Summary
In Heidemann v. American District Telegraph Co. 230 N.Y. 305, 130 N.E. 320, a case involving the accidental shooting of a patrolman, the late Mr. Justice Cardozo said: "The sudden brawl, `the chance medley,' are dangers of the street, confronting with stealthy menace the men who watch while others sleep.
Summary of this case from Krawiec v. Industrial ComOpinion
Argued January 10, 1921
Decided March 1, 1921
Charles D. Newton, Attorney-General ( E.C. Aiken of counsel), and Bernard L. Shientag for appellant.
Barnett Cohen and Frank J. O'Neill for respondents.
In September, 1919, Carl V. Heidemann was employed as a night watchman by the American District Telegraph Company, which was engaged in the business of furnishing its subscribers with protection against burglary. His duty was to patrol the streets in a given section of Brooklyn, try the doors, and keep watch and ward until relieved. About three o'clock in the morning of September 22, 1919, in the course of his regular work, he was accidentally shot by a police officer then in the pursuit of burglars. The first shot was fired in the air; the second hit Heidemann and killed him. An award under the Workmen's Compensation Law, in favor of his widow, was reversed at the Appellate Division on the ground that death, though occurring "in the course of employment," did not arise "out of" employment within the meaning of the statute.
We reach a different conclusion. Heidemann's duties involved exposure to something more than the ordinary perils of the street with its collisions, its pitfalls, and the like ( Matter of Redner v. Faber Son, 223 N.Y. 379; Dennis v. White Co., 1917, A.C. 479). For him, in a measure not common to the public generally, there was exposure to the perils that come from contact with the criminal and lawless. Other men, if the ill fortune was theirs to be close to an affray, might, indeed, encounter a like fate ( Dennis v. White Co., supra, at pp. 489, 492; Thom v. Sinclair, 1917, A.C. 127, 143; Bird v. Keep, 11 B.W.C.C. 133; Allcock v. Rogers, 11 id. 149, 153). His calling multiplied the chance that he would be near when trouble came, and in multiplying the chance increased exposure to the risk. "He was brought by the conditions of his work `within the zone of special danger.'" ( Matter of Leonbruno v. Champlain Silk Mills, 229 N.Y. 470, 472.)
We are told that the death was unrelated to the employment because the burglars had not entered a building which the employer was protecting. The incidents of service may not be limited so narrowly. It was not only in repelling attack upon the property of his employer's patrons that Heidemann had to face the perils of his calling. He faced them at all times while abroad upon his duties. His employment put him upon the street at night, and put him there in search of trouble. If shots were heard, or cries of distress, or the sounds of an affray, others might run to shelter. His duty was to search the cause. The disturbance might have its origin in the homes and stores and offices intrusted to his care. He could not know unless he looked. Crimes of violence flourish under cover of the night and darkness. That was the very reason why Heidemann was there to guard. The sudden brawl, the "chance medley" (Blackstone Comm. book IV, ch. XIV; People v. Tomlins, 213 N.Y. 240, 244) are dangers of the streets, confronting with steady menace the men who watch while others sleep. Casual and irregular is the risk of the belated traveler, hurrying to his home. Constant, through long hours, was the risk for Heidemann, charged with a duty to seek where others were free to shun. The difference is no less real because a difference of degree. The tourist on his first voyage may go down with the ship if evil winds arise. None the less, in measuring his risk, we do not class him with the sailor for whom the sea becomes a home. The night too has its own hazards, for watchman and for wayfarer.
Death came to Heidemann in the performance of his duty, face to face with a peril to which the summons of that duty called him.
The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, and the award confirmed, with costs in the Appellate Division and in this court.
HOGAN, POUND, CRANE and ANDREWS, JJ., concur; HISCOCK, Ch. J., and McLAUGHLIN, J., dissent.
Ordered accordingly.