Summary
In McMaster v. Gould, 240 N.Y. 379, 148 N.E. 556, 558, 40 A.L.R. 792, it was held that the power to grant an order of continuance without the executor's consent could not be sustained.
Summary of this case from Burrowes v. GoodmanOpinion
Argued November 25, 1924
Decided July 15, 1925
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department.
Louis Marshall for appellants. William Wallace, Jr., for respondent.
This is an action to recover a judgment in personam. The motion is for leave to continue the action against foreign executors of a deceased defendant. The executors are not domiciled in this State and the purpose of the action is solely to establish the personal liability of defendants. After our decision herein was handed down to the effect that the action could not be continued, chapter 253 of the Laws of 1925 took effect. It amends section 160 of the Decedent Estate Law by adding a subdivision thereto which reads as follows:
"2. An action or proceeding pending in any court of this state in which the court shall have obtained jurisdiction of the person of a defendant or respondent who is domiciled in any other state, territory or district of the United States or in any foreign country shall, if the cause of action survives, not abate by reason of the death of such defendant or respondent, but his executor or administrator duly appointed in such state, territory or district of the United States or foreign country, shall, upon the application of the adverse party, and upon such notice as the court may prescribe, be brought in and substituted in the place of the decedent and the action or proceeding shall continue."
Re-argument in the light of the new statute was thereupon allowed.
We held in Helme v. Buckelew ( 229 N.Y. 363) that section 1836-a of the Code of Civil Procedure was not to be construed to remove the immunity of foreign executors or administrators from action in this State. In the current case the same rule was applied when it was sought to continue an action against the personal representatives of a deceased defendant, no satisfactory distinction being found between starting a suit and continuing it. The question of the constitutionality of a statute which in terms permitted suit to be brought or continued against foreign executors and administrators was not presented, but it is now presented.
The respondent urges that we may not reach that question in this case.
1. It is contended that as the subdivision added to section 160 by chapter 253, Laws 1925, was omitted from the later amendment of the same section by chapter 603, Laws 1925, it was by implication repealed. The two acts passed at the same session may not be construed as inconsistent if they may fairly be read otherwise. ( People ex rel. Chadbourne v. Voorhis, 236 N.Y. 437, 444.) They may be fairly read otherwise. The title to chapter 253 is as follows: "An act to amend the Decedent Estate Law, in relation to suit by foreign executors and administrators and continuing actions and proceedings against such executors and administrators." The title to chapter 603 is as follows: "An act to amend the Decedent Estate Law, in relation to proof required to enable a foreign executor or administrator to sue and be sued in this state." It thus appears that the two amendments relate to wholly different matters, and are consistent and that repeal of the former statute by the latter will not be implied.
2. It is contended that because passed after the decision of the Appellate Division, paragraph 2, chapter 253 cannot affect the review by this court of that decision. The case came to this court upon a certified question which reads as follows: "Did the court at Special Term have power to substitute * * * pursuant to the proceedings instituted by the plaintiffs herein for that purpose?" This court reviews the question certified and no other. The question of the effect of chapter 253 was not discussed or considered. It is a new question presented for the first time in this court. The decision may not be invalidated by a statute passed subsequently. We cannot consistently answer the question in the affirmative even though the constitutionality of the statute is upheld. In Robinson v. Robins Dry Dock Repair Co. ( 238 N.Y. 271) we held that where a procedural statute, intended to be retroactive and to apply to pending litigation, is enacted after judgment and pending appeal the court may dispose of the case in accordance with the law as changed by the statute. But there the appeal was from a judgment and not on a certified question. If the court below was right when it certified the question it is still right.
Leaving procedural difficulties aside, the basic question is whether the statute (L. 1925, ch. 253) is constitutional. As re-argument was ordered on that question it should be answered. The rule to be applied is stated as follows: "Proceedings in a court of justice to determine the personal rights and obligations of parties over whom that court has no jurisdiction do not constitute due process of law." ( Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714, 733.) The reasoning in Helme v. Buckelew ( supra) clearly indicates that the law is unconstitutional as to foreign administrators. Following the leading case, consistency requires us to say that the statute registers a futile effort to bind foreign administrators by a judgment in personam and as to them is unconstitutional in its inception. The foreign administrator as the official of another sovereignty exists only by virtue of the statute of another State and has no legal existence in this State.
As to executors the point was saved in the leading case but was carefully considered by CARDOZO, J. He points to a distinction. "The only effect of probate in their case is to authenticate an existing title." But he asserts: "We are not referred to any precedent in any court of final review which upholds our right to say that the foreign executor as executor is present in New York when neither domicile nor possession gives to the res to be administered a situs in New York." (p. 369.)
We must now extend our decision to cover the point. The intimation of the court is clear. The executor as individual and as an official is in the theory of law two persons. Even as to foreign executors, there must be a domicile or possession which gives to the res to be administered a situs in New York. This conclusion seems inevitable. If we go back to the historic origin of the executor's position we find that he once took the assets in his own right. ("Executors in Earlier English Law" by Holmes, 9 Harvard Law Review, 42.) No reason could then be given why he should not be sued wherever he could be found. But at the present day both executors and administrators hold the assets of the estate in a fiduciary capacity. The will is the source of the executor's power and letters testamentary are evidence of his authority, but the rights and liabilities of both executors and administrators in respect to the fund in their hands are like those of trustees. The wide distinction between the nature of the title of executors and administrators had disappeared but this essential difference as to the source of title remains: the foreign administrator exists only by virtue of the statute of another State; the executor's authority springs from the will and not from the letters testamentary. ( Dodd v. Anderson, 197 N.Y. 466.) Should the State of New York see fit to recognize the foreign letters testamentary as proof of the executor's authority, it might allow an action against the foreign executor which would be effective against any property held by him here in his executorial capacity. The situs of the assets would be the basis of jurisdiction. The executor would be here to administer his trust. But the purpose of the New York statute is to permit the revival of suit against the foreign representative for a judgment in personam without restriction or qualification. It does not discriminate between a case where there are assets and a case where there are no assets; between an attempt to reach assets and an attempt to get a general judgment in personam. The California executor traveling in New York might be served with a summons. The executor of a deceased party to an action, wherever domiciled, might be notified to appear and defend. The concept of a foreign non-resident executor without assets in this State as present in his fiduciary capacity is as difficult as the discarded concept of a foreign corporation as present in this State merely because one of its directors is found here. ( Riverside Dan River Cotton Mills v. Menefee, 237 U.S. 189.) Regarding the foreign executor as a trustee rather than as an owner, even his presence in the State as an individual does not imply his presence as executor unless assets in the State or other trust duties to be performed here make his presence an incident of his fiduciary capacity and he must be present in the State as executor before judgment in personam can be entered against him.
To the suggestion that no harm would be done in allowing judgment to be entered in New York in all such cases, the answer is that the very act of fixing without a hearing by judicial action a sum due would in and of itself be repugnant to the due process clause. ( Riverside Dan River Cotton Mills v. Menefee, supra.)
The statute draws no distinction between executors and administrators. If it were wholly good as to executors, we might infer that the Legislature desired to go as far as possible in bringing into the jurisdiction the foreign representatives of decedents' estates and hold it valid in part. On the other hand, we might infer that the legislative intent was to put executors and administrators on the same footing and then we should treat the statute as a whole in determining its validity. The trouble is that, in permitting the revival of all pending actions by bringing in foreign executors of deceased defendants, if the cause of action survives, it goes much too far to enable us to separate the good from the bad, whether we adopt one figment or the other. ( Pollock v. Farmers' L. T. Co., 157 U.S. 429.)
It, therefore, follows that, on the authority of recent and persuasive dicta in Helme v. Buckelew ( supra), as herein enlarged, the constitutional requirement of due process of law precludes the Legislature from providing generally for continuing actions for judgments in personam against the foreign executors or administrators of deceased defendants.
The order should be affirmed, with costs, and question answered in the negative.
HISCOCK, Ch. J., CARDOZO, McLAUGHLIN, ANDREWS and LEHMAN, JJ., concur; CRANE J., concurs in result.
Order affirmed.