Summary
In Linkins v. State, 202 Md. 212, the Court said: "Of course, the question as to whether a confession is admissible in evidence is for the court alone. * * * Admissibility does not signify that the evidence admitted has demonstrated or proved the fact to be proved, but merely that it is received by the tribunal for the purpose of being weighed with other evidence.
Summary of this case from Le Faivre v. StateOpinion
[No. 119, October Term, 1952.]
Decided April 17, 1953.
CRIMINAL LAW — Count Charging Assault with Intent to Rob — Goods and Chattels Need Not Be Listed or Described. There is no requirement that in a count of an indictment for assault with intent to rob that the goods and chattels be listed or described, Code (1951), Art. 27, § 14, and thus the trial court properly overruled a motion to dismiss a count charging that defendant did "make assault with intent the moneys, goods and chattels of [a named person] from the person and against the will of [a named person] then and there forcibly, feloniously and violently, to rob, steal, take and carry away * * *", although in a count for assault with intent to rob with "a dangerous or deadly weapon", Code (1951), Art. 27, § 575, requires a listing of the property. p. 215
CRIMINAL LAW — Larceny Count — Not Invalid as Not Containing Sufficient Description of Goods and Chattels. Where the larceny count of an indictment charged defendant with "one wallet of the value of fifty cents of the property goods and chattels of [a named person] then and there being found, did then and there unlawfully steal, take and carry away * * *", the trial court properly overruled a motion to dismiss the count on the ground that it did "not sufficiently describe the goods and chattels * * *". pp. 215-216
CRIMINAL LAW — Confession of Eighteen Year Old Taken Before Preliminary Hearing Properly Admitted. A confession taken from defendant before he was given a preliminary hearing was properly admitted in evidence even though he contended that it should have been refused admittance because, allegedly, he was only eighteen years of age, he was held at least twelve hours before the written statement was taken, and he was refused an attorney for whom he had expressed a desire prior to the taking of the confession. The defendant, although eighteen years of age, had been married; he was not questioned for longer than fifteen or twenty minutes before he made the confession; and police officers denied that he requested a lawyer before he made the confession but testified that he said that he would not stay in prison long because he would get a lawyer. pp. 216-220
CRIMINAL LAW — Preliminary Hearing — Question as to Time of — Defendant Should Have Been Permitted to Answer. Although a delay in giving defendant a preliminary hearing did not make his confession involuntary and inadmissible, the trial court erroneously refused to permit defendant to answer a question asked by his counsel as to whether he had been given a preliminary hearing the next morning after his arrest. p. 220
CRIMINAL LAW — Evidence of Prior Convictions — Restricted to Crimes Tending to Impeach Defendant's Credibility as Witness — Trial Court's Discretion. While evidence of defendant's prior convictions of crimes, other than those charged, need not be restricted to infamous crimes or crimes involving moral turpitude to be admissible, such convictions should be for law violations which may have some tendency to impeach defendant's credibility as a witness. No rigid classification of crimes seems possible. The court must exercise discretion, and its decision will not be interfered with on appeal, except when the evidence is so clearly irrelevant that its admission could not be said to be within the discretion of the trial court. pp. 220-221
CRIMINAL LAW — Question as to Prior Conviction for Assault Not Erroneously Permitted. There was no error in permitting the State to ask defendant, convicted of assault with intent to rob, larceny and assault, on cross examination whether he had been convicted of an assault on an officer, where he answered by saying that he posted collateral and never "went to trial about it", which was equivalent to an answer of "no". pp. 220-221
CRIMINAL LAW — Confession — Admissibility for Court — Whether Voluntarily Made for Jury. The question as to whether a confession is admissible in evidence is for the court alone. The ultimate fact as to whether it was freely and voluntarily made is for the jury. Thus, after ruling defendant's confession admissible in evidence, the trial judge erred in refusing to permit defendant's attorney to argue to the jury the question whether the confession was voluntarily made and whether it should be believed. pp. 221-224
CRIMINAL LAW — Arguing to Jury Whether Confession Voluntarily Made — Where Error in Not Allowing Was Not Shown Not to Be Prejudicial, New Trial Was Awarded. If the failure to allow the attorney for defendant, convicted of assault with intent to rob, larceny and assault, to argue to the jury the question whether defendant's confession was voluntarily made and should be believed was not prejudicial to defendant because the facts contained therein were later admitted by defendant in his own testimony while on the stand, the error in denying the argument was harmless. If inadmissible evidence is admitted over objection, and the same evidence is later admitted without objection, or produced by the party who objected, the error is harmless. However, where it could not be said that in his testimony in his own defense defendant admitted the same facts contained in his verbal and written confessions, or that the refusal to allow his attorney to argue the above question to the jury was not prejudicial to defendant, the judgment was reversed and a new trial awarded. pp. 224-226
J.E.B.
Decided April 17, 1953.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Washington County (MISH, C.J.).
Daniel Linkins, Jr., was convicted of assault with intent to rob, larceny and common assault, and from a judgment entered thereon, he appeals.
Judgment reversed, with a new trial.
The cause was argued before SOBELOFF, C.J., and DELAPLAINE. COLLINS and HAMMOND, JJ.
Lloyd R. Kuhn for the appellant. Kenneth C. Proctor, Assistant Attorney General, and John S. Hollyday, State's Attorney for Washington County, with whom was Edward D.E. Rollins, Attorney General, on the brief, for the appellee.
This is an appeal by Daniel Linkins, Jr., from a judgment entered on a verdict of guilty of assault with intent to rob, larceny, and common assault. The case was tried by the trial judge and a jury.
Appellant was indicted for robbery, assault with intent to rob, larceny, and assault and found not guilty of robbery. Appellant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment on the grounds that it "does not sufficiently describe the goods and chattels which the defendants [appellant] are [is] charged with robbing or attempting to rob," and that the description of the goods and chattels allegedly taken does not sufficiently inform the defendant of the charge so that he can prepare his defense thereto. This motion was overruled. As he was found not guilty on the first count for robbery, he is not prejudiced by the action of the trial court in overruling his motion to that count. The second count charges that the appellant did "make assault with intent the moneys, goods and chattels of the said Conrad Eugene Baker from the person and against the will of the said Conrad Eugene Baker then and there forcibly, feloniously and violently, to rob, steal, take and carry away, * * *." We find no requirement that in a count for assault with intent to rob that the goods and chattels be listed or described. Code, Article 27, § 14; Hollohan v. State, 32 Md. 399. This count is not one for assault with intent to rob with "a dangerous or deadly weapon" where the listing of the property is required by the statute, Code, Article 27, § 575. The third count of the indictment charges the appellant with "one wallet of the value of fifty cents of the property goods and chattels of one Conrad Eugene Baker then and there being found, did then and there unlawfully steal, take and carry away * * *". It was said by this Court in the case of State v. Lassotovitch, 162 Md. 147, at page 156, 159 A. 362, at page 366, 81 A.L.R. 69, in defining the general requirements of a valid indictment: "Every charge or accusation, whether at common law or under statute, must include at least two elements: First, the characterization of the crime; and, second, such description of the particular act alleged to have been committed by the accused as will enable him to properly defend against the accusation. In statutory crimes, where the statute includes the elements necessary to constitute a crime, the first of these requirements is gratified by characterizing the offense in the words of the statute; the second requires such definite and specific allegations as reasonably to put the accused on notice of the particular act charged, to enable him to prepare a defense and plead the judgment in any subsequent attempted prosecution." It is said by Hochheimer on Criminal Law, 2nd Edition, Larceny — Indictment, Section 374, Page 410: "There must be proper averments of the thing taken and of ownership. Very particular descriptions of goods and chattels are not necessary. Such descriptions, as the following are sufficient: `one hide' [ State v. Dowell, 3 G. J. 310]; `a horse;' `one watch;' `a book;' `one cape.'" Apparently the demurrer to the fourth count for common assault is abandoned here. We are of opinion that the motion to dismiss the second, third and fourth counts of this indictment was properly overruled.
The appellant contends that the Court erred in admitting his confession in evidence as voluntary. He was eighteen years of age. The testimony before the trial judge as to whether this confession was voluntary follows: Trooper Richard A. Myers testified that he and Trooper Hasenbuhler were at Police Headquarters when the appellant came in. He was interrogated in the Assembly Room for possibly fifteen or twenty minutes. At that point the jury was excused and the following statement was made by State's Attorney John S. Hollyday to the trial judge: "I want to show that during the 15 to 20 minutes this boy was impudent and finally I said we would not fool with him, lock him up and Trooper Hasenbuhler searched him and took him to the cell. The other boys talked and I wanted one of them to make an admission so I asked him and Trooper Myers and myself went back with him; we said `Barnes were you out there and was Danny with you'; he said, `My God, Foltz forgot to get rid of the pocket book', then he told his story. The following morning Trooper Myers and myself were there with Thelma Hartle, she was standing by and they were called in one at a time and we took statements from them." Trooper Myers then resumed his testimony and said that during this fifteen minutes "he [Linkins] was very arrogant, argumentive, refused to answer anything, did not know what we were talking about, about the car, about the boy being beaten up. At that time he said he did not know anything. Then he gave some smart remark back at which time he was told he would be locked up and Hasenbuhler searched him and put him back in the police lock up, fourth floor; we came back in and I talked to you [Mr. Hollyday] and decided we would take one boy in to talk to Linkins to tell him. We took Barnes and you, Barnes, and myself went to the cell. You asked Barnes in the presence of Mr. Linkins, the two were right there, whether he was near the Fox Deceived Farm at which time Barnes said to appellant, `Well, Danny, you might as well tell them everything, Foltz had the pocketbook on him'." Appellant then said "O.K. I will admit to it, I was with them. * * * O.K. I will admit I was a partner." Trooper Myers further testified that no promises or threats of any kind were made to the appellant. On cross-examination Trooper Myers said that after appellant made the above statement he was told he would be locked up and then he said "Well, I won't be locked up too long because he would get a lawyer". Appellant at no time asked for a lawyer. Mr. Hollyday, the State's Attorney, then told him that was his privilege. Mr. Hollyday testified that the written statement was taken from the accused the next morning, Saturday, at 11:10 A.M. When asked whether the only reason appellant was not given a preliminary hearing the next morning was to take the statement, Mr. Hollyday replied: "I would not say that. I do not recall when the warrant was gotten out."
The appellant contends, among other things, that because of the fact that he was only eighteen years of age; was held at least twelve hours before the written statement was taken; and because he was refused an attorney, for whom he had expressed a desire prior to the taking of the confession, it should not have been admitted in evidence. He relies strongly on the case of Haley v. State of Ohio, 332 U.S. 596, 68 S.Ct. 302, 304, 92 L.Ed. 224. In that case defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree and sentenced to life imprisonment. The accused was fifteen years of age and about midnight the police took him from his home to police headquarters. There he was questioned for about five hours by at least five police officers who interrogated in relays of two or more. About 5 o'clock in the morning this procedure resulted in what the police regarded as a confession. Whereupon it was formally reduced to writing. During the course of the questioning the boy was not advised that he was not obliged to talk nor that he was entitled to have the benefit of counsel or the help of his family. Justice Douglas, writing the majority opinion for the Supreme Court, in which Justices Black, Murphy and Rutledge concurred, held that the confession was involuntary and should have been excluded. Justice Frankfurter, concurring in the result, indicated that he was of the opinion that a youth of fifteen years of age could never make a voluntary confession. Justice Burton, in a dissenting opinion, concurred in by Chief Justice Vinson and Justices Reed and Jackson, held that they were not in a position, on the basis of mere suspicion, to hold the trial court in error in admitting the confession and to conclude "that this was a confession wrung from a child by means which the law should not sanction", and were of opinion that the confession was properly in evidence. The appellant here was not fifteen but eighteen years of age and had been married. According to all the testimony he was not questioned for longer than fifteen or twenty minutes before he made his confession. The officers deny that he requested a lawyer before he made the confession but that he said he would not stay in prison long because he would get a lawyer. In Cox v. State, 192 Md. 525, 64 A.2d 732, the appellant, twenty years of age at the time of the crime, was convicted of murder and sentenced to death. He was arrested at 12:30 A.M. on May 26th and questioned intermittently until 10:50 A.M. on May 28th when he made his confession, before a preliminary hearing. We decided, in holding the confession admissible, that the mere fact that the accused was under arrest at the time the confession was made and that he was in the custody of the police when he confessed and before he had an attorney did not of itself make such a confession inadmissible. In Grear v. State, 194 Md. 335, 71 A.2d 24, Grear was arrested at 8:55 A.M. Sunday morning, December 12th, and taken to the Western Police Station in Baltimore but was not taken before the magistrate until 4 o'clock P.M. on December 13th. The statute applicable to Baltimore City provided that the officer making the arrest should take the accused immediately before the nearest police justice for examination and Grear contended that the confession was obtained from him while he was so unlawfully held and inadmissible. It was said in that case, 194 Md. at pages 348-349, 71 A.2d, at page 30: "Lack of sufficient evidence to hold him could not be a valid or pertinent reason. Lack of evidence to hold him lawfully manifestly could not justify holding him unlawfully. We do not, however, mean to suggest that the police did not have sufficient evidence to hold Grear, or that in any case a duty to take a person arrested immediately before a magistrate for examination implies a right to be immediately discharged unless the state then and there produces testimony which would be sufficient to hold the prisoner after a full preliminary hearing or a full hearing on habeas corpus." We further held that unless the facts showed that the illegal arrest in itself constituted such duress as to make the confession involuntary the same rule as to admissibility of the confession is applicable as where the arrest is legal. See also James v. State, 193 Md. 31, 65 A.2d 888. It was said in Audler v. Kriss, 197 Md. 362, 368, 79 A.2d 391, 395: "The failure to have counsel present, even where the accused is not permitted to consult counsel, is not sufficient to deny admission of a confession, if the confession was given voluntarily. Day v. State, 196 Md. 384, 397, 76 A.2d 729, 735." White v. State, 201 Md. 489, 94 A.2d 447. We deem the trial judge was clearly correct in admitting this confession in evidence.
During the examination of the appellant as aforesaid, he was asked by his counsel whether he had been given a preliminary hearing the next morning after his arrest. The court sustained an objection to this question and appellant assigns this as error. We have previously held herein, on the question of admissibility, that the delay in the preliminary hearing did not make the confession involuntary. However, as the question whether the confession was voluntary is ultimately for the jury and as a new trial is to be awarded for other reasons, the appellant should be allowed to answer this question.
The appellant further contends that the trial court erred in permitting the State to ask him on cross examination whether he had been convicted of an assault on an officer. It has been held in this State that while evidence of defendant's prior convictions of crimes, other than that charged, need not be restricted to infamous crimes or crimes involving moral turpitude to be admissible, such convictions should be for law violations which may have some tendency to impeach defendant's credibility as a witness. No rigid classification of crimes seems possible. The court must exercise discretion and its decision will not be interfered with on appeal, except when the evidence is so clearly irrelevant that its admission could not be said to be within the discretion of the trial court. Nelson v. Seiler, 154 Md. 63, 139 A. 564; Hunter v. State, 193 Md. 596, 605, 69 A.2d 505. We find no error. The appellant answered the question by saying that he posted collateral and never "went to trial about it". Such an answer was equivalent to an answer of "no" to the question.
The appellant further contends that the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to argue to the jury the question as to whether the confession was voluntary. The following stipulation was filed by the State's Attorney and the attorney for the defendant:
"It is stipulated by and between the State of Maryland and the defense that during the trial of Daniel Linkins, Jr., in the above entitled cause, that in the course of the argument, the defendant's counsel started to argue the admissibility of the confession as to whether it was voluntary, at which point the State's Attorney objected on the grounds that the admissibility of the confession was solely a question for the Court to determine. Defendant's counsel contended and argued to the Court that the ultimate question as to whether or not the confession was voluntary was for the jury to decide. The Court sustained the State's Attorney's objection, commenting that the confession was in and he would not permit the defendant's counsel to argue whether or not the confession was voluntary."
Of course, the question as to whether a confession is admissible in evidence is for the court alone. Nicholson v. State, 38 Md. 140, 155, 156; Biscoe v. State, 67 Md. 6, 10, 8 A. 571; McCleary v. State, 122 Md. 394, 399, 400, 89 A. 1100; Carey v. State, 155 Md. 474, 479, 480, 142 A. 497; Markley v. State, 173 Md. 309, 317, 196 A. 95; Jones v. State, 188 Md. 263, 270, 52 A.2d 484. Admissibility does not signify that the evidence admitted has demonstrated or proved the fact to be proved, but merely that it is received by the tribunal for the purpose of being weighed with other evidence. Admissibility falls short of proof. The rule of law uttered by the judge, merely declares what is sufficient to go to the jury. The jury ultimately decides upon the total effect which we call proof. Wigmore on Evidence, Third Edition, Section 12, pages 296, 299; Hitzelberger v. State, 174 Md. 152, 161, 197 A. 605. This Court has held in three recent cases that, although the question as to whether the confession is admissible in evidence is for the trial court, the ultimate fact as to whether it was freely and voluntarily made is for the jury. Chief Judge Marbury said in Peters and Demby v. State, 187 Md. 7, at page 15, 48 A.2d 586, 590, decided July 23, 1946: "The first question is the admissibility of the confession, but the jury, or, as in this case, the Court siting as a jury, is not barred by its admission from passing on the circumstances under which it was obtained or its credibility. They may disregard it entirely in reaching their verdict." He then quoted from McCleary v. State, 122 Md. 394, at page 410, 89 A. 1100, supra. Judge Grason said in the recent case of Smith v. State, 189 Md. 596, at page 603, 56 A.2d 818, 821, decided January 16, 1948: "The law regarding the admissibility of a confession has been stated by this court many times. We will restate the rule. Before a confession can be admitted in evidence, the State must show, to the satisfaction of the court, that it was the free and voluntary act of an accused; that no force or coercion was exercised by the officers obtaining the confession, to cause the accused to confess; that no hope or promise was held out to an accused for the purpose of inducing him to confess. If, after a consideration of both the evidence of the State and the evidence offered by an accused (if any be offered by him) regarding the matter, the court is of the opinion that the evidence shows, prima facie, that the confession was freely and voluntarily made, it should be admitted in evidence; and, if not, it should be rejected. The matter, in the first instance, is for the court, and involves a mixed question of law and fact. When admitted in evidence it is prima facie proof that the confession was freely and voluntarily made, but the ultimate fact is for the jury, and must be considered by it in the light of all the facts and circumstances of the case. If the jury, notwithstanding the confession is admitted, finds that from all the testimony in the case it has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt that it was the free and voluntary expression of the accused, it should disregard the confession in the consideration of the guilt or innocence of the accused. If they do find that the proof shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused freely and voluntarily made the same, and that no coercion or force was exercised by the officers to obtain the same, nor any hope or promise was held out by them to the accused to induce him to make the confession, they should consider it, together with all the other facts and circumstance in evidence, in arriving at the verdict. See Demby v. State, 187 Md. 7, 48 A.2d 586; Jones v. State, 188 Md. 263, 52 A.2d 484." In Day v. State, 196 Md. 384, 399, 76 A.2d 729, 736, decided November 15, 1950, Chief Judge Marbury reiterated the same rule, where it was said: "The practice in this State, approved in many cases, is that the court first hears evidence without the jury to determine whether a confession is voluntary and should be admitted. If it decides to admit it, the same evidence is then given to the jury, as it has the final determination, irrespective of the court's preliminary decision, whether or not the confession is voluntary, and whether it should be believed. In so doing, the jury is entitled to have before it all of the evidence which affects the voluntary character of the document, and which the court passed upon in admitting it." See also Annotation, 170 A.L.R. 576, 577, written in 1947, citing the Maryland cases prior to Smith v. State, supra, and Day v. State, supra. Of course, the jury having the final determination, irrespective of the court's preliminary decision whether it is admissible in evidence, whether or not the confession is voluntary, and whether it should be believed, the attorney for the accused should certainly have the right to argue before the jury whether the confession was made voluntarily and whether it should be believed. We must therefore find that the learned trial judge erred in not allowing appellant's attorney to argue this question and therefore that a new trial should be awarded.
As contended by the State, if we find the failure to allow the attorney to make this argument was not prejudicial to the appellant because the facts contained in the confession were later admitted by the appellant in his own testimony while on the stand, the error in denying the argument was harmless. If inadmissible evidence is admitted over objection and the same evidence is later admitted without objection, or produced by the party who objected, the error is harmless. Damm v. State, 128 Md. 665, 669, 97 A. 645; Smith v. State, 182 Md. 176, 184, 32 A.2d 863; Purviance v. State, 185 Md. 189, 200, 44 A.2d 474; Colie v. State, 193 Md. 608, 611, 69 A.2d 497. In the verbal confession admitted in evidence the appellant admitted that he was with the other boys and was a partner. He said he had previously lied and he would tell the truth that he was along with them and was a partner. According to Trooper Myers, appellant said "they had been up previous to that to Gayle's Restaurant and talked and discussed about going to California or west and he said Barnes owed $123.00 on his car and had to pay it off before they left so then Danny said they were riding around and out by the Fox Deceived Farm at which time they saw a car and somebody said let's stop and they pulled up the road possibly 150 yards from the car, the parked car of Mr. Baker's, got out, walked back and Danny's statement was he had nothing to do with the stealing of the pocket book he stayed in the rear of the car, placing him back where Mr. Baker was beaten right bad." The written confession was taken in question and answer form. It contained the statement that the State's Attorney advised appellant he could "answer my questions of your own free will and volition, or you can refuse to answer them, and that anything you say can be used for or against you. We are making you no promises, no threats of any kind". By questions and answers appellant in this written confession admitted that he, Foltz, Barnes, Uhler, McCarney, and the two Ahalts left Gayle's Restaurant about 11 P.M. in Barnes' car. They turned left at the Fox Deceived Farm and saw the parked car. They drove about 150 yards beyond and walked back to the parked car. He and Barnes stood behind the car and Foltz went up and told the man to get out of the car. The man told him to wait until he got his gun out of the glove compartment. Foltz then opened the car door. Another boy "dived across and grabbed him and flung him out in the road". The girl screamed "while Foltz was hitting him and they were all scrambled there in the middle of the road". He and Barnes were still behind the car. He did not look in the car although he saw the girl there. He does not know who took the pocket book, but Uhler had it when he got back in the car. Uhler took the papers out of the pocket book and threw them away and Foltz kept the pocket book. He denied that they made any plans at Gayle's Restaurant other than to ride "out by the road to see how many cars were parked." When asked: "Last night Barnes told Lieutenant Chapman over in the State Police Office in the presence of Foltz and Uhler that he didn't like this idea and Uhler told us things to this effect, so there was a plan to do something when you left Gayle's Restaurant," appellant answered: "In a way, yes."
When appellant took the stand in his own defense, he testified that the only plans made in Gayle's Restaurant were to go to the fire company carnival. After they left the carnival they discussed "about riding around and have some fun. * * * Just sneak up on cars, watch what they were doing." He said there was no discussion about taking money from anybody. They looked in other cars that evening but did not rob any of the people therein. His statement as to what happened at the Baker car was the same as given in his confessions. He said he had not planned to rob because he was working and had money. He denied that there was any discussion about him and Barnes going to California and needing $123.00 to pay for Barnes' car. He said he and Barnes had discussed going to Kentucky on a vacation. He repeated that their whole idea when they left Gayle's Restaurant was only to have fun. He said he did not tell the officers that he "did not like the idea." He got none of the money taken from Baker.
We cannot say that in his testimony in his own defense appellant admitted the same facts contained in his verbal and written confessions, and that appellant was not prejudiced by the refusal to allow his attorney to argue to the jury whether the confessions were voluntary and should be believed. In his testimony he denied that they had any plans except to look in cars. He also denied any statement about going to California and about the necessity of paying off the $123.00 owing on the Barnes car. We are of opinion that the judgment should be reversed and a new trial awarded.
Judgment reversed, with a new trial.