Opinion
64611.
DECIDED OCTOBER 19, 1982. REHEARING DENIED DECEMBER 7, 1982.
Voluntary manslaughter. Hall Superior Court. Before Judge Palmour.
Robert J. Reed, for appellant.
Jeff C. Wayne, District Attorney, Bruce L. Udolf, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
Defendant was indicted, tried and convicted of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to serve 15 years in confinement. He now asserts three enumerations of error on this appeal. Held:
1. Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in allowing evidence of an incident occurring a year earlier in which he had used a knife against an unarmed man in a fight. As a general rule, evidence of criminal acts committed by a defendant not included in the indictment are inadmissible because it tends to impermissibly put the defendant's character in issue. See Code § 38-202. This rule appears to have been established in the case of Cawthon v. State, 119 Ga. 395, 396 (4) ( 46 S.E. 897) (1904). Exceptions to the rule were established 10 years later and developed over the years allowing the evidence of other crimes for the "limited" purpose of showing identity, malice, intent, motive, plan, scheme, course of conduct, common design, bent of mind, modus operandi and the like. Frank v. State, 141 Ga. 243, 256-268 (2) (b) ( 80 S.E. 1016) (1914). See Cox v. State, 165 Ga. 145 (1) ( 139 S.E. 861); Williams v. State, 152 Ga. 498, 521-522 (1) ( 110 S.E. 286); and cases cited infra.
The rule of inadmissibility of evidence of separate crimes and the exceptions to the rule have been applied in countless cases, the most oft cited in recent years being: Hamilton v. State, 239 Ga. 72, 75 ( 235 S.E.2d 515); French v. State, 237 Ga. 620, 621 ( 229 S.E.2d 410); and Bacon v. State, 209 Ga. 261 ( 71 S.E.2d 615). See Moore v. State, 221 Ga. 636, 637 ( 146 S.E.2d 895). In French v. State, 237 Ga. 620, 621, supra, citing Bacon v. State, 209 Ga. 261, supra, and Howard v. State, 211 Ga. 186 ( 84 S.E.2d 455), the Supreme Court established two conditions which must be satisfied before evidence of other crimes could become admissible: "First, there must be evidence that the defendant was in fact the perpetrator of the independent crime. Second, there must be sufficient similarity or connection between the independent crime and the offense charged, that proof of the former tends to prove the latter."
In State v. Johnson, 246 Ga. 654, 655 ( 272 S.E.2d 321), reversing Johnson v. State, 154 Ga. App. 793 ( 270 S.E.2d 214), the Supreme Court sought to clarify the subject by adding: "We do not concede, as suggested by some, that the exceptions have swallowed the rule of inadmissibility of separate crimes. The only separate crimes which are admissible are those that are either similar or logically connected to the crime for which defendant is being tried. Crimes which are not similar or which are not logically connected to the crime for which defendant is being tried should be excluded from evidence. Proof of crimes which are similar or are closely connected to the crime charged does tend to establish the crime charged." See generally Justice Hardy Gregory, Jr.'s survey article on Evidence, 33 Mercer Law Review 129, 129-130 (1981).
Thus, it is now reasonably clear that evidence of similar crimes is generally admissible for the limited purposes stated above. Of course, the burden rests on the state, the proponent of the evidence, to provide a sufficient quantum of proof to support the conclusion that the other crime is in fact "similar" to the crime charged. In addition, there are two other specific limitations pertinent to the admissibility of evidence of independent crimes. One is that "[r]egardless of the similarity of the two crimes, evidence of the separate offense should never be admitted unless `the prejudice it creates is outweighed by its relevancy to the issues on trial.' Hicks v. State, 232 Ga. 393, 397 ( 207 S.E.2d 30)." Campbell v. State, 234 Ga. 130, 132 ( 214 S.E.2d 656). The other is that "lapse of time is one of the more important factors to weigh in considering the admissibility of the evidence in question [although] it is not wholly determinative." Campbell v. State, supra, at page 132 (allowing, however, evidence of a similar crime committed seven years earlier and noting other cases allowing evidence of similar crimes despite an extensive time lapse).
Guided by these principles we now turn to the issue sub judice. The identification of defendant as the perpetrator of the previous criminal act was clearly established, so the resolution of the issue of admissibility hinges on whether the previous criminal act and the crime charged were sufficiently similar. (They were not connected.) In regard to the crime charged, the state sought to prove that the decedent came to defendant's home to confront him about an alleged improper advance defendant had made toward a named female that day; an argument ensued, escalating to a fight, and defendant pulled a knife, slashed the decedent several times and then plunged the knife into the decedent's body. Defendant denied having stabbed the decedent or even having a knife in his possession at the time. The inference he sought to create was that the decedent had the knife and either defendant turned the knife on him or the decedent fell on it during the fight or while decedent was running away.
In the previous incident, defendant confronted another man about suspected misconduct with his (defendant's) wife. Defendant chased the man into a convenience store, pulled a knife and cut him. He also beat the man severely. While these two incidents were not factually identical (see Traylor v. State, 159 Ga. App. 97, 98 (2) ( 282 S.E.2d 735)); "remarkably similar" as in Bissell v. State, 157 Ga. App. 711, 713 (7) ( 278 S.E.2d 415); or "strikingly similar" as in Cook v. State, 157 Ga. App. 23 (2) ( 276 S.E.2d 84), we find that they were "sufficiently similar" for admissibility purposes. State v. Johnson, 246 Ga. 654, 655, supra. See Anthony v. State, 160 Ga. App. 842, 843 (2) ( 287 S.E.2d 686); Baxter v. State, 160 Ga. App. 181, 184 (2) ( 286 S.E.2d 460). See generally Jones v. State, 158 Ga. App. 585, 586 (2) ( 281 S.E.2d 329); Huckeba v. State, 157 Ga. App. 795, 799 (2) ( 278 S.E.2d 703); Ables v. State, 156 Ga. App. 678, 679 ( 275 S.E.2d 750). Being sufficiently similar to the crime charged, evidence of the previous incident was admissible for the limited purpose of showing defendant's propensity for knife wielding, which falls within the "bent of mind" exception to the inadmissibility rule. See Hart v. State, 149 Ga. App. 785, 785-786 (2) ( 256 S.E.2d 127) and cases cited, supra. We also find that the trial court issued proper limiting instructions to the jury (which dispels defendant's second enumeration of error).
2. Defendant also contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence. In order for a movant to be entitled to a new trial on the basis of newly discovered evidence, he must satisfy the six requirements enunciated in Berry v. State, 10 Ga. 511, 527 (14), as restated and developed in a number of cases. See, e.g., Bell v. State, 227 Ga. 800, 805 (3) ( 183 S.E.2d 357). However, it is implicit in these six requirements that the newly discovered evidence be admissible evidence. Timberlake v. State, 246 Ga. 488, 491 (1) ( 271 S.E.2d 792). It is this threshold requirement that defendant's new evidence fails to satisfy. The purported newly discovered evidence is the "sworn statement," as designated by a certified court reporter, of a man who approached defense counsel after the trial, claiming that a person he knew told him that he had accompanied the decedent to defendant's house and that the decedent had gone there with the intent to harm defendant. This is hearsay, inadmissible as evidence. Code § 38-301. It could not even be admissible for impeachment purposes because the alleged companion did not testify.
There are a number of other flaws in the newly discovered "evidence" that would preclude it as serving as the basis for a grant of new trial. For one thing, the assertion that the decedent was the aggressor was immaterial in light of the fact that defendant was tried for voluntary manslaughter, not murder (the serious provocation element being one of the key distinguishing characteristics between the two offenses). See Bailey v. State, 240 Ga. 112, 115 (2) ( 239 S.E.2d 521); Reeves v. State, 234 Ga. 896, 897 (1) ( 218 S.E.2d 625); Young v. State, 232 Ga. 285, 290-291 ( 206 S.E.2d 439). That the decedent had been the aggressor with a weapon would be material new evidence, creating a justification defense (see Code Ann. § 26-901 (a) (Ga. L. 1968, pp. 1249, 1272)) and Code Ann. § 26-902 (Ga. L. 1968, pp. 1249, 1272), but the statement contains nothing probative toward defendant's claim that the decedent had the knife, only that he initially may have been the aggressor. The trial court also noted that the witness giving the statement had been convicted of a crime of moral turpitude.
Thus, even if this evidence had passed the threshold test of admissibility, it would have failed to satisfy the six Berry v. State, 10 Ga. 511, supra, requirements (each of which must be satisfied, Offutt v. State, 238 Ga. 454, 455 ( 233 S.E.2d 191)), most notably the third requirement, "that it is so material that it would probably produce a different verdict." Bell v. State, 227 Ga. 800, supra, at page 805. Compare Lee v. State, 146 Ga. App. 189, 192 (III) (a) ( 245 S.E.2d 878) (newly discovered eyewitness). It also fails to satisfy the fourth requirement, "that it is not cumulative only," ( Bell v. State, 227 Ga. 800, supra, at 805) in that it is similar to other defense evidence and not "of a higher and different grade." Johnson v. State, 196 Ga. 806 (2) ( 27 S.E.2d 749). Compare Banks v. State, 235 Ga. 121, 124-125 ( 218 S.E.2d 851); Lee v. State, 146 Ga. App. 189, supra, at page 193 (III) (b). Finally, defendant has not satisfied us that even if the evidence were admissible, it would be admissible for a purpose other than impeaching the anticipated testimony of the alleged companion of the decedent. Hence, defendant has also failed to satisfy the sixth requirement, "that a new trial will not be granted if the only effect of the evidence will be to impeach the credit of a witness." Bell v. State, 227 Ga. 800, supra, at page 805.
For the foregoing alternative reasons, we hold that the trial court correctly denied defendant's motion for a new trial on the grounds of newly discovered evidence.
Judgment affirmed. Banke, J., concurs. Birdsong, J., concurs in the judgment only.