenge Under the Fourteenth Amendment
As discussed above, Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts requires a minor political party to collect signatures in each district in an amount equal to 5% or more of the total votes cast for the successful gubernatorial candidate in the last election in that district, or 150 signatures in that district, whichever is less. Mont. Code Ann. § 13-10-601(2)(b). The number of signatures that a minor political party must collect in each district may vary from district to district because the signature amount in each district is dependent upon the number of voters in that district that voted for the successful gubernatorial candidate in the previous election. If the size of the sub-group of voters that voted for the winning gubernatorial candidate is fewer than 3000, the number of petition signatures that a new political party must collect will be an amount less than 150. If the size of the sub-group of voters that voted for the winning gubernatorial candidate is 3000 or greater, the amount of petition signatures that a new political party must collect will be 150.
In 2018, the per-district signature requirement in Montana's 100 legislative districts varied from a low of 55 signatures to a high of 150 signatures, depending on whether the voters in the legislative district gave a small number of votes to the previous winning candidate for governor or a large number of votes to the previous winning candidate for governor. Twenty-six legislative districts had a signature requirement of 150 signatures, fifty-three legislative districts had a signature requirement that varied between 100 and 140 signatures, and twenty-one legislative districts had a signature requirement that varied between 55 and 95.
Plaintiffs argue that Montana's signature requirement for individual legislative districts violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause because the signature amount required in each legislative district is not equal. Plaintiffs argue that the signature amount should be equal given that Montana's legislative districts are approximately equal in population.
Plaintiffs argue that Montana's per-district signature requirement violates the Equal Protection Clause because it allocates unequal voting power to registered voters in equally populated legislative districts. Plaintiffs argue that Montana's per-district signature requirement dilutes the value of the signatures of voters in legislative districts that cast more votes for the previous winning candidate for governor, and gives them less value than the signatures of voters in legislative districts that cast fewer votes for the previous winning candidate for governor. Plaintiffs argue that given this discrepancy in signature value, the registered voters in legislative districts that cast more votes for the previous winning candidate for governor have less influence on whether a minor political party appears on the ballot, than registered voters in legislative districts that cast fewer votes for the previous winning candidate for governor.
The equal protection argument asserted by Plaintiffs here is similar to equal protection arguments that have been rejected by federal appellate courts. See Libertarian Party v. Bond , 764 F.2d 538, 544 (8th Cir. 1985) ; Semple v. Griswold , 934 F.3d 1134, 1141-1142 (10th Cir. 2019). The Eighth and Tenth Circuits have held that per-district signature requirements that are based on the percentage of votes cast in the legislative district in the last election, or on the number of registered voters residing in a legislative district, do not violate the Equal Protection Clause so long as the districts are approximately equal in population. Id.
In Bond , the plaintiffs challenged Missouri's per-district signature requirement for new political parties. Missouri required a new political party to obtain signatures in all of its congressional districts in an amount equal to "at least one percent of the total number of votes cast in the district for governor in the last gubernatorial election," or obtain signatures in one-half of its congressional districts in an amount equal to "at least two percent of the total number of votes cast in the district for governor at the last gubernatorial election." Mo. Rev. Stat. § 115.315(4) (1978). Bond , 764 F.2d at 539. The signature requirement in each of Missouri's nine congressional districts was different because the number of votes cast for governor in the previous election varied from district-to-district. The number of petition signatures required in the congressional districts ranged from a low of 4,266 signatures to a high of 5,348 signatures. Id. at 539 n.2.
The plaintiff argued "that [Missouri's] use of a [signature requirement] based on a percentage of votes cast in each district in the preceding gubernatorial election, rather than a percentage of the population of each district," violated the Equal Protection Clause, because it imposed unequal signature requirements in legislative districts that were approximately equal in population. Id. at 544. The Eighth Circuit rejected this argument. The Eighth Circuit held that the signature variance that resulted from a formula based on a percentage of votes cast in the district in the last gubernatorial election "d[id] not reflect an impermissible discrimination amongst voters" in violation of the Equal Protection Clause, given that Missouri's congressional districts were "virtually equal in population." Id. The Court found that Missouri's "percentage of votes formula [was] a reasonable method of measuring the number of potential petition signers in each district," and was superior to a "percentage of population formula" because the percentage of the population formula "failed to reflect the fact that not all residents of a district are registered to vote." Id.
In Semple , the plaintiffs challenged Colorado's per-district signature requirement for placing a constitutional amendment initiative on the ballot. Colorado required that any petition to place a constitutional amendment initiative on the ballot must be signed by at least two percent of the registered voters in each of Colorado's 35 state senate districts. Semple , 934 F.3d at 1138. The number of registered voters in each senate district varied significantly from district-to-district. The number of registered voters in Colorado's senate districts varied from a low of 80,499 registered voters to high of 132,222 registered voters. Id. at 1138.
The plaintiffs in Semple , like Plaintiffs here, argued that Colorado's per-district signature requirement violated the Equal Protection Clause because it allocated unequal voting power to registered voters in equally populated legislative districts. The plaintiffs in Semple argued that Colorado's per-district signature requirement gave more voting power to the registered voters in senate districts with fewer registered voters, and "dilute[d] the voting rights of [registered voters] who live[d] in districts with a higher number of registered voters." Id. at 1139.
The Tenth Circuit rejected this argument. The Court held that a per-district signature requirement that is based on the number of registered voters in a legislative district does not violate the "one-person, one-vote guarantee" embodied in the Fourteenth Amendment so long as the State's legislative districts are "approximately equal" in population. Id. at 1142. The Tenth circuit reasoned that the one-person, one-vote guarantee is a "guarantee of equal representation, not voter equality," and "representation is equal [under the Equal Protection Clause] when the total population in each district is equal." Id. at 1141 (citing Evenwel v. Abbott , ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S. Ct. 1120, 1130-1131, 194 L. Ed. 2d 291 (2016).
The reasoning of these appellate courts applies equally as well here. Montana's 100 legislative districts are approximately equal in population. Because Montana has equally populous legislative districts, Montana does not violate the Equal Protection Clause when it requires minor political parties to comply with a per-district signature requirement that is based on the percentage of votes cast for the winning gubernatorial candidate in the last election.
Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED:
1. Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 41) should be GRANTED.
2. Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 36) should be DENIED.
3. Defendant's Motion to Exclude the Opinions of Plaintiffs' Expert Witness (Doc. 39) should be DENIED as moot.
4. The Clerk of Court should be directed to enter judgment accordingly. DATED this 28th day of February, 2020.