Opinion
Docket No. 77-4895.
Decided January 3, 1979. Leave to appeal denied, 406 Mich. 930.
Werner M. Killen, for plaintiff.
Charles J. Moceri, for defendant Auburn Supply Co., Inc.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Alan H. Broad, Assistant Attorney General, for defendant Michigan Department of Treasury.
Peterson Hay, P.C., for defendant Shores Re-Steel, Inc.
Michigan Bell Telephone Company brought this interpleader action to determine rights of potential claimants to a sum of money due defendant C C Excavating for services rendered under a construction contract between Bell and C C Excavating, as general contractor. Other defendants include various subcontractors and the Michigan Department of Treasury. Default judgments were entered against all defendants except the Department of Treasury and two subcontractors. The Treasury Department, Shores Re-Steel, Inc., and Auburn Supply Company, Inc., filed answers and cross-claims alleging priority of their claims to the subject fund. Shores Re-Steel and Auburn Supply also filed counterclaims against plaintiff Michigan Bell, alleging that plaintiff was liable for certain sums due them from the general contractor, C C Excavating, for work performed and materials supplied for the job performed for Michigan Bell by C C. From judgments rendered against Bell in favor of the Treasury Department, Auburn Supply and Shores Re-Steel, Michigan Bell now appeals.
C C Excavating, apparently as a result of financial difficulties, had abandoned the job prior to completion and had ceased functioning, leaving a number of subcontractors and materialmen unpaid. The fund which is the subject of Michigan Bell's interpleader action apparently represents the remaining amount due C C for work performed prior to the time it abandoned the job.
Auburn Supply based its counterclaim on a provision of the contract between Michigan Bell and C C Excavating which provides as follows:
"The Contractor, if required by the Construction Superintendent before the making of any payment, or at any time during the progress of the work, shall furnish said Construction Superintendent with evidence, in such form as the Construction Superintendent shall require, that all claims, causes of action for damages and all claims or liens for payment of wages or salaries or for payment for tools, machinery or supplies have been paid, released or settled, and in case such evidence be not furnished as aforesaid, such amount as said Construction Superintendent may consider necessary to meet any and all of such claims, shall be retained from any moneys otherwise due the Contractor hereunder, until such claims, causes of action or liens shall have been fully satisfied and until such evidence shall have been furnished."
Shores Re-Steel also relied on the above-quoted contract provision, alleging in one count that it was a third-party beneficiary of the contract between Michigan Bell and C C Excavating, and that Michigan Bell breached a duty owed to subcontractors under the contract with C C to withhold payment from C C until C C furnished evidence that claims of subcontractors had been paid. In a second count, Shores Re-Steel alleged that Michigan Bell was negligent in failing to withhold payment from C C until furnished evidence of payment of claims. In a third count, Shores Re-Steel alleged wrongful disclosure by Michigan Bell in response to a writ of garnishment served on Bell on November 2, 1973, in connection with a lawsuit brought by Shores Re-Steel against C C Excavating.
Although the pleadings alleged primarily that Michigan Bell was negligent in failing to withhold payment from C C Excavating under its contract until C C furnished evidence of payment to subcontractors, the evidence presented at trial was directed at establishing that Michigan Bell's agent had agreed to pay the subcontractors' accrued claims against C C Excavating. The trial court's opinion, on the other hand, states that once C C abandoned the project, Michigan Bell assumed the role of general contractor and thereby assumed C C's obligations to the subcontractors. The trial court also ruled that Michigan Bell negligently continued to pay C C after it became aware that C C had abandoned the project. Thus it appears that the counterclaims were pled on one theory, tried on a second theory and decided on still a third theory. We find, however, that none of the theories presented entitles counterplaintiffs to recover from Michigan Bell.
Dealing first with Shores Re-Steel's challenge to the garnishment disclosure, we agree with the trial court that Shores' failure to file a timely challenge to the disclosure under GCR 1963, 738.6 and 738.9 bars it from raising the issue in this proceeding.
Prior to trial, all parties stipulated to the validity of the claims asserted by defendants against C C Excavating. It was further agreed that the question of priority of claims to the interpleader stake would be submitted for decision on briefs to be filed after the trial. The sole issue upon which testimony was taken was the counterclaims of Auburn Supply and Shores Re-Steel against Michigan Bell.
Auburn Supply presented testimony of Daniel Alexander, the secretary-treasurer of C C Excavating, Inc., to the effect that he told a representative of Michigan Bell, one Ed Heichel, at the end of July, 1973, that C C was in financial difficulties and could not finish the job, and that Alexander would undertake to finish the job started by C C, forming a new company for that purpose. Alexander further testified that Heichel agreed to pay subcontractors directly, and did in fact pay some subcontractors. He testified that he sent letters to Mr. Heichel authorizing direct payment of Auburn Supply and Shores Re-Steel. Stephen Messina, president of Auburn Supply, testified that he believed on the strength of Mr. Alexander's telephone conversation with Mr. Heichel, which he overheard, that his company would be paid directly by Michigan Bell for past and future deliveries of materials. Messina acknowledged that no representative of Michigan Bell had ever told him directly that Bell would pay him.
Heichel died prior to trial, and plaintiff Michigan Bell objected to Alexander's testimony, on grounds that it was barred by the dead man's statute, MCL 600.2166; MSA 27A.2166. Plaintiff raises this issue on appeal as well. However, because of our disposition of the other issues raised on appeal, we do not reach the issue of admissibility of Alexander's testimony.
He testified that subsequent deliveries totaled $884.17 in price.
As evidence in support of its counterclaim, Shores Re-Steel adopted the testimony of Daniel Alexander and entered into evidence a writ of garnishment previously served on Michigan Bell.
All the many theories raised in this case allege negligence on the part of Michigan Bell. In order to recover on a negligence theory, the subcontractors must prove that Michigan Bell owed them a duty, that it breached that duty and that they were damaged as a result of that breach, Clark v Dalman, 379 Mich. 251; 150 N.W.2d 755 (1967). The primary theory pled by the subcontractors in their counterclaims was that Michigan Bell's duty to them arose out of Bell's contract with C C Excavating. The evidence presented at trial sought to establish that Michigan Bell promised to pay C C's obligations to its subcontractors. The theory on which the trial court apparently based recovery was that Michigan Bell assumed the obligations of C C Excavating by continuing the construction project after it knew of C C's precarious financial position.
The Supreme Court dealt with the first two theories in Roulo v Automobile Club of Michigan, 386 Mich. 324; 192 N.W.2d 237 (1971), a case similar on its facts to the case at bar. In Roulo, as in the case now before us, the general contractor on a construction project went bankrupt, leaving a subcontractor unpaid. The subcontractor sued the owner of the building which was the subject of the contract, claiming that the owner was negligent in not requiring the general contractor to furnish a labor and material bond, as specified in the construction contract. The trial court granted defendant's motion for summary judgment for failure to state a cause of action, and the Supreme Court affirmed. The Roulo Court noted that plaintiff alleged negligence, and could therefore recover only if defendant owed him a duty and breached that duty. The Court rejected the claim that a duty to subcontractors could arise out of a bond requirement in the general contract, Roulo, supra, 328-329:
"Plaintiff * * * tells us that the defendant undertook to render him assistance in collecting his bill from the contractor; that such undertaking was in the form of requiring the contractor to furnish a bond; that the assistance was rendered negligently in that the defendant failed to secure the bond as undertaken.
"The theory is ingenious, but it does not fit.
"The owner's indirect promissory representation that a bond would be given can hardly create a more binding obligation than a direct promise to the plaintiff to pay him or see that the general contractor pays him.
"In such a case, the law is clear and well settled. MCLA § 566.132 (Stat Ann 1970 Rev § 26.922) provides that such promises must be in writing. We have many times held this statute applicable to cases of this kind. Welch v. Marvin (1877), 36 Mich. 59; Carr v. Leavitt (1884), 54 Mich. 540; Dupuis v Improvement Co. (1891), 88 Mich. 103; Ramsdell v The Citizen's Electric Light Power Company (1894), 103 Mich. 89; Wilhelm v Voss (1898), 118 Mich. 106; Sherman v. Alberts (1908), 153 Mich. 361; Raridan v. Bick (1932), 259 Mich. 200.
"Even the action of the owner of making payments to the subcontractor does not create an obligation to pay, in the absence of a writing. Preston v. Young (1881), 46 Mich. 103."
Accord, Shurlow Tile Carpet Co v Farhat, 60 Mich. App. 486; 231 N.W.2d 384 (1975).
The situation in the case at bar is identical to that presented in Roulo, supra, with the additional factor of an alleged oral promise by Michigan Bell's agent to pay the contractor's debts. Neither the provision in Bell's contract with C C Excavating nor the alleged oral promise to pay C C's obligations can form the basis of recovery on the subcontractor's counterclaims.
We are aware of the rule that the Statute of Frauds must be pled as an affirmative defense, GCR 1963, 111.7; Trisch v Fairman, 334 Mich. 432; 54 N.W.2d 621 (1952). We are of the opinion that such a requirement may be considered waived where, as here, the alleged oral promise was itself not pled.
Regarding the theory that Michigan Bell assumed the role of general contractor when C C abandoned the project, we find that the facts simply will not support such a theory. Alexander testified that when it became apparent that C C would be unable to continue, he formed his own company and undertook (with the knowledge of Heichel) to complete the project in the name of C C Excavating, in order to protect his own reputation in the construction business. Thus it seems clear that if anyone assumed the role of general contractor, it was the new company formed by Alexander, not Michigan Bell. The fact that Bell in fact paid some subcontractors does not create an obligation to pay others, Roulo, supra.
The trial court in its opinion dealt exclusively with the counterclaims against Michigan Bell, making no reference to the original interpleader action. When the Department of Treasury presented a proposed judgment awarding the interpleaded fund to the State of Michigan, the court altered it to award a money judgment against Michigan Bell for the amount of the interpleaded fund. Michigan Bell claims that the trial court erred in awarding the Treasury Department a money judgment when the Treasury filed no counterclaim and sought only to claim the interpleaded fund. The Treasury Department, on the other hand, urges us to hold that the judgment entered was in fact nothing more than an award of the interpleaded fund.
GCR 1963, 518.3 gives trial courts broad powers to grant relief to the prevailing party, even if such relief has not been demanded in the pleadings, Tomei v Bloom Associates, Inc, 75 Mich. App. 661; 255 N.W.2d 727 (1977); see also Livingston v Krown Chemical Mfg, Inc, 394 Mich. 144; 229 N.W.2d 793 (1975). The relief granted, however, must be supported by the evidence adduced at trial, Tomei, supra. In the case before us there is no evidence which would justify a finding that Michigan Bell is personally liable for the back taxes owed by C C Excavating.
Having concluded that none of the parties is entitled to a money judgment against Michigan Bell, we must determine which of the three claimants is entitled to the interpleaded fund. The Department of Treasury contends that it is entitled to the fund by virtue of withholding and motor fuel tax liens authorized by MCL 206.351; MSA 7.557(1351), MCL 206.431; MSA 7.557(1431) and MCL 207.114; MSA 7.304, and recorded on November 7 and November 9, 1973, pursuant to MCL 211.682; MSA 7.753(52). Auburn Supply and Shores Re-Steel contend that the tax liens never attached to the interpleaded funds because C C Excavating was required by MCL 570.151; MSA 26.331 to hold those funds in trust for subcontractors and materialmen, and C C therefore never had title to the said fund. This argument, however, ignores the provision of the Michigan Income Tax Act which requires an employer to hold taxes withheld from wages as a trustee for the state, MCL 206.351; MSA 7.557(1351). The same statutory section provides that such taxes are payable to the state within 15 days after the end of the month in which they are withheld. The affidavit attached to the Treasury Department's amended answer sets forth its claim (undisputed by Auburn and Shores) that as of the end of June, 1973, more than $15,000 in unpaid taxes and penalties had accrued. It is thus clear that a trust in favor of the state for more than the amount interpleaded had arisen prior to the time defendants Auburn and Shores performed the work upon which their claims are based.
The cited section reads as follows:
"In the building construction industry, the building contract fund paid by any person to a contractor, or by such person or contractor to a subcontractor, shall be considered by this act to be a trust fund, for the benefit of the person making the payment, contractors, laborers, subcontractors or materialmen, and the contractor or subcontractor shall be considered the trustee of all funds so paid to him for building construction purposes.
MCL 206.351; MSA 7.557(1351), prior to its amendment, provided in pertinent part:
"(2) The taxes withheld under this section shall be returned and paid to the department by the employer within 15 days after the end of any month in which the amount withheld exceeds $100.00. In the case of lesser amounts payment shall be made within 15 days after the end of the quarter period ending in March, June, September and December.
"(3) Every employer required by this section to deduct and withhold taxes on compensation shall be liable for the payment thereof to the state and shall not be liable to any individual for the amount of such payment."
The exhibits and evidence reveal that the materials were furnished and the work was performed by Auburn and Shores during July, August and September of 1973.
The Treasury Department's lien is prior to all other unrecorded liens, MCL 206.431; MSA 7.557(1431), and against all liens attaching after recording of the tax liens. The Department of Treasury is therefore entitled to the interpleaded fund. We remand to the trial court for entry of a judgment to that effect.
Shores Re-Steel obtained a judgment against C C Excavating on December 23, 1974. However, the tax liens had already been recorded and therefore are prior to Shores Re-Steel's judgment lien.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.