Opinion
No. 01-05-01007-CR
Opinion issued November 9, 2006. DO NOT PUBLISH. Tex.R.App.P. 47.4.
On Appeal from the 263rd District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 909966.
Panel consists of Justices TAFT, KEYES, and HANKS.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found appellant, Eugene Lunsford, guilty of aggravated robbery and assessed punishment at 75 years' confinement, in addition to a $10,000 fine. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 29.03 (a)(1) (Vernon 2005). In two issues, appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to sustain his conviction because the State failed to prove that the complainant suffered serious bodily injury. We affirm. Background Miranda McBride, the complainant, was returning home around 2 a.m. on February 23, 2002, when she noticed another car in the parking lot of her apartment complex. The complainant testified that, as she got out of her car and started to walk towards her apartment, the other car turned on its headlights and slowly drove towards her. As the car passed by her, the complainant was able to see the driver, a "clean-cut" African-American male wearing a white sweater, whom she later identified as appellant. The complainant continued to walk towards her apartment, but, as she glanced over her shoulder, she noticed the other car's door was open and the dome light was on. The driver, however, was not in sight. The complainant was then struck on the back of the head with a metal object. She testified that, when she screamed, the assailant told her that he would make it worse if she did not "shut up." After the initial blow, the complainant turned around and was able to identify her assailant as the driver of the other car. The complainant was struck on the left side of her face and near her right ear three or more times. The assailant continued to strike her even after she fell to the ground. After the attack, the complainant realized that her purse, which contained six or seven credit cards, was missing. The complainant sustained three injuries requiring treatment at the hospital the night of her attack: her right ear was stitched together to account for a "chunk" that was missing; she had a two-inch laceration on the top of her scalp, which also required stitches; and her left eye was stitched closed. Medical records offered into evidence by the State, along with testimony from the complainant, indicate that the injury to the complainant's eye later required a plastic implant to be surgically inserted into the eye socket to prevent the eye from sinking. At trial, the complainant further testified that, despite the fact that more than three years had passed since the attack, she was still experiencing pain in her left eye and on the top of her head. Additionally, she did not have feeling on the left side of her face at all times. Sufficiency of the Evidence In his first and second issues, appellant contends that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to sustain his aggravated robbery conviction because the State failed to prove that the complainant suffered serious bodily injury.
Standard of Review
In reviewing a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence, the standard is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); Escamilla v. State, 143 S.W.3d 814, 817 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). In our factual-sufficiency review, we view all of the evidence in a neutral light. See Cain v. State, 958 S.W.2d 404, 408 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). We will set aside the verdict only if (1) the evidence is so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or (2) the verdict is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Under the first prong of Johnson, we cannot conclude that a conviction is "clearly wrong" or "manifestly unjust" simply because, on the quantum of the evidence admitted, we would have voted to acquit had we been on the jury. Watson v. State, No. PD-469-05, 2006 WL 2956272, at *10 (Tex.Crim.App. Oct. 18, 2006). Under the second prong of Johnson, we must be able to say, with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury's verdict. Id. In conducting a factual-sufficiency review, we must also discuss the evidence that, according to the appellant, most undermines the jury's verdict. Sims v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). We may not re-weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-finder. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). The fact-finder alone determines the weight to be given contradictory testimonial evidence, as that determination depends on the fact-finder's evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Cain, 958 S.W.2d at 408-09. As the determiner of the credibility of the witnesses, the fact-finder may choose to believe all, some, or none of the testimony presented. Id. at 407 n. 5.Analysis
In pertinent part, the indictment alleges that appellant, while in the course of committing robbery, "intentionally, knowingly and recklessly cause[d] serious bodily injury to MIRANDA McBRIDE, by STRIKING MIRANDA McBRIDE WITH AN UNKNOWN OBJECT." "Serious bodily injury" is defined by the Texas Penal Code as "bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(46) (Vernon 2003). "Bodily injury" means "physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition." Id. § 1.07(a)(8). Though often a matter of degree, there is a meaningful distinction between "bodily injury" and "serious bodily injury." See Moore v. State, 739 S.W.2d 347, 352 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987). Whether the injury sustained constitutes a serious bodily injury is, therefore, an issue that must be decided on case-by-case basis. Id. Because the record does not indicate that the injuries sustained by the complainant created a substantial risk of death, the relevant inquiry is whether the injuries caused serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ. Serious bodily injury may be established in the absence of expert testimony where the injury and its effects are obvious. Carter v. State, 678 S.W.2d 155, 157 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 1984, no pet.). In determining the existence of permanent disfigurement or protracted impairment, courts have considered whether the injury would be permanently disfiguring without medical treatment and whether the victim continues to suffer from the physical effects of the injury. See, e.g., Brown v. State, 605 S.W.2d 572, 575 (Tex.Crim.App. 1980); Bosier v. State, 771 S.W.2d 221, 223 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, pet. ref'd). In Brown v. State, an aggravated rape case, the complainant's nose was broken. 605 S.W.2d at 575. Although the broken bone was set, there was evidence that the injury would have caused permanent disfigurement and dysfunction absent the medical treatment. Id. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that, because the relevant issue in determining the degree of disfigurement is the damage caused by the wound when inflicted, and not after the effects of the injury are ameliorated or exacerbated by medical treatment, the evidence was sufficient to show serious bodily injury. Id. In Bosier v. State, this Court held that the evidence supported the jury's finding that the complainant sustained a serious bodily injury when, at trial, the complainant continued to suffer from hearing and balance impairment as a result of the neurological damage caused by the attack. 771 S.W.2d at 223. The finding of serious bodily injury was further supported in Bosier by the expert testimony of a neurosurgeon, who indicated that the injuries sustained by the complainant created a substantial risk of death. Id. In Hernandez v. State, however, the El Paso Court of Appeals held that, where the only evidence of permanent disfigurement was mere scarring, the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of serious bodily injury. 946 S.W.2d 108, 113 (Tex.App.-El Paso 1997, no pet.). The Hernandez court noted that there must be evidence of some significant cosmetic deformity. Id. In reliance on Hernandez, appellant argues that, because the record does not indicate whether or to what extent the complainant suffered from scarring, the evidence is insufficient to establish the element of serious bodily injury. The hospital records show that, as a result of the blows to her face, the complainant here suffered multiple fractures along the base of her left eye socket and developed mild enophthalmos, causing her eye to recess into the back portion of the socket. These fractures required the complainant to undergo surgery in order to insert a plastic implant along her left orbital floor to cover the fractures and elevate the eye. The surgeon did not testify at trial, but his complete diagnosis and post-operative report were introduced into evidence. Absent the surgery, the complainant's eye would have been sunken. Furthermore, the complainant's testimony showed that her impairment was protracted. At the time of trial, nearly three years after the attack, the complainant was still experiencing pain in her left eye and on the top of her head. She also stated that, on occasion, she did not have feeling on the left side of her face. The complainant's injuries resulted in more than mere scarring and, thus, they fall outside of the holding in Hernandez. The facts in appellant's case are more akin to those in Brown v. State. 771 S.W.2d 221. Absent the insertion of a plastic implant in her left eye socket, the complainant's eye would have continued to sink. Additionally, the complainant testified that she continued to experience pain and numbness in her left eye and face more than three years after the attack. Because the relevant issue in determining the degree of disfigurement is the damage caused by the injury when inflicted and not after the effects of the injury are ameliorated or exacerbated by medical treatment, a rational jury could have found that this evidence established the element of serious bodily injury beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence is legally sufficient, and we overrule appellant's first issue. Appellant argues that the absence of evidence indicating the location and extent of any scarring suffered by the complainant renders the jury's verdict manifestly unjust or clearly wrong under the Hernandez standard announced by the El Paso Court of Appeals. Appellant's argument is not supported by the record. As discussed above, Hernandez is not controlling because the injuries suffered by the complainant amounted to more than mere scarring. The jury's finding of serious bodily injury is not outweighed by the great weight and preponderance of the evidence, nor is it clearly wrong or manifestly unjust. Thus, we hold the evidence is factually sufficient to sustain appellant's conviction, and we overrule appellant's second issue.Enophtalmos is a condition in which the eye falls back into the socket, causing the eyelid to function inadequately.