Summary
In McCall Co. v. Wright, 198 N.Y. 143, 91 N.E. 516, 519, 31 L.R.A. (N.S.) 249, the defendant voluntarily left the plaintiff's employ and surreptitiously engaged in a similar business with a rival concern in violation of the terms of his covenant.
Summary of this case from John T. Stanley Co. v. LagomarsinoOpinion
Argued January 4, 1910
Decided March 22, 1910
Louis Marshall and S. Clinton Crane for appellant. William P. Chapman, Jr., for respondent.
At the outset of the inquiry which has been certified to us whether plaintiff's complaint states a cause of action it will be well to rid that inquiry of some confusion in which it has become involved and to understand clearly the precise question which is presented by the allegations of the complaint as admitted in fact and challenged in law by the demurrer. That question is whether the proprietor of a large business, on hiring for a fixed period subject to sooner termination on notice an employee to occupy a superior and managerial position wherein he will be possessed of all of his employer's trade secrets, may lawfully provide that during the term of said employment said employee shall not enter the service of a competing concern; and further, whether such employer when said employee has flagrantly violated such an agreement while still in force and entered the employ of a rival concern intending to use his knowledge of his former employer's business secrets for the purpose of aiding the competing business, may restrain such conduct by injunction.
There has been considerable discussion of this case from the standpoint that plaintiff was indirectly seeking to secure specific performance of a contract for services by enjoining defendant from entering the employ of any other person. Whether or not plaintiff originally entertained the idea that it could establish that defendant's proposed services to it were of such a special and unique character that it could indirectly by injunction hold him to specific performance of his contract, that is distinctly not the present theory of the action and may be dismissed from consideration. There is no attempt generally to restrain him from taking employment elsewhere than with plaintiff. While there is in plaintiff's contract with defendant a clause prohibiting the latter from entering the employ of any one else during the term of the contract, it is conceded for the purposes of this appeal that plaintiff is not entitled to any such broad relief as that. But under the general clause referred to as modified both by another clause against defendant's entering the employment of a rival concern and by general principles of law, plaintiff simply insists upon the right to restrain defendant during the term of his contract from becoming associated with a competing concern where he may use to special disadvantage of the former the business information which he has acquired while in its employ.
The inquiry to which we thus come, in my opinion, must be determined in favor of the plaintiff on the facts presented in this case, and which have been quite fully recited in the appended statement of facts. The principle has been established in this state, and I think remains unimpaired up to the present time, that security from and limitation of competition in a given business is a valuable right in connection with said business, and that there are some contracts which, although they curtail competition to a limited extent, are valid and may be enforced. This question perhaps has most frequently come up in connection with the sale of a business under an agreement not to start a competing one, and amongst the leading cases is that of Diamond Match Co. v. Roeber ( 106 N.Y. 473), where it was held that an agreement by the vendor on the sale of a business that he would not at any time within ninety-nine years engage in the manufacture or sale of competitive goods, except in two states, was valid and enforceable. Still later it was held that a similar contract against competition by a vendor was valid although unlimited as to time and territory. ( Tode v. Gross, 127 N.Y. 480; Wood v. Whitehead Bros. Co., 165 N.Y. 545.)
It would seem that there is no fundamental principle in favor of the validity and enforceability of such an agreement in the case of the sale of a business which would not sustain a contract on a good consideration prohibiting for a limited period an employee who has entered the employment and learned the business of one employer from carrying the benefit of the information and trade secrets thus acquired into the employment and maintenance of a competing business, and, as I read them, the authorities hold that a contract to prevent an employee from so doing may be enforced. ( Davies v. Racer, 72 Hun, 43; Magnolia Metal Co. v. Price, 65 App. Div. 276; Mutual Milk Cream Co. v. Heldt, 120 App. Div. 759; Robinson Co., Ltd., v. Heuer, 67 L.J. Ch. 644; Carter v. Alling, 43 Fed. Rep. 208; Rousillon v. Rousillon, L.R. [14 Ch. Div.] 351.)
In the first case it appeared that plaintiffs, a firm of forwarding agents and custom house brokers in New York city, had entered into an agreement with defendant whereby the firm employed the latter as a clerk to receive, influence and procure orders of goods from shippers and to perform other duties in consideration of the salary therein expressed, and that the defendant thereby agreed not to engage in the city of New York or within fifty miles thereof either directly or indirectly in a similar business to that carried on by the plaintiffs or to interfere with any of the plaintiffs' customers directly or indirectly for twelve months after the expiration of the agreement. The agreement does not seem to have provided for any fixed term of employment and after a while defendant voluntarily left the plaintiffs' employment and engaged as a clerk for a firm in New York doing business similar to that of the plaintiffs and as alleged soliciting plaintiffs' customers. An injunction was sustained restraining defendant during the pendency of the action "from interfering with the customers of the plaintiff * * * by soliciting business from them directly or indirectly," and in connection with such decision the contract in question was considered generally and held to be valid and enforceable.
In Magnolia Metal Co. v. Price it appeared that a corporation engaged in the manufacture and sale of a patented metal employed a traveling salesman whose position was a confidential one, enabling him to obtain a complete knowledge of the business and business sales, and that in his contract of employment a provision was inserted that "in the event of his connection with the party of the first part being severed under this agreement he will not either directly or indirectly connect himself with any company or firm engaged in business similar to that of the party of the first part nor will he himself engage in any business that would compete with the business of the party of the first part for a period of five years from the date of his connection being so severed." (p. 277.) After a while the defendant tendered his resignation which was accepted and thereafter he became the president of a corporation which was organized to and did enter into direct competition with the plaintiff. It was held that the accepted resignation of the defendant did not abrogate the contract and that the provision therein restraining him from entering into a competing business wherein the information which he had acquired while in plaintiff's employment could be used in his business was legal and its violation would be prevented by injunction. It was said of this provision, "It was a covenant essential for the protection of the plaintiff, under the well recognized rules of law and it was entirely proper for the plaintiff to require its employees to agree to it. The defendant voluntarily agreed to it, but has persistently and knowingly violated it, and I can see no reason why he should not be required to fairly and honestly perform it." (p. 282.)
And, without reviewing them at length, the other decisions cited in my opinion are fully in accord with those quoted from as sustaining plaintiff's right to maintain this action.
I do not understand that the appellant claims that a provision in a contract of employment restraining the employee from entering a rival business is generally or inherently invalid or unenforceable. But it is asserted that this particular one is so because of special circumstances of which the most important is the provision in the contract of employment that plaintiff should have the right at any time to terminate the contract and discharge defendant upon thirty days' notice, wherefrom results, it is said, a lack of mutuality of obligation which is a bar to this action. It seems to me that this argument fails properly to distinguish between actions brought to compel performance of an affirmative undertaking to do something and those brought to restrain violation of a negative covenant to refrain from doing something. It is familiar that equity will utilize various circumstances as a sufficient reason for not exercising its power, resting more or less in discretion, to adjudge specific performance. Amongst these reasons are the ones that the contract is indefinite, uncertain or lacking in mutuality, and in employment cases is the one that the employer may at any time terminate the contract and thus nullify a judgment, either directly or indirectly by injunction against other employment, requiring the employee to perform. ( Met. Ex. Co. v. Ward, 9 N.Y. Supp. 779; Lawrence v. Dixey, 119 App. Div. 295; Dockstader v. Reed, 121 App. Div. 846; Levin v. Deitz, 194 N.Y. 376, 381.)
As was said in the Dockstader case, "While equity will often restrain an actor under contract to perform for one and not to perform for another, from performing for another during the period of the contract, an application for equitable relief is addressed to the sound discretion of the court, and will not be granted where the party seeking relief is not specifically bound by the contract, so that the obligations are reciprocal and enforcible." (p. 848.)
But so far as I am aware, a court of equity does not refuse under otherwise proper circumstances to restrain a continuing violation of a valid subsisting obligation not to injure another, simply because that other has the option to cancel the obligation by terminating the agreement which creates it. It seems to me that no element of mutual obligation is involved. One party has furnished a good consideration for which the other has agreed to refrain from doing certain things, and it is no excuse for a violation of the agreement while it lasts that the beneficiary may at some time terminate it. A perfectly familiar illustration of this class of actions is the one brought by a vendor of real estate to restrain a violation by the vendee of a restrictive covenant in the deed. There is at the time no mutual obligation resting on the vendor. But the vendee for a good consideration has agreed not to do certain things and I apprehend it would not be a defense to an action to restrain his violation that the vendor might in the future do something which would terminate the obligation.
Somewhat on a line with this argument, defendant's counsel seeks to distinguish plaintiff's authorities on the ground that they related to restrictive agreements applicable after the termination of the employment, and, therefore, executed so far as the employer was concerned. But, again, considering the precise object of this action, I see no principle making in favor of defendant in this case where the plaintiff has performed and is anxious to execute the contract. The defendant ought not to be allowed to urge as a defense that this is not an executed contract when it his repudiation which alone, so far as now appears, prevents it from being fully executed.
In the case of Robinson Co. v. Heuer ( supra) the employer had the option to terminate the agreement at any time on three months' notice.
The cases of Johnston Co. v. Hunt (66 Hun, 504); Kessler Co. v. Chappelle ( 73 App. Div. 447); Strobridge Litho. Co. v. Crane (58 Hun, 611), and Dockstader v. Reed ( 121 App. Div. 846), have been especially relied on as sustaining defendant's position in this case, but in my opinion they do not do so. They were all cases brought to restrain an employee who had occupied a subordinate position from entering the employment of another in violation of his contract with plaintiff, and while the violation sought to be restrained in some of the cases did consist in taking employment with a competing business, no one of the cases was disposed of on a theory involving a consideration of that feature as it is presented by the facts in this case. Each case was decided on the doctrine that it was simply an action indirectly to enforce by injunction specific performance of a contract for the performance of services on the ground that the latter were of a unique and special character, and that the evidence did not establish the latter feature.
In the Johnston case the defendant had been a mere advertising solicitor of the plaintiff, and in writing for a divided court in favor of a dismissal of the action for injunctive relief, Judge O'BRIEN said: "The question thus presented, * * * is whether or not a court of equity will interfere by injunction to prevent a breach of a contract for personal services, or whether the complainant must look to his damages at law as his sole redress. * * * It is not, however, in all cases where contracts are made for personal services that a court of equity will intervene, but only in cases where, as stated in Pomeroy's Equity Jurisprudence * * * `a contract stipulates for special, unique or extraordinary services or acts, or for such services or acts to be rendered or done by a party having special, unique and extraordinary qualifications, as, for example, by an eminent actor, singer, artist and the like.' * * * By the evidence in this case it was shown that the plaintiff, immediately after the defendant had broken his contract, substituted in his place another; and, while there is some slight evidence to show that the effect of the withdrawal of the defendant Hunt and the substitution of another resulted, for the time being, in some loss of advertising to the plaintiff's paper, yet it failed to establish what is required in cases of this kind, viz., that the injury was irreparable, not capable of being ascertained and redressed by a suitable action at law, and that Hunt possessed `special, unique or extraordinary qualifications,' as an advertising agent or solicitor. * * * Regarding, however, the character of the work which he was to perform, and the other considerations adverted to, we do not think that there is presented a case which should demand the equitable interposition of the court." (p. 505.) And Judge O'BRIEN in his opinion quoted with approval the rule laid down at Trial Term in the Strobridge case that in an action of this kind where the question is whether services are of such a special, unique and extraordinary character as to warrant an injunction, "The solution may generally be reached by an inquiry as to whether a substitute for the employee can readily be obtained, and whether such substitute will substantially answer the purpose of the contract," and in the case then under consideration it appeared that such a substitute had been obtained. This quotation makes it clear that this case was not disposed of on the theory involved in the present one and this conclusion is further enforced by the fact that Davies v. Racer, cited by the present plaintiff in support of his case, was decided by the same court as the Johnston case and at a later day, and on an opinion by Judge VAN BRUNT who concurred in the opinion in the Johnston case.
The Kessler case was an action brought to restrain the defendant who had been an ordinary champagne salesman in the employment of plaintiff from breaking his agreement and engaging as a salesman with a competing firm, and here again the question upon which the case was made to turn was whether defendant's services were of such a special, unique or extraordinary character that an injunction would issue, and no other question was considered. This is made apparent by what was written by Judge VAN BRUNT and who said: "The court below denied the motion to continue the injunction upon the ground that the defendant's services were not special, unique or extraordinary within the adjudged cases, and that injunctive relief must, therefore, be withheld. In this view of the law we concur. There is nothing in these papers which tends to show any special, unique or extraordinary services upon the part of the defendant, except, perhaps, in his large expenditures which seem to have increased his value as a salesman; on the contrary, they show that others occupy the same relations to the firm and are performing similar duties." (p. 449.)
And so in the Dockstader case there was not any suggestion that the substantial relief sought was to prevent the defendant from carrying to a business rival the benefit of any business secrets acquired while in the employment of plaintiff. It was simply an action to enforce indirectly specific performance of a contract for personal services on the ground that the latter were special and unique.
It is also suggested as a reason for dismissing plaintiff's action that some of defendant's knowledge of plaintiff's business was acquired under a contract of employment prior to that which is the basis of this action. That argument does not seem to be controlling. It is alleged that defendant continued to acquire knowledge of plaintiff's business secrets under the present contract and moreover his continued employment was a sufficient consideration for the agreement which he made even though the latter in part affected prior knowledge. A similar condition existed in the case of Magnolia Metal Co. v. Price ( supra).
The cases which have already been cited sustaining actions to restrain a vendor or former employee from entering into a competing business necessarily established the other principle involved in the maintenance of this action, that an action at law will not furnish an adequate remedy and that, therefore, resort may be had to equity.
The order should be affirmed, with costs, and the question certified to us answered in the affirmative.
The question presented by this appeal is whether the plaintiff is entitled to maintain a suit in equity to restrain the defendant until January 1, 1915, from entering into or continuing in the service of certain specified corporations or any other rival company or concern engaged in the same general line of business as the plaintiff.
The controversy grows out of a contract made on January 2, 1909, between the plaintiff corporation and the defendant. By this contract the defendant, who was then employed by the plaintiff in its business of manufacturing and selling paper dress patterns, agreed to continue in such employment for a period of six years from January 1st, 1909, unless the employment should be sooner terminated by the plaintiff which was given the right and option to terminate the agreement at any time upon giving to the defendant not less than thirty days' notice of its intention so to do. The nature of the duties of the defendant was specified to be "such as shall be assigned to him from time to time during the term of said employment" by the plaintiff or its president. The defendant covenanted "to engage in no other occupation during said period and to use his best endeavors to promote the business and the business interests of the party of the first part [the plaintiff] and successfully and well to perform the several duties that shall be assigned to him by the party of the first part or its president while this contract shall be in force." On January 23, 1909, the defendant, without the permission of the plaintiff, abandoned its service and became the president of another corporation engaged in the business of manufacturing and selling paper dress patterns, which concern is a rival to the plaintiff.
The plaintiff presents a clear case of an inexcusable abandonment of the contract by the defendant, which undoubtedly renders him liable to an action at law for damages. In my opinion, however, it does not present such a case of irreparable injury as is necessary to maintain an equitable action to enforce the defendant's stipulation not to work for another. The facts are very similar to those in W.J. Johnston Co. v. Hunt (66 Hun, 504; affirmed on opinion below, 142 N.Y. 621). The opinion of Mr. Justice O'BRIEN at General Term in that case was adopted by this court as a correct statement of the law, and it was there held that in cases of this kind it must appear that the threatened injury is irreparable and that the services which the employee would transfer to a new employer are of a special, unique or extraordinary character. It is true that in the present complaint the defendant's qualifications are thus characterized; but this averment cannot broaden the specific allegations of the complaint and the language of the contract showing what the nature of the services really was. When we scrutinize these particulars it appears that the defendant acted and undertook to act as the general manager of the plaintiff's business immediately under the president, and, as in the Johnston Case ( supra), while his services were undoubtedly valuable and their withdrawal was likely to result in some loss to the plaintiff, they were not so peculiar or distinctive as to be indispensable. This is made manifest by other allegations of the complaint in reference to previous occurrences between the plaintiff and the defendant. It appears that in 1908 the defendant was employed by the plaintiff corporation under a contract previously made similar to that which forms the basis of the present suit so far as the nature of his duties was concerned, and that the plaintiff, being dissatisfied with his conduct, discharged him from its employment in December of that year. It can hardly be reasonably contended that his breach of the succeeding contract has resulted in an irreparable injury, in view of the fact that the plaintiff of its own accord dismissed him while he was acting for it under a previous contract calling for services of precisely the same character.
For these reasons I think that the plaintiff's sole remedy is at law and that the present suit cannot be maintained. I, therefore, advise a reversal of the order of the Appellate Division and that the question certified be answered in the negative.
EDWARD T. BARTLETT, WERNER and CHASE, JJ., concur with HISCOCK, J.; CULLEN, Ch. J., and VANN, J., concur with WILLARD BARTLETT, J.
Order affirmed, etc.