Summary
dismissing Lanham Act claim under Dastar because "[w]hile [the defendant] may not have been the originator of the photographs contained in its newspaper, it was the originator of the newspaper itself, the actual good being offered for sale to the public"; "the protections of the Lanham Act do not reach to the underlying expressions embodied in goods"
Summary of this case from Pellegrino v. Epic Games, Inc.Opinion
CIVIL ACTION No. 08-3357.
December 17, 2008.
J. Conor Corcoran, Law Office of J. Conor Corcoran, Philadelphia, PA, for Plaintiff.
James J. Rodgers, Dilworth Paxson LLP, Justin B. Wineburgh, Melanie A. Miller, Cozen and O'Connor, Philadelphia, PA, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
Presently before the Court is the Motion of Defendant Philadelphia Media Holdings, LLC ("PMH") to Dismiss the Amended Complaint of Plaintiff R. Bradley Maule ("Maule"). For the reasons set forth below, the Motion to Dismiss is granted in part, and denied in part.
I. FACTS
PMH is the publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer and thePhiladelphia Daily News (Daily News), two major newspapers circulating in the Philadelphia area. Maule is a photographer who maintains a website titled "phillyskyline.com." Maule focuses his photography on the Philadelphia area, including Philadelphia's skyline, "[its] neighborhoods, its people, culture, architecture, and its urban development." (Amend. Compl. ¶ 9.) The facts set forth in Maule's Complaint allege that, in May 2005, Maule photographed the Philadelphia skyline from the eighteenth floor of the Penn Tower, a hotel located in West Philadelphia. Maule alleges that he then altered the photograph in two ways. First, he inserted artistic conceptual renderings of the Comcast Center and Mandeville Place, buildings that had not yet been completed and which were still under construction in May 2005. Second, in order that the photograph would contain a watermark, he modified a billboard in the picture to read: "Visit Philly Skyline Dot Com." (Amend. Compl. ¶ 12(b)). Thereafter, Maule posted the photograph, complete with the alterations to the billboard, the Comcast Center, and Mandeville Place, on his website as a visual representation of how the Philadelphia skyline would appear in 2008 ("Projected Skyline Photograph").
He further alleges that, sometime in November 2007, PMH began an advertising campaign titled "The Return of the Flying Pigs." As part of this campaign, Maule alleges that PMH distributed a series of glossy inserts in its newspapers, depicting a pig flying across the Philadelphia skyline ("pig glossy"). Maule asserts that PMH cropped the picture of the Philadelphia skyline in the pig glossy from the Projected Skyline Photograph on his website, removed the "Visit Philly Skyline Dot Com" text from the billboard in the picture, and then printed the picture in its advertisements. Maule subsequently registered the Projected Skyline Photograph with the United States Copyright Office on May 13, 2008.
Maule's next contention involves a second photograph that he posted on his website on March 13, 2008 to accompany an article he had written concerning the pending construction of the American Commerce Center. The post was titled "13 March 08:1,500 feet of Breaking News" and contained several paragraphs of text, along with four photographs. At the end of the article, the following text appeared: "Notes: All images courtesy of Walnut Street Capital and Kohn Pederson Fox Associates." Soon after posting this version of the article, Maule asserts that he decided to update the article by adding one of his own photographs. This photograph had been taken from the west side of City Hall and had never before been published. It is a depiction of the Philadelphia skyline, but with the addition of a sketch that Maule had added outlining where the American Commerce Center would be located and what it would look like upon completion ("American Commerce Photograph"). It also contained a watermark, which appeared along the bottom and stretched the length of the photograph, and read: "Philly Skyline.Com," and was accompanied by the following commentary, which appeared above the photograph on Maule's webpage: "UPDATE: Ah what the hell, howzabout a rudimentary Philly Skyline composite?"
On March 17, 2008, four days after Maule posted the American Commerce Photograph on his website, Maule alleges that PMH printed the same photograph on the front page of that day's edition of the Daily News, with the "Philly Skyline.Com" watermark removed from the photograph.
On September 2, 2008 Maule filed an Amended Complaint in this Court against PMH, Gyro Advertising, and Steven Grasse. On October 6, 2008, PMH filed a Motion to Dismiss Counts IV through X of Maule's Complaint. Count IV sets forth a claim for appropriation pursuant to the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652C for use of the Projected Skyline Photograph in the pig glossy. Count V asserts a claim for copyright infringement pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §§ 503- 505 for use of the Projected Skyline Photograph in the pig glossy. Count VI is a request for injunctive relief pursuant to 17 U.S.C. §§ 502. Count VII is a request for declaratory relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201, requesting that this Court invalidate PMH's copyright on the March 17, 2008 edition of the Daily News. Count VIII sets forth a claim for appropriation under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652C, relating to the use of the American Commerce Photograph in the March 17, 2008 edition of the Daily News. Count IX asserts a claim under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125 for the use of both photographs. Finally, Count X asserts claims under the Pennsylvania Anti-Dilution Act, 54 Pa. C.S.A. §§ 1124 and 1125.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A motion to dismiss, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint.Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957). A court must determine whether the party making the claim would be entitled to relief under any set of facts that could be established in support of his or her claim. Hishon v. King Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984) (citing Conley, 355 U.S. at 45-46); see also Wisniewski v. Johns-Manville Corp., 759 F.2d 271, 273 (3d Cir. 1985).
In considering a motion to dismiss, all allegations in the complaint must be accepted as true and viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Rocks v. City of Phila., 868 F.2d 644, 645 (3d Cir. 1989) (citations omitted). Exhibits which are attached to the complaint and upon which one or more claims are based can be considered in deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). See Rossman v. Fleet Bank (R.I.) Nat'l Assoc., 280 F.3d 384, 388 n. 4 (3d Cir. 2002). A court need not credit either "bald assertions" or "legal conclusions" in a complaint when deciding a motion to dismiss. Evancho v. Fisher, 423 F.3d 347, 351 (3d Cir. 2005) (citations omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
Initially, we note that PMH has moved to strike, and Maule has agreed to withdraw, Maule's claims for specific dollar amounts, pursuant to Local Civil Rule 5.1.1. As such, Maule's claims for specific dollar amounts are stricken, and in their stead, this Court construes the Complaint as asserting claims in unspecified amounts in excess of the arbitration limits of Local Civil Rule 53.2.
A. Copyright Infringement
Maule asserts claims against PMH for copyright infringement related to PMH's use of the American Commerce Photograph in the March 17, 2008 edition of the Daily News. The exclusive rights of copyright holders are codified in statute at § 106 of the Copyright Act. Under § 106, the copyright owner has the exclusive right both to publicly display his work and to make copies of it. The Copyright Act protects all expressions upon fixation in a "tangible medium." 17 U.S.C. § 102(a). The originator of a work is therefore protected under the Act as soon as the work is recorded in some concrete, tangible way. See id.
Though Maule also asserts a claim for copyright infringement related to PMH's use of the Projected Skyline Photograph in the pig glossy, we address only the copyright infringement claim related to the American Commerce Photograph, as PMH's Motion only requests dismissal of the copyright infringement claims related to the "Second Infringement," or the publication of March 17, 2008.
§ 106. Exclusive rights in copyrighted works
Subject to sections 107 through 122, the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following:
(1) to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;
(2) to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;
(3) to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending;
(4) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly;
(5) in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and
(6) in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission.
A person commits copyright infringement by violating one or more of the exclusive rights of the copyright owner as enumerated in § 106. 17 U.S.C. § 501. Infringement occurs when a person reproduces, adapts, distributes, publicly performs or publicly displays a work protected by the Copyright Act in an unprivileged way.See id.; § 106. A copyright holder must show two things to establish a case of infringement: (1) he must demonstrate ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) he must show that the defendant has copied, displayed, or distributed protected elements of the copyrighted work.William A. Graham Co. v. Haughey, 430 F. Supp. 2d 458, 465 (E.D. Pa. 2006); see Whelan Assoc., Inc., v. Jaslow Dental Lab., Inc., 797 F.2d 1222, 1231 (3d Cir. 1986). The remedies for copyright infringement are set forth in Chapter 5 of the Act. Maule asserts claims for relief under § 502, § 503, § 504, and § 505 of the Act.
§ 502. Remedies for Infringement: Injunctions
(a) Any court having jurisdiction of a civil action arising under this title may, subject to the provisions of section 1498 of title 28, grant temporary and final injunctions on such terms as it may deem reasonable to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright.
(b) Any such injunction may be served anywhere in the United States on the person enjoined; it shall be operative throughout the United States and shall be enforceable, by proceedings in contempt or otherwise, by any United States court having jurisdiction of that person. The clerk of the court granting the injunction shall, when requested by any other court in which enforcement of the injunction is sought, transmit promptly to the other court a certified copy of all the papers in the case on file in such clerk's office.
§ 503. Remedies for Infringement: Impounding and disposition of infringing articles
(A)(1) At any time while an action under this title is pending, the court may order the impounding, on such terms as it may deem reasonable —
(A) of all copies or phonorecords claimed to have been made or used in violation of the exclusive right of the copyright owner;
(B) of all plates, molds, matrices, masters, tapes, film negatives, or other articles by means of which such copies of phonorecords may be reproduced; and
(C) of records documenting the manufacture, sale, or receipt of things involved in any such violation, provided that any records seized under this subparagraph shall be taken into the custody of the court.
§ 504. Remedies for Infringement: Damages and profits
(a) In general. Except as otherwise provided by this title, an infringer of copyright is liable for either —
(1) the copyright owner's actual damages and any additional profits of the infringer, as provided by subsection (b); or
(2) statutory damages, as provided by subsection (c).
§ 505. Remedies for Infringement: Costs and attorney's fees
In any civil action under this title, the court in its discretion may allow the recovery of full costs by or against any party other than the United States or an officer thereof. Except as otherwise provided by this title, the court may also award a reasonable attorney's fee to the prevailing party as part of the costs.
In response to Maule's claims of copyright infringement, PMH contests Maule's ownership of a copyright in the American Commerce Photograph. Specifically, PMH asserts that the caption above the photograph reading: "Notes: All images courtesy of Walnut Street Capital and Kohn Pederson Fox Associates," illustrates that Maule is not the owner of the American Commerce Photograph. Maule argues that the "Walnut Street Capital" caption does not apply to the American Commerce Photograph, and that this fact was clear from the caption placed immediately above the American Commerce Photograph, identifying it as a "rudimentary Philly Skyline composite."
For purposes of the Motion to Dismiss, Maule alleges that he owns a copyright in the American Commerce Photograph, and that PMH copied it without his authorization. If Maule can prove the truth of these allegations, he has a viable claim of copyright infringement against PMH. Thus, the allegations set forth in the Complaint are sufficient to survive the Motion to Dismiss.
B. Appropriation
In Counts IV and VIII, Maule asserts claims for appropriation based on PMH's use of the Projected Skyline Photograph in the pig glossy (Count IV) and of the American Commerce Photograph on the front page of the March 17, 2008 edition of theDaily News (Count VIII). Pennsylvania courts have adopted the position of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which defines "appropriation" in the following manner: "One who appropriates to his own use or benefit the name or likeness of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652C. Appropriation is grounded in the property right of an individual in the exclusive use of his own identity.See id., cmt a. The "use or benefit" at issue in an appropriation claim is typically a commercial use of one's name or likeness. See id. cmt. b.
The facts set forth in Maule's Complaint fail to establish that PMH appropriated Maule's image or likeness for its own benefit. In order to make out a claim of appropriation, Maule must allege that PMH used his name or his "actual physical likeness" without his permission. Whole Enchilada, Inc., v. Travelers Prop. Cas. Co. of Am., No. 07-1533, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77186, at *51 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 29, 2008) (finding "[t]he plain meaning of `likeness' is `appearance or semblance'"); see also Fanelle v. LoJack Corp., 79 F. Supp. 2d 558, 564 (E.D. Pa. 2000) (finding plaintiff established claim for appropriation where defendant used plaintiff's name and photograph to advertise product). However, the bases of Maule's appropriation claims are that PMH used the Projected Skyline and American Commerce Photographs without his permission. He makes no assertion that PMH used either his name, or a picture of his physical person in its publications. Rather, his claim is based on PMH's use of his photographs depicting the Philadelphia skyline. While Maule asserts that his photographs constitute his "likeness" for purposes of these claims, photographs of the Philadelphia skyline do not sufficiently identify Maule, as an individual, such that it can be said that using these photographs is an appropriation of Maule's name or likeness. See Whole Enchilada, Inc., 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 77186, at *50-51 (rejecting argument that plaintiff's financial identity constituted plaintiff's likeness). The public at large does not associate an image of the Philadelphia skyline with Maule; therefore, PMH's use of the photographs, without more, does not sufficiently identify Maule for purposes of a claim of appropriation. See McFarland v. Miller, 14 F.3d 912, 919-22 (3d. Cir. 1994) (discussing, in the context of right to publicity, need for a link between the appropriatedg name or image with that of the plaintiff); White v. Samsung Elec. Am., Inc., 971 F.2d 1395, 1397-99 (9th Cir. 1992) (same).
C. Lanham Act
Maule also asserts a claim for "reverse passing off" under the Lanham Trade-Mark Act, § 43(a), 15 U.S.C. § 1125 (Count IX). Under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act:
(1) Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which —
(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or
(B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person's goods, services, or commercial activities, shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). "Passing off" occurs when a producer misrepresents his own goods as someone else's.See Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23, 28 n. 1 (2003). "Reverse passing off" occurs when the producer misrepresents someone else's goods as his own. Monsanto Co. v. Syngenta Seeds, Inc., 443 F. Supp. 2d. 648, 651 (D. Del. 2006). Maule asserts that PMH engaged in "reverse passing off" when it printed the Projected Skyline and American Commerce Photographs because, by printing the photographs in the newspaper without identifying Maule as their creator, PMH was essentially "passing off" Maule's photographs as its own. Specifically, Maule states that "Defendants' uses of Plaintiff's photos . . . are likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of Plaintiff with Defendants, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of Defendant's goods . . . by Plaintiff." (Amend. Compl. ¶ 114.)
Nonetheless, a review of the case-law in this area reveals that the same argument advanced by Maule was specifically rejected by the United States Supreme Court in Dastar, 539 U.S. 23. InDastar, Twentieth Century Fox arranged for Time, Inc. to create a television show based on a book that had been published in 1948, detailing General Dwight Eisenhower's account of several specific happenings that took place during World War II. Id. at 25-26. This television show was titled, Crusade in Europe. Id. Sometime later, SFM Entertainment and New Line Home Video, Inc. acquired the rights to distribute this television series on videotape. Id. New Line distributed the videotapes, which were merely a repackaged restoration of the original television series. Id. at 26. In 1995, Dastar released a video titled, World War II Campaigns in Europe. Id. To make its video, Dastar purchased eight tapes of the original television series of Crusade, copied them, made some minor changes, including removing "references to and images of the book," and sold the video as its own. Id. at 26-27. In 1998, Fox, SFM, and New Line initiated suit arguing,inter alia, that Dastar had engaged in reverse passing off by passing their video off as its own, thus creating a "false designation of origin" in violation of § 43 of the Lanham Act. Id. at 27.
In ruling on the plaintiffs' Lanham Act claim, the Supreme Court found that the phrase "origin of goods" in the statute refers only to the manufacturer of the physical goods that are being sold to the public and does not afford protection to the originator of the underlying ideas or expressions which those goods may contain. Id. at 31-32. The Court went on to explain that the problem with interpreting the Lanham Act as covering the underlying concepts or expressions embodied in goods is that such an interpretation would conflict with copyright law, creating a "species of mutant copyright law that limits the public's federal right to copy and use expired copyrights." Id. at 34 (internal citations omitted). As such, the Court found that the "origin of goods" phrase in the Lanham Act was not intended to protect the originality of expressions encompassed within goods. Id. at 37. Rather, it was designed to protect those goods that are actually available for sale to the public. Accordingly, the Court found that because Dastar was the "origin" of the videotape that it offered for sale, it had not violated the Lanham Act, despite the fact that the plaintiffs may have been the "origin" of several concepts contained within the videotape. Id. at 38.
Given the reasoning of the Supreme Court in Dastar, we must dismiss Maule's claim under the Lanham Act. Maule's Lanham Act claim alleges that PMH has violated the Act by copying his photographs and including them in the pig glossy and in the Daily News without his permission. While PMH may not have been the originator of the photographs contained in its newspaper, it was the originator of the newspaper itself, the actual good being offered for sale to the public. As the stated above, the protections of the Lanham Act do not reach to the underlying expressions embodied in goods. Id. at 37; Schiffer Pub., Ltd. v. Chronicle Books, LLC, 350 F. Supp. 2d 613, (E.D. Pa. 2004). Maule's Lanham Act claim, therefore, fails.
D. Pennsylvania Anti-Dilution Law
Finally, Maule advances claims under the Pennsylvania Anti-Dilution statutes, 54 Pa. C.S.A. §§ 1124 and 1125. Section 1124 provides a remedy for injunctive and other equitable relief to the owner of a mark "famous in this Commonwealth" when an infringer's use of the mark is likely to cause dilution to the value of the mark. 54 Pa. C.S.A. § 1124. Section 1125 allows "any owner of a mark registered under this chapter" to enjoin the "manufacture, use, display, or sale of any counterfeits or imitations thereof;" to collect profits from the sale of imitations; or to obtain a court Order ordering the destruction of the remaining imitations. 54 Pa. C.S.A. § 1125. Pennsylvania law defines a "trademark" or "service mark" in the following manner:
"Mark." Includes any trademark or service mark entitled to registration under this chapter whether registered or not.
"Service mark." A mark used in the sale or advertising of services to identify the services of one person and distinguish them from the services of others and includes, without limitation, the marks, names, symbols, titles, designations, slogans, character names and distinctive features of radio or other advertising used in commerce.
"Trademark." Any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, adopted or used by a person to identify goods produced, manufactured or sold by the person, and to distinguish them from goods produced, manufactured or sold by others.54 Pa. C.S.A. § 1102.
Maule has failed to allege use of a "mark." Initially, Maule argues in the Complaint that he is the owner of a trademark in the phrase, "phillyskyline.com" and that PMH's actions have diluted that mark. (Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 119-21.) However, as neither party has disputed that PMH never made use of the "phillyskyline.com" phrase, he later asserts in his Answer to the Motion to Dismiss, that each of his photographs constitutes his "mark" for purposes of this claim. (Pl.'s Ans. 8.) We disagree. The very concept of a "trademark" is a symbol or identifier that is placed upon a product to identify the maker or source of that product in the eyes of consumers. J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 7:28 (4th ed. 2008). Neither the Projected Skyline Photograph, nor the American Commerce Photograph, constitutes a trademark because neither serves to identify Maule as its producer. Rather, the photographs are the goods, which themselves, could be marked. They are not, however, marks in themselves.
Even assuming that Maule could claim trademark rights in each of his photographs, his dilution claim would still fail because he cannot establish that these "marks" are famous in the Commonwealth. To establish a claim for dilution under § 1124, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) that its mark is famous; (2) that the defendant began using a mark in commerce after the plaintiff's mark became famous; and (3) that the defendant's use is diluting the value of the mark. See 54 Pa. C.S.A. § 1124. In determining whether the plaintiff is the owner of a famous mark, the court may consider:
(1) The degree of inherent or acquired distinctiveness of the mark in this Commonwealth.
(2) The duration and extent of use of the mark in connection with the goods and services with which the mark is used.
(3) The duration and extent of advertising and publicity of the mark in this Commonwealth.
(4) The geographical extent of the trading area in which the mark is used.
(5) The channels of trade for the goods or services with which the mark is used.
(6) The degree of recognition of the mark in the trading areas and channels of trade in this Commonwealth used by the mark's owner and the person against whom the injunction is sought.
(7) The nature and extent of use of the same or similar marks by third parties.
(8) Whether the mark is the subject of a registration in this Commonwealth or a Federal registration under the act of March 3, 1881 ( 21 Stat. 502) or the act of February 20, 1905 ( 33 Stat. 724), repealed by the Trademark Act of 1946 ( 60 Stat. 427, 15 U.S.C. § 1051, et. seq.), or on the principal register.Id. Maule has presented no evidence that the photographs, standing alone without the "phillyskyline.com" watermark, have enjoyed any kind of fame or notoriety within the Commonwealth. The only evidence that he presented on this issue relates to the fame of Maule, as an individual, in the Philadelphia community. (Pl.'s Ans. 8-9.) The fact that Maule, himself, may be well-known in the Philadelphia area does not establish that either of the two photographs in question are famous within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Therefore, Maule's claims under 54 Pa. C.S.A. §§ 1124 and 1125 will be dismissed.
Finally, we note that although PMH's Motion seeks the dismissal of Counts IV through X of Maule's Complaint, neither party has presented argument with respect to Count VII, Maule's request for declaratory relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201. Because neither party has addressed it, this claim will remain intact. Consequently, the Motion is granted with respect to Counts IV, VIII, IX, and X, and denied in all other respects.
An appropriate Order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 17th day of December, 2008, upon consideration of the Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant Philadelphia Media Holdings, LLC (Doc. No. 6), and the response thereto, it is hereby ORDERED that the Motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. The Motion to Dismiss is granted with respect to Counts IV, VIII, IX, and X. The Motion to Dismiss is denied with respect to Counts V, VI, and VII.