Opinion
2014-03-12
Geraldine MILLER, et al., plaintiffs-respondents, v. INFOHIGHWAY COMMUNICATIONS CORP., et al., respondents-appellants, Bancker Construction Corp., appellant-respondent.
Miller Makris Plousadis & Seiden, LLP, White Plains, N.Y. (David C. Zegarelli of counsel), for appellant-respondent. Hoey, King, Epstein, Prezioso & Marquez, New York, N.Y. (Richard C. Prezioso and Eric C. Porcaro of counsel), for respondents-appellants.
Miller Makris Plousadis & Seiden, LLP, White Plains, N.Y. (David C. Zegarelli of counsel), for appellant-respondent. Hoey, King, Epstein, Prezioso & Marquez, New York, N.Y. (Richard C. Prezioso and Eric C. Porcaro of counsel), for respondents-appellants.
Michael E. Zuller, New York, N.Y., for plaintiffs-respondents.
PETER B. SKELOS, J.P., MARK C. DILLON, L. PRISCILLA HALL, and SHERI S. ROMAN, JJ.
In an action to recover damages for personal injuries, etc., the defendant Bancker Construction Corp. appeals, as limited by its brief, from so much of an order of the Supreme Court, Kings County (Knipel, J.), dated January 19, 2012, as granted, in part, that branch of the motion of the defendants Infohighway Communications Corp. and A.R.C. Networks, Inc., which was for summary judgment on their cross claim for common-law indemnification against it, and the defendants Infohighway Communications Corp. and A.R.C. Networks, Inc., cross-appeal, as limited by their brief, from so much of the same order as denied that branch of their motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them and denied, in part, that branch of their motion which was for summary judgment on their cross claim for common-law indemnification against the defendant Bancker Construction Corp.
ORDERED that the order is modified, on the law, (1) by deleting the provision thereof denying that branch of the motion of the defendants Infohighway Communications Corp. and A.R.C. Networks, Inc., which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them, and substituting therefor a provision granting that branch of the motion, and (2) by deleting the provision thereof determining that branch of the motion of the defendants Infohighway Communications Corp. and A.R.C. Networks, Inc., which was for summary judgment on their cross claim for common-law indemnification against the defendant Bancker Construction Corp., and substituting therefor a provision denying that branch of the motion as academic; as so modified, the order is affirmed insofar as appealed and cross-appealed from, with one bill of costs payable by the plaintiff to the defendants Infohighway Communications Corp. and A.R.C. Networks, Inc.
A.R.C. Networks, Inc., which does business as Infohighway Communications Corp. (hereinafter together the Infohighway defendants), was hired by the New York State Unified Court System to install a high-speed telecommunications network known as CourtNet, which could be accessed from all of the courthouses in the state. In order to provide CourtNet access to the Kings County courthouses, trenches had to be excavated in various roadways for the laying of fiber optic cable. The Infohighway defendants subcontracted the roadway construction work in Brooklyn to the defendant Bancker Construction Corp. (hereinafter Bancker), which work included excavation, conduit installation, and permanent restoration of the roads.
Several years after the completion of the project, the injured plaintiff allegedly tripped and fell over a raised portion of the roadway surface in the area where it had been excavated and restored by Bancker. The injured plaintiff, and her husband suing derivatively, commenced this personal injury action against the Infohighway defendants and Bancker, alleging that they failed to properly restore and make level the roadway alongside where the trench had been excavated.
The Infohighway defendants moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them and, inter alia, on a cross claim they asserted against Bancker for common-law indemnification. The Supreme Court denied that branch of the Infohighway defendants' motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them, and granted that branch of the motion which was for summary judgment on their cross claim for common-law indemnification “except to the extent that [the Infohighway defendants] are found by a jury to have been negligent in their own right.”
The Infohighway defendants demonstrated their prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them by demonstrating that they owed no duty to the injured plaintiff. “Because a finding of negligence must be based on the breach of a duty, a threshold question in tort cases is whether the alleged tortfeasor owed a duty of care to the injured party” ( Espinal v. Melville Snow Contrs., 98 N.Y.2d 136, 138, 746 N.Y.S.2d 120, 773 N.E.2d 485;see Bono v. Halben's Tire City, Inc., 84 A.D.3d 1137, 1139, 924 N.Y.S.2d 497). Generally, a contractual obligation, standing alone, will not give rise to tort liability in favor of a third party ( see Espinal v. Melville Snow Contrs., 98 N.Y.2d at 140, 746 N.Y.S.2d 120, 773 N.E.2d 485;Bono v. Halben's Tire City, Inc., 84 A.D.3d at 1139, 924 N.Y.S.2d 497). However, one exception to this general rule exists where “the contracting party, in failing to exercise reasonable care in the performance of [its] duties, launche[s] a force or instrument of harm” ( Espinal v. Melville Snow Contrs., 98 N.Y.2d at 140, 746 N.Y.S.2d 120, 773 N.E.2d 485; [internal quotation marks omitted] ).
Here, the Infohighway defendants demonstrated that they subcontracted to Bancker the construction work on the roadway on which the injured plaintiff fell, including the work of restoring that roadway, and that the extent of their involvement in the construction work was limited to receiving regular updates from Bancker and conducting an inspection of the work after it was performed. The Infohighway defendants thereby demonstrated that they did not perform the work that allegedly caused the injured plaintiff's accident and that the work was performed by their independent contractor ( see Mojica v. Gannett Co., Inc., 71 A.D.3d 963, 965, 897 N.Y.S.2d 212;Stagno v. 143–50 Hoover Owners Corp., 48 A.D.3d 548, 549, 853 N.Y.S.2d 85). Accordingly, the Infohighway defendants did not create, and cannot be charged with creating, the allegedly dangerous condition, or with otherwise launching a force or instrument of harm that caused the injured plaintiff's accident ( see George v. Marshalls of MA, Inc., 61 A.D.3d 925, 929, 878 N.Y.S.2d 143;Cardozo v. Mayflower Ctr., Inc., 16 A.D.3d 536, 538, 792 N.Y.S.2d 166;see also Mojica v. Gannett Co., Inc., 71 A.D.3d at 965, 897 N.Y.S.2d 212;Stagno v. 143–50 Hoover Owners Corp., 48 A.D.3d at 549, 853 N.Y.S.2d 85). Further, since the plaintiffs did not allege facts in their complaint or bill of particulars that would establish that any of the other exceptions to the general rule set forth in Espinal and its progeny applied in the present case, the Infohighway defendants were not required, in their motion, to negate the possible applicability of any of those exceptions ( see Gordon v. Pitney Bowes Mgt. Servs., Inc., 94 A.D.3d 813, 814, 942 N.Y.S.2d 155;Foster v. Herbert Slepoy Corp., 76 A.D.3d 210, 214, 905 N.Y.S.2d 226).
In opposition, the plaintiffs failed to raise a triable issue of fact. Contrary to the plaintiffs' contention, they failed to raise a triable issue of fact as to the existence of any recognized exception to the independent contractor rule ( see Rosenberg v. Equitable Life Assur. Socy. of U.S., 79 N.Y.2d 663, 668, 584 N.Y.S.2d 765, 595 N.E.2d 840;Soussi v. Gobin, 87 A.D.3d 580, 581, 928 N.Y.S.2d 80;Steel v. City of New York, 271 A.D.2d 435, 436, 705 N.Y.S.2d 641;Davies v. Contel of N.Y., 187 A.D.2d 898, 900, 590 N.Y.S.2d 307;see also Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Akindele, 65 A.D.3d 673, 885 N.Y.S.2d 302;MacDonald v. Heuer, 253 A.D.2d 795, 677 N.Y.S.2d 630;cf. Wright v. Tudor City Twelfth Unit, 276 N.Y. 303, 12 N.E.2d 307;Beck v. Woodward Affiliates, 226 A.D.2d 328, 330, 640 N.Y.S.2d 205).
Accordingly, the Supreme Court should have granted that branch of the Infohighwaydefendants' motion which was for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against them and should have denied, as academic, that branch of the Infohighway defendants' motion which was for summary judgment on their cross claim for common-law indemnification against Bancker, in which the Infohighway defendants sought the full amount of any judgment the plaintiff obtained against them.