Summary
In Martin v. Blackburn, supra, the opinion of the panel made little effort to characterize the complaint before it as either prosecutorial vindictiveness or judicial vindictiveness.
Summary of this case from Castleberry v. StateOpinion
No. 79-2002. Summary Calendar.
Fed.R.App.P. 34(a); 5th Cir.R. 18.
November 7, 1979. Rehearing Denied December 3, 1979.
Freddie Martin, pro se.
Marvin Opotowsky, Asst. Dist. Atty., Appellate Div., New Orleans, La., for respondents-appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before, BROWN, Chief Judge, KRAVITCH and FRANK M. JOHNSON, Jr., Circuit Judges.
In 1972, in a Louisiana state court, Freddie Martin was indicted for aggravated rape. Following a jury trial he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment but this conviction was reversed on appeal for reasons not relevant here. State v. Martin, La. 1976, 329 So.2d 688. In 1977, the state obtained an enhancement indictment against Martin. Martin pleaded guilty to aggravated rape with enhancement and was sentenced to 24 years in prison. At the time he pleaded guilty Martin was informed that the maximum possible sentence was 40 years. The waiver of constitutional rights and plea of guilty form executed by Martin and his attorney is attached as an appendix.
After exhausting state remedies Martin petitioned the United States District Court for habeas corpus relief. The petition was denied and this Court granted a certificate of probable cause.
First, appellant argues in support of his petition for habeas relief that the 24-year sentence imposed following his guilty plea is actually more severe than his original life sentence. He contends that this is so because, due to the enhancement, he will be confined in less comfortable conditions and his chances of parole will be decreased, and because, due to the enhancement, should he ever commit another crime his sentence will automatically be more severe. While it is true that a judge may not impose a heavier sentence following retrial if the purpose of the increase in sentence is to punish a defendant for having successfully attacked his conviction on appeal, North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 725, 89 S.Ct. 2072, 23 L.Ed.2d 656 (1969), it is highly questionable whether Pearce applies to plea bargaining situations. In any event, even assuming Pearce does apply, appellant's arguments lack merit. It is true that should appellant commit a new crime he may automatically receive a much more severe sentence because of the enhancement conviction. La.Stat.Ann. § 15:529.1 (1967); La. Stat.Ann. § 15:529.1 (1978 Supp.). However, the most severe sentence appellant can receive because of enhancement is life imprisonment without parole. Appellant's original sentence was life imprisonment with parole possible only if the governor commuted the sentence. La.Stat.Ann. §§ 15:572, 15:574.3 (1967); 15:572, 15:574.4 (1978 Supp.). Therefore, at most, appellant can receive no greater sentence than he received following the original conviction. Appellant did not argue in the district court that enhancement resulted in stricter confinement and less chance of parole, and therefore we will not consider those contentions here.
§ 529.1 Sentences for second and subsequent offenses; certificate of warden as evidence
Appellant next contends that when a defendant successfully attacks a conviction on appeal the state, acting through its prosecutors, may not retaliate by filing a new indictment with increased charges. In support of this contention he relies on Price v. Georgia, 398 U.S. 323, 90 S.Ct. 1757, 26 L.Ed.2d 380 (1970). Price is not in point. However, in some circumstances, this argument might be persuasive. See Hardwick v. Doolittle, 5th Cir. 1977, 558 F.2d 292, 300-301, cert. denied 434 U.S. 1049, 98 S.Ct. 897, 54 L.Ed.2d 801. Here, however, there was no retaliation. Even with the enhancement conviction appellant's sentence following appeal is lighter than his original sentence. Thus, appellant cannot argue that the state violated due process by using the enhancement threat to obtain a guilty plea. See Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 98 S.Ct. 663, 54 L.Ed.2d 604 (1978). It is clear that there was no unconstitutional retaliation.
Next appellant argues that he received no effective assistance of counsel. He alleges that the enhancement indictment was unconstitutional, therefore his lawyer was ineffective because he failed to object to the indictment or to inform the appellant that it was defective. Since, as we have previously noted, the enhancement was constitutional, this argument is without merit.
Appellant next alleges that his attorney erroneously informed him that he could be sentenced to life imprisonment if he rejected the plea bargain and went to trial, when, under state and federal law, he actually risked a maximum possible sentence of only 20 years by going to trial. This argument is without merit for two reasons. First, since the enhancement was constitutional, appellant faced a maximum possible sentence of 40 years rather than 20 years. La.Stat.Ann. § 15:529.1(A)(1). There is no question in this case but that at the time the appellant pleaded guilty he was informed that he faced a maximum possible sentence of 40 years. See Appendix. Therefore, even if his attorney did misinform him, the misinformation was corrected at the time of the plea bargaining procedure.
Louisiana case law gives substantial support to the proposition that a defendant in the position that appellant was in at the time he was sentenced may be sentenced to life imprisonment. In fact, appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment following his first conviction. State v. Martin, La. 1976, 329 So.2d 688, at 690. A lawyer examining the state of the law in Louisiana could have reasonably concluded that appellant risked life imprisonment if he rejected the state's plea bargain. In fact, it is not at all clear why the Louisiana state judge and the prosecutor determined that appellant faced a maximum of only 40 years. U.S. v. Cook, 5th Cir. 1972, 461 F.2d 530, is distinguishable. In Cook this Court held that counsel was ineffective, not simply because counsel had given erroneous advice, but because counsel's error resulted from inexcusable ignorance of well-settled precedent. In this case, while the Louisiana law may have been confused in this area, and, assuming that appellant's lawyer did advise appellant that a life sentence was possible, there was case law supporting this advice.
Appellant's final argument is that his lawyer failed to tell him that the death penalty provision of the aggravated rape statute had been held unconstitutional so that appellant pleaded guilty from fear of the death penalty. Appellant asserts that this error, too, rendered his counsel ineffective. Appellant did not raise this claim in the district court. Furthermore, the claim contradicts appellant's previous allegation that the lawyer told him he faced a maximum possible sentence of life imprisonment. This claim is without merit.
The judgment of the district court in denying the petition for the writ of habeas corpus is AFFIRMED.
Appendix to follow.