Opinion
April 20, 1959.
July 24, 1959.
Unemployment compensation — Words and Phrases — "Stoppage of work" — Labor dispute — Settlement of strike — Subsequent unemployment — Right to unemployment compensation — Unemployment Compensation Law.
1. The words "stoppage of work" in the Unemployment Compensation Law, § 402(b) (which provides that "an employe shall be ineligible for compensation for any week . . . (b) In which his unemployment is due to voluntarily leaving work without cause . . . provided . . . That the provisions of this subsection shall not apply in the event of a stoppage of work which exists because of a labor dispute . . ."), refers to a cessation of work by the employe rather than a cessation of work in the plant or place of employment. [563-4]
2. A striking employe retains his status as an employe at all times during a strike and again becomes a working employe when the strike is terminated. [564]
3. Neither subsection (b) nor subsection (d) of § 402 of the Unemployment Compensation Law is applicable to unemployment after the settlement of a strike and the end of a labor dispute. [564]
4. In this unemployment compensation case in which it appeared that the claimants were employes who had gone on strike, that after the end of the strike they sought to return to work but were not recalled because of a decrease of work in the plant, it was Held that claimants were eligible for unemployment compensation for the period subsequent to the settlement of the strike and their reapplication for work. [562-4]
Mr. Justice BELL dissented.
Mr. Justice McBRIDE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Before JONES, C. J., BELL, MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN and BOK, JJ.
Appeals, Nos. 306, 307, 308, 309 and 310, Jan. T., 1958, from judgments of Superior Court, Oct. T., 1957, Nos. 205, 206, 207, 208 and 209, reversing decision of Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, No. B-13772, in case of Pramco, Inc. v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review et al. Judgments reversed; reargument refused November 9, 1959.
Same case in Superior Court: 185 Pa. Super. 303.
Appeal to Superior Court by employer from decision of Unemployment Compensation Board of Review.
Superior Court reversed decision, opinion by ERVIN, J. Appeal to Supreme Court allowed.
Sidney G. Handler, with him Handler Rosenberg, for appellants.
David C. Harrison, Deputy Attorney General, with him Sydney Reuben, Assistant Attorney General, and Anne X. Alpern, Attorney General, for Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, appellee.
O. W. Vanderlin, with him Joseph M. McNerney, for employer, appellee.
Appellants are forty-five employees of Pramco, Inc., (Company), a blouse manufacturer in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. The majority of the shareholders of Company also owned Monarch Mfg. Co., a New York partnership which manufactured blouses. As owners of Monarch, they signed an agreement with International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (Union) not to subcontract work to any shop not organized by Union.
Company required all its employees to sign affidavits that they neither were nor would become Union members. In November, 1955, Union attempted to organize the employees of Company and signed up many of them. After numerous attempts to obtain recognition and to bargain proved fruitless, forty-seven of the employees of Company went on strike. During the course of the strike, Company notified claimants and all other strikers that if they did not return to work immediately they would be replaced. Very few, if any, replacements were hired by Company. On March 16, 1956, after many meetings with impartial mediators, the strike was settled. The striking employees immediately stopped picketing and sought to return to work. Company, however, said they would be given work "when it became available"; but many workers were never recalled.
Appellants made claims for unemployment compensation for the periods subsequent to the settlement of the strike and their reapplication for work. They were awarded compensation by the referee, which award was affirmed by the board of review. On appeal, the Superior Court reversed 185 Pa. Super. 303 (1958), and held that claimants had voluntarily left work. Appellants then filed a petition for an allowance of appeal which we granted.
Section 402 of the Pennsylvania Unemployment Compensation Law provides that "An employee shall be ineligible for compensation for any week — . . . (b) In which his unemployment is due to voluntarily leaving work without cause . . . provided . . . That the provisions of this subsection shall not apply in the event of a stoppage of work which exists because of a labor dispute. . . ." (Emphasis supplied). Act of December 5, 1936, P.L. (1937) 2897, § 402, as amended, 43 P. S. § 802(b).
The basis for the Superior Court's opinion was that, since Company continued in operation throughout the strike, there was no "stoppage of work" within the meaning of Section 402(b); therefore, appellants voluntarily left work. It held that "work stoppage" referred to "cessation of work in the plant or place of employment and not to cessation of work by the employe." Harris Unemployment Compensation Case, 185 Pa. Super. 235, 138 A.2d 207 (1958). The court held that since there was not a complete cessation of production claimants did not come within the exclusion provision of the section and hence became "voluntary quits."
If the interpretation of stoppage of work made by the Superior Court were correct, then for all practical purposes the proviso in Section 402(b) would be inoperative. A striker would be in danger of forfeiting all his compensation rights in any situation where a strike was less than 100% effective. Appellants contend that "stoppage of work" insofar as it is used in Section 402(b) refers to a cessation by the employee; it is quite clear that this is a sounder view. We are not called upon here to interpret the meaning of this phrase as it is used in Section 402(d) which is concerned with the right to compensation during a labor dispute. If we were faced with that question, we might reach a different conclusion.
Actually, neither provision governs the instant case. A striker continues as an employee during the strike and only removes himself from actual labor. He retains his status at all times and again becomes a working employee when the strike is terminated. Burger Unemployment Compensation Case, 168 Pa. Super. 89, 77 A.2d 737 (1951). The Superior Court, in this case, said that since the strike caused the Company to lose some orders which resulted in a loss of production thereby creating a lack of work, the inability of Company to rehire strikers was the claimants' fault; and, therefore, there was a voluntary leaving of work. This is incorrect since the workers never actually left their employment. Since both 402(b) and (d) apply to work stoppage during a labor dispute, neither subsection applies here; the strike was settled and the dispute ended before any application for benefits was made. The slack in the production and the decrease in jobs, which makes it impossible for Company to re-hire or reinstate the employees, thereby created an involuntary quit and entitled the workers to unemployment compensation.
Judgments reversed.
Mr. Justice BELL dissents.
Mr. Justice McBRIDE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.