Opinion
No. 523, September Term, 1969.
Decided August 13, 1970.
ACCOMPLICES AND ACCESSORIES — Accessory After Fact Cannot Be Convicted Until Principal Has Been Convicted — Rule Does Not Apply To Principal In Second Degree. Although one cannot be convicted as an accessory after the fact until after the principal has been convicted, such rule does not apply to principals in the second degree, who may be convicted if the evidence shows a guilty principal in the first degree, whether or not the latter has in collateral proceedings been actually convicted of the crime. pp. 171-172
KIDNAPPING/RAPE/SODOMY — Evidence Sufficient To Sustain Convictions. There was sufficient evidence to sustain appellant's convictions for kidnapping, rape, and unnatural and perverted sexual practices, where, although the prosecutrix was unable to identify appellant as one of the three participants in the crimes, she testified that all three men participated directly in all three crimes, where a State's witness testified that appellant had described being present during the commission of the crimes, many of the descriptions having been made in the first person plural "we," and where appellant's statement to the police admitted that on the night of the crimes he was with the two other men who were indicted for the crimes, one of whom was identified by the prosecutrix. p. 172
WITNESSES — Credibility Is Matter For Trier Of Fact. The credibility of witnesses is a matter for the trier of facts. p. 173
JURY — Scruples Against Capital Punishment — Accused Not Prejudiced By Alleged Misrepresentation On Part Of Jurors. Appellant's allegation that jurors not believing in capital punishment misrepresented their conscientious scruples against capital punishment and misled him did not entitle him to any relief, where no prejudice to his position was shown. p. 174
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Queen Anne's County (TURNER, J.).
Michael Earl Kober was convicted in a jury trial of kidnapping, rape, and unnatural and perverted sexual practices, and, from the judgments entered thereon, he appeals.
Note: Certiorari denied, Court of Appeals of Maryland, October 20, 1970.
The cause was argued before MURPHY, C.J., and ANDERSON, MORTON, ORTH, and THOMPSON, JJ.
Robert Anthony Jacques, with whom was John J. Mitchell on the brief, for appellant.
Clarence W. Sharp, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, J. Thomas Clark, State's Attorney for Queen Anne's County, William A. Linthicum, State's Attorney for Montgomery County, and William M. Cave, Assistant State's Attorney for Montgomery County, on the brief, for appellee.
Michael Earl Kober, the appellant, was convicted of unnatural and perverted sexual practices, rape, and kidnapping. The crimes were committed in an unusually cruel and vicious manner. Such factual details as are necessary are presented with the contentions concerning them. After the case had been removed from Montgomery County to the Circuit Court for Queen Anne's County, Kober was tried before a jury and sentenced to a total term of 60 years by the presiding judges, J. DeWeese Carter and B. Hackett Turner, Jr.
I Principal in the Second Degree
Kober alleges the trial court committed plain error in the instructions by advising the jury that guilt could be found if Kober "personally committed these crimes . . . or . . . was present at the scene of the commission actively aiding, abetting or assisting others in their commission . . ." He relies on State v. Magliano, 7 Md. App. 286, 255 A.2d 470 holding an accessory after the fact, who was not present at the time of the crime, could be convicted only after the principal had been first convicted. As pointed out in the recent case of Jeter v. State, 9 Md. App. 575, 267 A.2d 319, the rule as to trial of accessories does not apply to principals in the second degree; the latter may be convicted if the evidence shows a guilty principal in the first degree whether or not he has in collateral proceedings been actually convicted of the crime. Since the court's instructions here allowed conviction only if Kober were a first or second degree principal, there was no error.
II Sufficiency of the Evidence
Kober contends there was no evidence sufficient to establish him as one of the criminal agents. He does not contend the testimony of the prosecuting witness was not sufficient to establish the occurrence of the three crimes. The prosecutrix, although unable to identify Kober as one of the participants, testified all three men participated directly in all three crimes. Stephen Lee Walsh, who was confined in a hospital room with Kober, testified that during the long hospitalization, Kober told him they picked up a girl at the Hot Shoppe, took her out on Route 29 and raped her, detailing the acts of burning her, the perverted practices, and the urinating on her. Describing their activities as "pagan style rape", Kober told Walsh that he, Kober, was present throughout the commission of the crimes, with many of the descriptions being in the first person plural "we." Kober's statement to the police admitted that on the night of the crimes he was with the two other men who were indicted for the crimes. One of these two men was identified by the victim. In talking to Walsh, Kober recited the very specific details of these unusual crimes which agreed with the prosecutrix's testimony. Walsh had discussed the crimes with no one else from whom he could have received these details. Walsh's self-interest in cooperating with the prosecution was fully developed before the jury, which evidently chose to believe him. The testimony was entirely adequate to support the verdict.
Kober attacks Walsh's credibility as a witness; however, credibility of witnesses is for the trier of facts, not for this Court. Gardner v. State, 8 Md. App. 694, 261 A.2d 799, Bromwell v. State, 8 Md. App. 382, 259 A.2d 577, and Lindsay v. State, 8 Md. App. 100, 258 A.2d 760.
III Jurors' Scruples Against Capital Punishment
The trial court asked the jurors on voir dire:
"Does any member of the Regular Jury or Tales Jury have any conscientious or religious scruples against finding a verdict of guilty, if the evidence justifies that verdict under the law, where the penalty might be death?"
In Curtis v. State, 4 Md. App. 499, 243 A.2d 656, we indicated better practice would preclude such a question in view of Chapt. 500 of Laws of Maryland 1967, codified as Md. Code, Art. 51, § 8A. This statute was repealed by Chapt. 408 of Laws of Maryland 1969, codified as Md. Code, Art. 51, § 9, etc. Section 9 (b) now provides:
"No person shall be disqualified, excused, or excluded from service in a particular case as a juror of this State by reason of his beliefs against capital punishment unless such belief would prevent his returning a verdict of guilt or innocence according to law."
Thus the question would seem to be proper now if followed by a second question as to whether the belief was strong enough to prevent the rendition of a verdict of guilt or innocence according to law.
Although several jurors responded that they held such scruples, no juror was excused from service for that reason. Counsel for the State and the defense accepted as jurors some of those indicating they had scruples against capital punishment. When the jury returned its verdicts as to rape and kidnapping, it indicated the verdicts were guilty without capital punishment. The court accepted the verdict as to the rape charge but informed the jurors that as to the kidnapping charge they had not found a proper verdict and they must return to their room and reconsider. The court also informed the jury it could attach a recommendation of mercy but this recommendation would not be binding on the court. Thereafter, the jury returned a verdict of guilty of kidnapping with a recommendation of mercy, which the trial judges accepted.
Kober alleges jurors not believing in capital punishment misrepresented their conscientious scruples against capital punishment and misled him. He relies on 47 Am.Jur.2d, Jury, § 209:
"There is authority that if a juror falsely misrepresents his interests or situation on voir dire examination, or conceals a material fact relevant to the controversy, he is guilty of misconduct, and such misconduct is prejudicial to the party, for it impairs his right to challenge, and it may be ground for a new trial."
Assuming without deciding that the law on these facts is as contended by Kober, he is entitled to no relief since this Court is unable to see any prejudice to his position. If he had challenged all the jurors with scruples against capital punishment, they would have been replaced by jurors without such scruples, resulting in no improvement of his position. Quite possibly, the jury's recommendation against capital punishment was a deciding factor in the court's decision not to impose a death penalty on the kidnapping charge, making the presence of jurors with scruples against capital punishment a direct benefit to Kober. The error, if any, was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt even if it is considered to be a constitutional error. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705.
Judgments affirmed.