Opinion
No. 2513-2.
January 26, 1978.
[1] Workmen's Compensation — Injury — What Constitutes — Heart Attack — Routine Activity. An industrial event may support a finding that a "heart attack" injury occurred in the course of employment when the event entails something more than a routine activity usual to the occupation and duty of the workman. This requirement may be met by a showing that a worker: (1) did not regularly engage in the specific occupation; (2) had not previously performed the specific routine task in question even though he was regularly engaged in the occupation; or (3) performed a specific routine task under conditions which entailed substantially more mental stress or physical exertion than usual.
[2] Evidence — State of Mind — Writing — Relevancy. Whether or not a memorandum is relevant to show its author's state of mind at a particular time is a matter addressed to the discretion of the court.
WORSWICK, J. Pro Tem., concurs by separate opinion.
Nature of Action: The widow of a workman sought review of a denial of widow's benefits under the workmen's compensation act. After an initial trial and appeal ( 14 Wn. App. 931), the issue of whether or not a compensable injury had caused the workman's death was remanded for a new trial.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Grays Harbor County, No. 62972, John H. Kirkwood, J., on August 30, 1976, entered a judgment on a verdict against the widow's claim.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the jury had not been properly instructed on the effect of the conditions surrounding the workman's injury, the court reverses the judgment and remands for a new trial.
Richard E. Goodwin and Ingram, Zelasko Goodwin, for appellant. Slade Gorton, Attorney General, Kirk Mortensen, Assistant, Calhoun Dickinson, and Perkins, Coie, Stone, Olsen Williams, for respondents.
Roberta L. Louderback appeals from the trial court's denial of her motion for new trial following entry of a judgment on a jury verdict which had sustained an order of the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals denying her claim for widow's benefits under the workmen's compensation act. We reverse with direction to grant her a new trial reasonably consistent with the trial we directed in our opinion on a prior appeal. Louderback v. Department of Labor Indus., 14 Wn. App. 931, 547 P.2d 889 (1976).
In Louderback I, Mrs. Louderback contended that she should be permitted to present to a jury the question of whether or not her deceased husband suffered a fatal injury in the course of his employment on December 10, 1971, on two theories:
(1) physical strain when he ascended a steep stairway minutes before his death, and (2) emotional strain when he supervised reactivation of a boiler which started malfunctioning approximately 2 hours before his death.
Louderback v. Department of Labor Indus., supra at 932.
In the course of explaining our opinion, we examined in some detail the meaning of the word "happening" in the statutory definition of an injury, RCW 51.08.100, as applied to so-called "heart attack" cases. We noted that Mr. Louderback's physical exertion in ascending the stairway "performed regularly and routinely several times a day during a normal day's activity, did not satisfy the minimal proof that a happening occurred." (Italics ours.) Louderback v. Department of Labor Indus., supra at 937.
Nevertheless, we concluded that we could not say that he routinely and regularly performed that act under the "highly intense" atmosphere which existed on the date of his death. Accordingly, we directed that she be given the opportunity to present this theory of her case to a jury.
The record before us clearly indicates that she has not yet had that opportunity.
We need only examine a few of the trial court's instructions to the jury to illustrate the point. She proposed an instruction which would have told the jury in part:
The exertion required in the normal routine duties of employment is not an injury within the meaning of this statute.
A workman who suffers a heart attack as a proximate result of unusual exertion, physical and/or mental, during his employment has sustained an industrial injury.
(Italics ours.)
The trial court subverted the impact of that instruction by deleting the word "routine" from the proposed instruction. (Instruction No. 7.) That error was compounded when the court instructed (No. 9A): "An instance of exertion is not `unusual' simply because it occurs infrequently or only on occasion, so long as it is a usual or expected part of the workman's job."
By these two instructions the jury was told that if a workman is performing the normal duties which are an expected part of his job, he cannot sustain an industrial "injury" to his heart no matter how infrequently or sporadically he performs at that intensity level. The employer and the Department of Labor and Industries contend this is a correct statement of the law, citing Lawson v. Department of Labor Indus., 63 Wn.2d 79, 385 P.2d 537 (1963) and Chittenden v. Department of Labor Indus., 71 Wn.2d 899, 431 P.2d 622 (1967). We disagree.
Chittenden correctly summarized several prior opinions: Windust v. Department of Labor Indus., 52 Wn.2d 33, 323 P.2d 241 (1958), Hodgkinson v. Department of Labor Indus., 52 Wn.2d 500, 326 P.2d 1008 (1958), and Taylor v. Department of Labor Indus., 69 Wn.2d 19, 416 P.2d 455 (1966), as holdings that there can be no "injury" in the routine act of 10 years, 1 1/2 years, and 6 to 8 weeks, respectively. Chittenden then proceeded to declare that Lawson v. Department of Labor Indus., supra, held "there is no `injury' in the doing of an act for 2 days which, while done infrequently, is not an unusual or unexpected part of the occupation." Chittenden v. Department of Labor Indus., supra at 902.
This dictum in Chittenden incorrectly summarized the true holding in Lawson. Mr. Lawson collapsed and died of a coronary occlusion on a Monday while working as a bricklayer with bricks weighing 8 to 9 pounds and of an awkward size and shape, whereas, "regular" bricks weigh from 4 to 5 pounds. The court found no evidence of an injury on Monday because
laying them, under such conditions, was work bricklayers were called upon to perform, and would clearly fall within the ambit of our cases construing the injury statute and holding that the exertion required in the normal routine duties of a job is not, in itself, an injury within the purview of the statute.
(Italics ours.) Lawson v. Department of Labor Indus., supra at 81.
Furthermore, the Lawson court found no injury on the preceding Thursday and Friday, as Mr. Lawson's widow contended, when he had been working on a scaffolding, laying concrete blocks which weighed approximately 30 pounds each. Accepting Mrs. Lawson's testimony that her husband worked with concrete blocks only 10 percent of the time, the court held there was no evidence of an injury because
there is no contention that concrete-block work, or work on a scaffolding, is not customary and routine work for bricklayers.
. . .
. . . Concrete work may have been infrequent for Mr. Lawson, but it was not unusual and it was part of the routine requirements of a bricklayer's job.
(Italics ours.) Lawson v. Department of Labor Indus., supra at 82, 83.
The force of these cases is that performance of routine tasks normally required of an occupation by one engaged regularly in that occupation cannot, as a matter of law in this jurisdiction, be considered the "event" which caused or precipitated a so-called "heart attack," even though the individual worker may have performed the specific routine task infrequently. In this context, the word "routine" is used in the sense of "the habitual method of performance of established procedures," or "adherence to a pattern of behavior characterized by mechanical repetition." Webster's Third New Int'l Dictionary 1981 (1969). When such an "event" occurs, no amount of medical evidence tending to prove a causal connection between the resulting pathology and the work effort will support a conclusion that an injury occurred in the course of employment. The rule of law may appear arbitrary, but it has become too firmly entrenched in the case law of this jurisdiction to be disputed at this juncture.
[1] On the other hand, if medical evidence indicates that an "event" contributed in a material degree to the subsequent pathological condition ( Guiles v. Department of Labor Indus., 13 Wn.2d 605, 126 P.2d 195 (1942); Towne v. Department of Labor Indus., 51 Wn.2d 644, 320 P.2d 1094 (1958)), the fact finder may determine that an injury occurred in the course of employment when that "event" entailed something more than the performance of routine tasks normally required in a given occupation. That "something more" can be the fact that (1) the worker had not previously been regularly engaged in that specific occupation, Porter v. Department of Labor Indus., 51 Wn.2d 634, 320 P.2d 1099 (1958); (2) the worker, although previously regularly engaged in that specific occupation, had not previously performed that particular routine task, Towne v. Department of Labor Indus., supra; or (3) the worker, although previously regularly engaged in the specific occupation, performed that particular routine task under conditions which entailed substantially more physical exertion than usual, Woods v. Department of Labor Indus., 62 Wn.2d 389, 382 P.2d 1014 (1963); Williams v. Department of Labor Indus., 56 Wn.2d 127, 351 P.2d 414 (1960). In this latter instance, the work effort is not routine.
In the case at bench, Mr. Louderback had been regularly employed in the same occupation for a substantial period of time and he had regularly performed the physical act of ascending the steep stairway between the two floors, but there was evidence in the record that shortly before his death he had ascended that stairway while being subjected to substantially more emotional stress than he routinely experienced. That is why we held in the prior appeal of this case that Mrs. Louderback was entitled to present to a jury the contention that her husband "sustained a fatal injury from the combination of the physical and emotional strains experienced during the 2 hours preceding his death." Louderback v. Department of Labor Indus., supra at 932.
Instruction No. 9A told the jury, however, that they could not find Mr. Louderback's exertion "unusual" (and thus that he sustained a fatal "injury") if they determined that at the time of his collapse and death he was doing an expected part of his job. Most certainly, he was doing an expected part of his work, but evidence indicated he was doing a usual or normal task in a manner which entailed substantially more stress than the normal routine required. Under the court's instructions, the jury really had no alternative but to find Mr. Louderback did not suffer a fatal injury. For that reason, the judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
Several relatively minor matters should also be discussed. The trial court refused to admit into evidence Mr. Louderback's handwritten work memorandum dated December 9, 1971, which stated in part:
At this time, while it should be in the minds of all of us, the death of Harry Franko in the paper mill last night.
Something should be done about the emergency equipment throughout the mill.[2] Mrs. Louderback contends this document should have been admitted to demonstrate her husband's state of mind. The memorandum would demonstrate Mr. Louderback's state of mind at the time he wrote it. Whether or not it reflected his state of mind the next morning presents an issue of relevancy. Trial courts have considerable discretion on that issue. We find no error.
Mrs. Louderback also contends the trial court erroneously struck some testimony from the board's record, calling the stricken portion "colloquy." Portions of the record before us are most difficult to follow. The trial court undoubtedly had difficulty specifically identifying actual testimony from colloquial asides. In such instances, a trial court exercises judicial discretion in determining which portions of the record should be presented to the jury. We will not disturb those rulings in the absence of manifest abuse of discretion.
Judgment reversed with direction to grant a new trial.
REED, A.C.J., concurs.
Louderback v. Department of Labor Indus., 14 Wn. App. 931, 547 P.2d 889 (1976) ( Louderback I), became a final opinion before my participation and is the law of this case. Therefore, I am compelled by the discipline of the appellate process to concur in the result of the majority opinion particularly because of Instruction No. 9A. However, I believe that Louderback I should not have been decided as it was.
On the best interpretation of plaintiff's evidence, nothing more can be shown than that the workman was ascending a stairway in a normal fashion, as he commonly did, and that his ascent occurred while a routine "emergency" was taking place and while a second routine "emergency" was beginning. The routine quality of the emergencies in question is not lessened by their infrequency. No tangible happening of any traumatic nature took place, sudden or otherwise (RCW 51.08.100).
Neither the statute nor the "heart attack" cases analyzed in Louderback I and in the present majority opinion support any industrial injury in this case. Louderback I, in my judgment, represents an expansion of the definition of industrial injury beyond reasonable limits of elasticity and should be accorded no value as precedent.