Summary
describing GML § 51 as conferring standing on taxpayers "to challenge the actions of local governmental officials in only limited situations . . . ."
Summary of this case from Lapierre v. DibartoloOpinion
Argued October 19, 2000.
Decided November 30, 2000.
Appeal, by permission of the Court of Appeals, form an order of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Second Judicial Department, entered November 8, 1999, which (1) reversed, on the law, a judgment of the Supreme Court (Allan L. Winick, J.), entered in Nassau County in a proceeding pursuant to CPLR article 78, granting a cross motion by respondent Yun Lin Temple to dismiss the proceeding to review a determination of respondent Board of Assessors of the County of Nassau which granted to aforementioned respondent's application for a real property tax exemption, and dismissing the proceeding, (2) denied the cross motion, (3) granted the petition, (4) annulled the determination, and (5) remitted the matter to respondent Board of Assessors for further proceedings.
Matter of Colella v. Board of Assessors, 266 A.D.2d 286, reveresed.
Alfred F. Samenga, County Attorney of Nassau County, Mineola (Gerald R. Podlesak of counsel), for Board of Assesors of the County of Nassau, appellant.
Rivkin, Radler Kremer, L.L.P., Uniondale (Evan H. Krinick and Cherly F. Korman of counsel.
Hamburger, Maxon Yaffe, L.L.P., (Richard Hamburger, Lane T. Maxson and David N. Yaffe of counsel), for respondents.
Cohen Swados Wright Hanifin Bradford Brett, L. L. P., Buffalo (Ian A. Bradford, Robert W. Patterson and Larry Kerman of counsel), for Town Board of the Town of Aurora and others, amici curiae.
Cadwalader, Wickersham Taft, New York City (Peter G. Bergmann and Brian T. McGovern of counsel), for New York Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, Inc., amicus curiae.
Farrell Fritz, P. C., Uniondale (John M. Armentano and Colleen C. McMahon of counsel), for Incorporated Village of Old Westbury, amicus curiae.
Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General, Albany (Andrew D. Bing, Preeta D. Bansal and Daniel Smirlock of counsel), for Attorney General of the State of New York, amicus curiae.
OPINION OF THE COURT
Petitioners brought this CPLR article 78 proceeding against the Nassau County Board of Assessors challenging the Board's grant and renewal of a real property tax exemption under RPTL 420-a (for "property [used] exclusively for religious * * * purposes"), with respect to the land and building owned and occupied by appellant Yun Lin Temple in the Village of Old Westbury. The Temple is a religious corporation organized in California as a religious non-profit public benefit corporation. Its charter recites that it is dedicated to the promulgation, promotion and study of Black Sect Tibetan Tantric Buddhism.
Petitioners are residents of the Village whose homes are either immediately adjacent to or nearby the Temple's property. Their petition alleges that they have been injured in being subject to higher real property taxes as a result of the wrongfully granted exemption to the Temple property. Petitioners do not contest that the Temple's exclusive use of the property is, as the Temple asserts, for purely nonprofit religious purposes of teaching, meditation and the spiritual development of members of that Buddhist sect. Rather, petitioners assert that the Temple lost its entitlement to the statutory religious use exemption because of noncompliance with the Village's zoning ordinance (requiring a special permit for use as a house of worship in the residential district where the Temple's property is located) and, as a foreign religious corporation, for failing to obtain authority to do business in this State under the Business Corporation Law, and to obtain authority to conduct activities in this State pursuant to the Not-For-Profit Corporation Law.
On objections in point of law by the Board and the Temple's motion to dismiss, Supreme Court dismissed the petition on the grounds that petitioners lacked standing and that entitlement to the religious use exemption under RPTL 420-a was not dependent upon an applicant's compliance with local zoning laws or the requirements of the Business Corporation Law or Not-For-Profit Corporation Law.
The Appellate Division reversed ( 266 A.D.2d 286), disagreeing with Supreme Court on both grounds. We granted leave to appeal and now reverse, concluding that petitioners lacked standing to bring this proceeding, and thus reaching no other issue.
Petitioners claim that, as real property owners of Nassau County, they have standing because they are directly harmed financially in a calculable (albeit small) amount by an erroneous grant of a religious use exemption from taxation of the Temple's property. They point out that the effect of taking the Temple's property off the tax rolls is to reduce the total assessed value of all non-exempt properties in the County. They claim injury to the extent that the tax rate applied to the remaining total assessed property in the County (including their own) must be increased to make up for the lost revenue attributable to the removal of the Temple's property from the tax rolls.
While petitioners may have thus demonstrated that, as County real property owners and taxpayers, they have incurred some possible measurable financial damage from the challenged tax exemption granted the Temple for its single parcel here, that alone cannot be deemed enough to confer standing without entirely overruling Van Deventer v. Long Island City ( 139 N.Y. 133). This Court held in Van Deventer that a real property taxpayer whose "only complaint * * * is that he was taxed too much, because other property was omitted from the rolls" (id., at 138) had no legal recourse to complain of an individual real property tax exemption granted with respect to property of another. The Van Deventer Court pointed to the serious policy implications if a taxpayer was accorded standing to judicially challenge an individual exemption from real property taxation solely because of its adverse effect on that person's real property tax liability. First, the Court noted that such a theory of taxpayer standing would extend not only to a challenge to an exclusion of a parcel from the tax rolls, but to "those numerous cases" where properties for one reason or another are under-assessed (id.). The court recognized that acceptance of the plaintiff's claim of standing would seriously impair the promptness, certainty and finality necessary for the effective enforcement of any system of local real property taxation.
"It is quite apparent that if the plaintiff's contention is well founded very few assessments could stand assaults, and that the collection of revenues for governmental purposes would be very uncertain, and that interminable litigation would attend its collection" (id.).
Time has not diminished the validity or seriousness of the concerns that led this Court in Van Deventer to deny taxpayer standing in situations such as presented here.
Our later decision in Matter of Dudley v. Kerwick ( 52 N.Y.2d 542) does not mandate automatic taxpayer standing to challenge the grant of the religious use exemption here. In Dudley, we described the "gist of the petitions is that they allege a broad perversion of the entire process of granting exemptions, with the resulting deterioration of the tax base and imposition on petitioners of a hugely disproportionate share of municipal expenses" (id., at 550). The petitions in Dudley alleged that the town assessor had granted exemptions to 88% of the town's landowners as officers in a single, purported religious denomination calling itself the Universal Life Church. We concluded in Dudley that, "[w]hen an assessor grants exemption from taxation in wholesale fashion indicating that he has arrogated this legislative power [to define the grounds for property tax exemptions] to himself, he cannot cloak himself with protection surrounding individual discretionary decisions, and relief by way of an article 78 proceeding will lie" (id., at 551).
We are not called upon here to determine the scope of derelictions by assessors, which must be in some manner systemic in nature, that would afford taxpayer standing by analogy to the Matter of Dudley v. Kerwick precedent. Here, petitioners have not alleged anything more than a legally erroneous determination to grant a religious use tax exemption regarding a single parcel of real estate, which concededly would only have an insignificant impact upon the tax base of Nassau County. Dudley was never intended to confer general taxpayer standing under these circumstances. Indeed, in affording the limited recognition of the petitioners' right to sue in Dudley, the Court justified conferring standing for the very reason that "petitioners here have alleged far more than erroneous determinations regarding some of the property in the town" (id. [emphasis supplied]).
Likewise, petitioners have not satisfied our two-fold test for standing to challenge governmental action — that is, injury in fact, which harm "falls within the `zone of interests,' or concerns, sought to be promoted or protected by the statutory provision under which the agency has acted" (Society of Plastic Indust. v. County of Suffolk, 77 N.Y.2d 761, 773; see, Rudder v Pataki, 93 N.Y.2d 273, 280; Matter of Transactive Corp. v. New York State Dept. of Social Servs. 92 N.Y.2d 579, 587). It is highly dubious as to whether the miniscule even if calculable, adverse real property tax impact on the individual petitioners here, an injury indistinguishable from that incurred by all other Nassau County real property owners, fulfills the first prong of the test for standing, that is, suffering "special damage, different in kind and degree from the community generally" (Matter of Sun Brite Car Wash v. Bd. Of Zoning Appeals, 69 N.Y.2d 406, 413; see, Society of Plastic Indus. v. County of Suffolk, supra, 77 N.Y.2d, at 775 n 1).
Nor do petitioners satisfy the zone of interest requirement for standing. Society of Plastic Indus. v. County of Suffolk (supra) is instructive on this issue. In that case, a Suffolk County plastic products maker, and other non-local parties, sought to challenge under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA) a local law prohibiting the countywide use of plastic products by retail food establishments. InSociety of Plastic Indus., we concluded that the local petitioner's assertion of incurring environmental harm from the local law was "tenuous" (id., at 777) and no different from the environmental impact upon "the public at large" (id., at 778). As already discussed, petitioners' asserted injury-in-fact in the instant case suffers from the same shortcomings. In addition, petitioners' claim is that the Temple violated the village's zoning ordinance and failed to seek required authorizations under the Business Corporation Law and Not-for-Profit Corporation Law. Compliance with such totally unrelated local and State legislation is not within the zone of interest of RPTL 420-a, and petitioners do not contest that the Temple otherwise fully qualifies for an exemption under the provision. Petitioners thus lack standing to challenge the Board's determination.
Petitioners do not qualify for "Common-Law Taxpayer Standing" (Matter of Transactive Corp., supra, 92 N.Y.2d, at 589). We fashioned a remedy for taxpayers to challenge important governmental actions, despite such parties being otherwise insufficiently interested for standing purposes, when "the failure to accord such standing would be in effect to erect an impenetrable barrier to any judicial scrutiny of legislative action" (Boryszewski v. Brydges, 37 N.Y.2d 361, 364). That doctrine should not be applied, however, to permit challenges to the determinations of local governmental officials having no appreciable public significance beyond the immediately affected parties, by persons having only the remotest legitimate interest in the matter. The cogency of this position is reinforced by the fact that the Legislature has seen fit to confer general taxpayer standing to challenge the actions of local governmental officials in only limited situations, none of which would apply here (see, General Municipal Law § 51).
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, and the petition dismissed.
Order reversed, with costs, and petition dismissed. Opinion by Judge Levine. Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Smith, Ciparick, Wesley and Rosenblatt concur.