Opinion
No. 6952
Decided May 30, 1975
1. Ejectment, a purely possessory action subject to technical rules of pleading and of proof, was the usual common law action by which an owner recovered possession of his premises.
2. A summary possessory action authorized by statute in order to simplify and facilitate a landlord's recovery of possession of his premises is not to be construed as making any change in the possessory nature of the action unless such an intention is clearly indicated by the statute's terms.
3. Since statutory summary possessory actions establish rights and benefits that a landlord did not enjoy at common law, strict compliance with their terms is required.
4. RSA 540:14, authorizing issuance of a writ and an award of costs, does not authorize an award of damages to the landlord.
5. A statutory summary possessory action in New Hampshire is not a civil cause for damages, but a summary proceeding to recover possession of real estate.
6. The transfer to the supreme court of the tenant's exception to a ruling by the district court is not an appeal within the meaning of RSA 540:23, which authorizes the payment of damages to a landlord.
Guertin Widener filed no brief for the plaintiffs, Leo and Lorraine Lavoie.
New Hampshire Legal Assistance, Laura J. Kahn, attorney, and Stephen E. Kravit (appearing under Rule 23) (Ms. Kahn orally) for the defendant.
Action under RSA ch. 540 by the landlord against a tenant at will to recover possession of certain premises in Nashua for nonpayment of rent. Upon defendant's default, the District Court (Harkaway, J.) ordered a writ of possession to issue and awarded damages to the plaintiffs in the amount of $240. The defendant filed a motion to vacate the money judgment which was denied. The court under RSA 502-A:17-a (Supp. 1973) transferred to this court all questions of law raised by defendant's exception.
Prior to the adoption of the predecessor to RSA ch. 540, that is, R.S. ch. 209 (1843), ejectment was the usual common law action by which an owner recovered possession of his premises. This is a purely possessory action which can be the subject of technical rules of pleading and of proof. 25 Am. Jur. 2d Ejectment 1 (1966); see Mills v. Peirce, 2 N.H. 9 (1819). In order to simplify and facilitate the landlord's recovery of possession of his premises, statutory summary possessory actions which lie in municipal or district courts were authorized. Such a statute is not to be construed as making any change in the possessory nature of the action unless such an intention is clearly indicated by its terms. Marsh v. Hanover, 113 N.H. 667, 671-72, 313 A.2d 411, 414 (1973). Since these statutes establish rights and benefits which a landlord did not enjoy at common law, strict compliance with their terms is required. 3 J. Sutherland, Statutory Construction 61.01 (4th ed. C. Sands 1974).
RSA 540:14 reads as follows: "Judgment. If the defendant makes default, or if on trial it is considered by the court that the plaintiff has sustained his complaint, judgment shall be rendered that the plaintiff recover possession of the demanded premises and costs, and a writ of possession shall issue." It is to be noted that an award of damages to the plaintiff is not authorized. Such an action is not a civil cause for damages "but is a summary proceeding to recover possession of real estate." Wilder v. Kneeland, 94 N.H. 185, 186, 49 A.2d 506, 507 (1946).
RSA 540:23 provides that if a defendant files a plea of title or appeals, the court shall cause plaintiff's damages including a just compensation for the use and detention of the property or for any injury thereto "to be assessed by a jury or otherwise." This provision pertains to proceedings in the superior court on a plea of title or an appeal from the district court. RSA 540:17-22. The transfer to this court by the district court of defendant's exception to a ruling by it is not such a proceeding. Davis v. Olmstead, 94 N.H. 289, 51 A.2d 835 (1947).
As there is no provision in RSA ch. 540 authorizing the district court to award damages under the circumstances of this case, defendant's motion in that court to vacate such a judgment by it should have been granted. See Smith v. Sampson, 114 N.H. 638, 641, 325 A.2d 796, 798 (1974).
Exception sustained.
All concurred.