Opinion
No. 01-03-00502-CV
Opinion Issued June 10, 2004.
On Appeal from the Civil Court at Law Number Three, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 764,800.
Jonathan Scott Stoger, Houston, TX, and Thomas N. Thurlow, Thurlow Associates, Houston, TX, for appellant.
Timothy Thiel McInturf, Littler Mendelson, Houston, TX, for appellee.
Panel consists of Justices NUCHIA, JENNINGS, and KEYES.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal of a summary judgment rendered in favor of appellee/defendant/employer, Goodman Manufacturing Company (Goodman), in a workers' compensation retaliatory discharge suit brought by appellant/plaintiff/employee Sylvester McFarland See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 451.001 (Vernon 1996). In two issues, McFarland contends that the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment in favor of Goodman because (1) there was more than a scintilla of evidence establishing (a) a causal link between his termination and his workers' compensation claim and (b) Goodman's retaliatory motive in discharging him; and (2) there was evidence of malice. We affirm.
Facts
Goodman is a Houston-based company that manufactures air conditioners and heaters. McFarland started working for Goodman on July 14, 1999 as a production worker in the assembly department at one of Goodman's manufacturing plants.
On July 28, 2000, McFarland sustained an on-the-job injury. Jose Alcaraz, McFarland's supervisor, filled out a report and released McFarland to go to the emergency room. McFarland was released from the emergency room with instructions to be placed on light duty. The next day, he returned to work and spoke with a human resources employee, Kristi Kwiatkowski, who told him to go home because of his injury. McFarland then went to the company doctor who immediately placed him on a physical therapy regimen.
After a week-long company-wide vacation, McFarland returned to work on August 7, 2000. On August 14, 2000, he went to his own doctor, Dr. Patel, who placed him on full restriction and no work. From August 14, 2000, through January 12, 2001, McFarland was on workers' compensation leave receiving medical treatment. After his Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) leave expired, he was granted a leave of absence under Goodman's Medical Leave of Absence Policy for employees who have exceeded their FMLA allotment. The Policy provides that if an employee is released to return to work, "the Company will then attempt to return you to work if there is an open position, which you would be qualified to perform." (Emphasis in original.) Otherwise, "the employee will be continued on the Company records as an active employee until such an alternate job becomes available up to a maximum of six (6) calendar months from the start of the leave." However, "In the event an employee of the Company is away from work, whether because of personal reasons, medical leave of absence, or any other reason, for a continuous period of six (6) months, the employee's employment with the company will be terminated." (Emphasis in original).
Dr. Patel released McFarland to return to work on January 12, 2001, after the expiration of the twelve-week period provided under Goodman's FMLA leave policy. McFarland faxed the release to Pat Alcorn, the human resources employee in charge of workers' compensation matters. When McFarland spoke with Alcorn, she informed him that there were no open positions for him, but that she would put him on a waiting list and that he should temporarily file for unemployment benefits. McFarland subsequently filed for and received unemployment benefits. In his affidavit, Cliff Reilly, Vice President of Human Resources for Goodman, explained that, although McFarland was released to return to work in January 2001, between January 2001 and May 3, 2001, there were no open positions to offer McFarland; "Indeed, there were no open positions well before and well after these dates and Goodman did not hire any hourly manufacturing employees between September 2000 and August 2001."
On May 3, 2001, Reilly terminated McFarland based on Goodman's Medical Leave of Absence Policy because McFarland had been absent from work for over six months. McFarland's original FMLA leave thus began in July 2000; his leave for employees who exceeded their FMLA allotment began in October 2000; he was released to return to work in January 2001, but no position was found for him; and he was discharged by Goodman in May 2001.
McFarland sued Goodman, alleging that Goodman discharged him in retaliation for filing a workers' compensation claim in violation of section 451.001 of the Texas Labor Code. McFarland also alleged that because the retaliation was motivated by malice, he was entitled to exemplary damages.
According to Goodman, McFarland received the maximum 12 weeks of leave provided under Goodman's FMLA policy and was terminated in accordance with uniformly applied company policy. Goodman denied McFarland's allegations and moved for a no-evidence as well as a traditional summary judgment, claiming that McFarland (1) could not establish a prima facie case of retaliation and (2) could not produce evidence of a genuine issue of material fact to controvert Goodman's legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for McFarland's discharge — that his discharge was based on a neutral application of its Medical Leave of Absence Policy. In support of its motion for summary judgment, Goodman attached Reilly's affidavit, along with five exhibits: (1) a termination letter from Reilly to McFarland explaining that his termination was based on his absence from work for a continuous period of six months in violation of Goodman's Leave of Absence Policy; (2) a Payroll Action Request form terminating McFarland with the notations "Termination — Change in Nature of Job" and leave of absence over six months; (3) a Work Separation Details form indicating that McFarland "was released to regular duty and no regular position was available"; (4) two portions of Goodman's Medical Leave of Absence Policy; and (5) McFarland's deposition.
In response to Goodman's motion for summary judgment, McFarland argued that there were fact issues to be resolved which would establish whether there was workers' compensation retaliation. McFarland claimed that he was ready and able to return to work within the six-month period, but that he was terminated when he attempted to return because there were no positions available and that he was also terminated on the basis of Goodman's neutral absence control policy. In support of his response, McFarland attached his own affidavit along with six exhibits: (1) the Payroll Action Request form; (2) the Work Separation Details Form; (3) his deposition; (4) Goodman's response to his first request for admissions; (5) the deposition testimony of Andrew Little, a former Goodman employee; and (6) the deposition testimony of Gerald Lee Pierce, Goodman's employee relations manager.
On March 26, 2003, the trial court granted Goodman's summary judgment and rendered a take-nothing judgment against McFarland
Standard of Review
The standard of review for a traditional summary judgment is well established: (1) the movant for summary judgment has the burden of showing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law; (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken as true; and (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985).
For a defendant to prevail on summary judgment, it must either show that there is no genuine issue of material fact concerning one or more essential elements of the plaintiff's cause of action or establish each element of an affirmative defense as a matter of law. Black v. Victoria Lloyds Ins. Co., 797 S.W.2d 20, 27 (Tex. 1990). If the defendant disproves an element of the plaintiff's cause of action as a matter of law, summary judgment is appropriate. Friendswood Dev. Co. v. McDade Co., 926 S.W.2d 280, 282 (Tex. 1996). When necessary to establish a fact issue, the non-movant must present summary judgment evidence. Westland Oil Dev. Corp. v. Gulf Oil Corp., 637 S.W.2d 903, 907 (Tex. 1982). When the summary judgment order does not state the specific grounds on which it was granted, the non-movant must show on appeal that no ground alleged in the motion is sufficient to support the granting of the summary judgment. Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex. 1989).
We review the granting of a no-evidence summary judgment in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, and disregard all contrary evidence and inferences. See Flameout Design Fabrication, Inc. v. Pennzoil Caspian Corp., 994 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). A party may move for a no-evidence summary judgment without presenting evidence, after adequate time for discovery, on the ground that there is no evidence of one or more of the essential elements of a claim on which the adverse party has the burden of proof. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). Unless the nonmovant produces summary judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact, the court must grant the summary judgment motion. Id. More than a scintilla of evidence exists if the evidence is such that reasonable and fair-minded people could differ in their conclusions. Merrell Dow Pharms. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997).
Retaliatory Discharge
In his first issue, McFarland contends that he was discharged by Goodman in violation of section 451.001 of the Texas Labor Code for having filed a workers' compensation claim.
Standard of Proof
Section 451.001 of the Texas Labor Code is a statutory exception to the Texas common law doctrine of employment-at-will. Terry v. Southern Floral Co., 927 S.W.2d 254, 256 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ). The purpose of the statute is "to protect persons who are entitled to benefits under the Worker's [ sic] Compensation Law and to prevent them from being discharged by reason of taking steps to collect such benefits." Carnation Co. v. Borner, 610 S.W.2d 450, 453 (Tex. 1980). The statute provides that:
A person may not discharge or in any other manner discriminate against an employee because the employee has:
(1) filed a workers' compensation claim in good faith;
(2) hired a lawyer to represent the employee in a claim;
(3) instituted or caused to be instituted in good faith a proceeding under Subtitle A; or
(4) testified or is about to testify in a proceeding under Subtitle A.
TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 451.001. Unless one of the four specific circumstances enumerated in the statute motivated the employer to discharge the employee, that employee cannot prevail on a claim based on this article. Terry, 927 S.W.2d at 257.
To establish a cause of action under section 451.001, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case by demonstrating that (1) he filed a claim for workers' compensation benefits; (2) he suffered an adverse employment action; and (3) there exists a "causal" link between the adverse employment action and the protected activity. Id.
Establishing a causal connection is an element of the employee's prima facie case. Id. The employee need not prove that the compensation claim was the sole cause of the termination; he merely has to show that it contributed to the employer's decision to terminate him. Investment Properties Management, Inc. v. Montes, 821 S.W.2d 691, 694 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1991, no writ). The employee's protected conduct must be such that, without it, the employer's prohibited conduct would not have occurred when it did. Continental Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 937 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tex. 1996). The causal connection may be established by direct or circumstantial evidence. Terry, 927 S.W.2d at 257. Examples of circumstantial evidence sufficient to establish a causal link between termination and filing a compensation claim include: (1) knowledge of the compensation claim by those making the decision on termination; (2) expression of a negative attitude toward the employee's injured condition; (3) failure to adhere to established company policies; (4) discriminatory treatment in comparison to similarly situated employees; and (5) evidence that the stated reason for the discharge was false. Continental Coffee, 937 S.W.2d at 451 (citing Continental Coffee Prods. Co. v. Cazarez, 903 S.W.2d 70, 77-78 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1995)).
Texas courts recognize that establishing the causal link is impossible if the employer's uniform enforcement of a reasonable absence control policy requires termination. Baptist Memorial Healthcare v. Casanova, 2 S.W.3d 306, 309 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1999, pet. denied). If the employer's absence control policy requires termination, and the employee fails to demonstrate that the policy was not uniformly enforced or did not require termination, the employer is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. If, however, the causal connection link is established, the burden then shifts to the employer to rebut the alleged discrimination by showing that there was a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the discharge. Terry, 927 S.W.2d at 257. Thereafter, to survive a motion for summary judgment, the burden shifts back to the employee to produce controverting evidence of a retaliatory motive. See Texas Division-Tranter, Inc. v. Carrozza, 876 S.W.2d 312, 313 (Tex. 1994).
"Uniform enforcement of a reasonable absence-control policy . . . does not constitute retaliatory discharge." Texas Division-Tranter, 876 S.W.2d at 313. If an employee's termination is required because of violation of a uniformly enforced absence control policy, the termination cannot have occurred because of the filing of a worker's compensation claim. Continental Coffee, 937 S.W.2d at 451.
Causal Connection
McFarland contends that there is more than a scintilla of evidence to establish a causal link between his workers' compensation claim and his subsequent termination by Goodman. In response, Goodman contends that the evidence does not establish a causal link between McFarland's workers' compensation claim and his termination and that, in the alternative, McFarland failed to rebut its legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for his termination.
McFarland asserts that there was evidence of three of the five factors that establish a causal connection between filing a workers' compensation claim and retaliatory discharge: (1) knowledge of his workers' compensation claim by those making the decision on termination; (2) expression of a negative attitude towards his injury; and (3) evidence that the stated reason for discharge (adherence to established policies) was false. We must, therefore, determine whether any evidence presented by McFarland raises a genuine issue of material fact on the question of whether, but for his filing of a worker's compensation claim, Goodman would not have terminated McFarland when it did. See Continental Coffee, 937 S.W.2d at 450-51.
Knowledge of the Claim
The record includes the deposition of McFarland, who testified that Goodman itself filed the workers' compensation claim on his behalf. There is also evidence in the affidavit of Reilly, the Vice President for Human Resources who terminated McFarland directly, that he was aware of the compensation claim. However, knowledge of the claim alone is insufficient. See Garcia v. Allen, 28 S.W.3d 587, 601 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2000, pet. denied). It merely places the plaintiff within the protected class and must be considered with the remaining evidence. Id. Negative Attitude
McFarland asserts that Jose Alcaraz, his supervisor, expressed a negative attitude towards him after he sustained his injury and before his doctor placed him on a no-work restriction. He argues that, after he returned to work, Alcaraz told him, "Fall asleep, you get fired," and that Alcaraz no longer dealt with him as a friend. However, allegations of this nature are considered "stray remarks" and are not competent summary judgment evidence. See M.D. Anderson Hosp. Tumor Inst. v. Willrich, 28 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2000) (stray remarks not made by anyone directly connected with decisions are not enough to raise fact question about whether employer's reason for terminating employee was pretextual). Furthermore, there is no evidence that Alcaraz had anything to do with the decision to discharge McFarland Both the Reilly and McFarland depositions indicate that McFarland was discharged by Reilly.
False Reason For Discharge
Finally, McFarland contends that Goodman's stated reason for terminating him — the uniform application of a neutral absence control policy — was false. Under Goodman's Medical Leave of Absence Policy, once an employee has exceeded his FLMA leave, Goodman's absence control policy becomes effective. Under that policy, if an employee is released to return to work within six months from the start of the leave, "the Company will then attempt to return [the employee] to work if there is an open position"; once an employee has been absent for a continuous period of six months, for whatever reason, the employee's employment will be terminated. (Emphasis in original).
McFarland does not contest that aspect of Goodman's policy which provides that, after six months of continuous absence, an employee will be automatically terminated. Rather, McFarland contends that he was not terminated as a result of the uniform application of the policy because (1) there is evidence that Goodman had open positions when he attempted to return to work within the six month period but that Goodman did not attempt to return him to work, in violation of the policy, and (2) a jury could infer that he was terminated in January 2001, prior to the expiration of six months of continuous absence.
In regard to his contention that Goodman's reason for his discharge was false, McFarland notes that within the six month period, when he attempted to return to work, there were open positions that he should have been offered. In support of his contention, McFarland relies on the testimony of Little, a former Goodman employee who ended work at Goodman in April 2001, to establish that there were openings on the assembly line at Goodman's manufacturing plant. Little testified that there were openings from early February through April 2001, including "screw gun operators, coil tables, operators, anything. . . ." Little knew about the openings "because [he] was a supervisor, and [he] knew about what was going on the other lines." McFarland also testified, based on his own observations, that five to six people on his shift would quit each month and that he could have performed any job on the assembly line. However, Little testified that the positions that were open were probably not filled by other employees, but were left open, and Goodman established that no workers were hired to fill McFarland's position between July 2000 and May 2001.
Although McFarland presents some evidence that Goodman had openings, he has presented no evidence that Goodman did not attempt to place McFarland in an open position, as its policy required, or that it treated him differently from other employees in the same position. Rather, the summary judgment evidence establishes that Goodman placed McFarland on a waiting list for openings, and that Goodman was not hiring to fill McFarland's prior position.
McFarland's reliance on Acme Boot Company v. Montenegro, 862 S.W.2d 806, 809 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1993, no writ) is misplaced. Acme Boot stands for the proposition that termination of a workers' compensation claimant for the stated reason that no positions are open, when the evidence indicates otherwise, is proof that the reason for discharge is false. Id. In Acme Boot, while the employee remained on leave of absence, supposedly because there were no open positions, the evidence established that the employer, Acme Boot, had actually hired 49 new employees for positions that the employee could have filled. Id. at 808. Therefore, the employee's stated defense, that there were no openings, was false and established a prima facie case of retaliation. Id. at 809. Here, however, there is no evidence that Goodman hired any new employees to fill any openings. Therefore, no evidence indicates that Goodman's claim that there were no open positions for McFarland to fill was false.
In regard to his contention that a jury could infer that he was terminated in January 2001, McFarland notes that, when he returned from leave in January 2001, Alcorn told him that there were no positions open, that he would be placed on a waiting list, and that he should go ahead and file for unemployment benefits. Based on these facts, McFarland asserts that he felt that his employment was terminated at that time. However, the facts that there were no open positions at that time, that McFarland was placed on a waiting list for open positions, and that he was temporarily eligible for unemployment benefits do not suggest a reasonable inference that he was fired. Rather, the evidence establishes that McFarland knew of Goodman's policies and understood that he would return to work if there was an open position and that he would be automatically terminated only after an absence for a continuous period of over six months. His employment was then terminated on May 3, 2001, with no opening having been found for him and no similar position having been filled by Goodman between January and May.
We conclude that McFarland has failed to establish the existence of an issue of material fact as to whether he was terminated for filing his workers' compensation claim. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting Goodman's motion for summary judgment on McFarland's retaliatory discharge claim.
We overrule McFarland's first issue.
Malice
In his second issue, McFarland contends the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment for Goodman because there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Goodman acted with malice and, therefore, whether he should be allowed to recover exemplary damages.
An employee can recover punitive damages only if a court finds that the employer engaged in an unlawful retaliatory practice with actual malice. Continental Coffee, 937 S.W.2d at 454. Because we have determined Goodman was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on McFarland's retaliatory discharge claim, McFarland's second issue necessarily fails.
Section 451.002 of the Texas Labor Code provides that an employee who violates section 451.001 "is liable for reasonable damages incurred by the employee as a result of the violation." TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 451.002 (Vernon 1996). Reasonable damages includes exemplary and punitive damages. Continental Coffee, 937 S.W.2d at 455.
Actual malice is characterized by "ill-will, spite, evil motive, or purposing the injuring of another." Id. at 452. An employee cannot recover punitive damages by merely proving a violation of the Texas Workers' Compensation Act. Id. at 454.
Accordingly, we overrule McFarland's second issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.