Summary
In Karp v. Fidelity-Phenix F. Ins. Co., 134 Pa. Super. 514, 4 A.2d 529 (1939), the Court awarded a sum higher than the lowest estimate on the ground that the car could not be restored to its prior condition by the work done under the lowest estimate.
Summary of this case from Gambale v. Allstate Ins. Co.Opinion
November 16, 1938.
March 3, 1939.
Insurance — Automobile — Fire, theft and collision — Warranties — Covenant as to where automobile would usually be kept — Materiality respecting claim for collision damage on highway — Proofs of loss — Waiver of filing — Loss or damage — Cost of repairs — Condition of automobile.
1. Where an automobile insurance policy insuring plaintiff against fire, theft, and collision, contained a statement, under a heading referring to warranties by the insured, that the automobile described was usually kept in "public and/or private garage, located Camden, N.J."; and, subsequently, an endorsement was added to the policy increasing the amount of insurance and transferring the coverage to a new automobile which had been purchased by plaintiff; and plaintiff's automobile was damaged on the highway in a collision with another automobile; it was held that the "warranty," if attempted to be applied to the new automobile purchased after the policy was issued, was to be construed to be a covenant or agreement as to where the automobile would usually or generally be kept and to have relation to those items of insurance which were concerned with the keeping or storage of the car, such as fire and theft, but to have no materiality as respected plaintiff's claim for collision damage occurring on the highway.
2. A warranty in an insurance policy is a contract relating to an existing fact, and not a covenant for future acts.
3. Breach of a covenant or agreement for future acts does not void a policy unless the covenant or agreement was material to the risk insured against.
4. Formal written notice and formal proofs of loss may be waived by the insurer, and it will be held to have done so where it denies all liability on other grounds.
5. Where the policy provided that the insurer's liability for loss or damage to the automobile should not exceed the actual cash value thereof at the time the loss or damage occurred, and the loss or damage should be ascertained accordingly, with proper deduction for depreciation, and should not exceed the limit of liability nor what it would then cost to repair or replace the automobile or parts thereof with other of like kind and quality, such provision, in so far as it related to the "cost to repair or replace the automobile or parts thereof with other of like kind or quality" meant to put the automobile in as good condition as it was before the collision.
Appeal, No. 78, Oct. T., 1938, from judgment of M.C. Phila. Co., July T., 1936, No. 139, in case of Barnett Karp v. Fidelity-Phenix Fire Insurance Company.
Before KELLER, P.J., CUNNINGHAM, BALDRIGE, STADTFELD, PARKER and RHODES, JJ. Judgment affirmed.
Assumpsit on automobile insurance policy. Before CRANE, J., without a jury.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Superior Court.
Finding and judgment for plaintiff. Defendant appealed.
Error assigned, among others, was refusal of judgment n.o.v.
Albert M. Cohen, for appellant.
Benjamin R. Simons, of Syme, Simons Zisserman, for appellee.
Argued November 16, 1938.
This was an action in assumpsit on an automobile insurance policy, tried in the municipal court by a judge without a jury. The trial judge found for the plaintiff in the amount of $500, and judgment was duly entered on the finding. Defendant appealed and assigns for error, (1) the finding, (2) the discharge of its rule for judgment non obstante veredicto, (3) the discharge of its rule for a new trial, and (4) the judgment. The judgment will be affirmed.
On April 20, 1935 defendant company issued to Barnett Karp, the plaintiff, its `Combined Comprehensive Automobile Policy,' insuring him for one year against loss or damage to his 1931 Buick sedan automobile, not exceeding its actual cash value at the time any loss or damage occurred and in no event to exceed $300. The perils insured against included fire, theft, and collision, as well as a number of others not necessary to state; but it was provided that as respects loss or damage to the automobile "caused by collision with any other object . . . . . . the sum of $100 shall be deducted from the amount of each such loss when determined." On October 29, 1935, on payment of an additional premium, a rider or endorsement was added to the policy increasing the amount of insurance to $1,100, and transferring the coverage from the 1931 Buick sedan to a new 1935 Oldsmobile sedan, which plaintiff had just purchased at a cost of $1,114.
The plaintiff, Karp, lived in Philadelphia, but his office or place of business was located in Camden, N.J., and his business was confined to Southern New Jersey. He was manager or business representative for South Jersey of the International Ladies' Garment Union, a labor organization, and he used his automobile principally in traveling about his territory on its business.
On January 22, 1936, while his policy was still in force, and when his new car had been in use less than three months, it was damaged on the highway in a collision with another automobile. Claim was made for the damages alleged to have been sustained, $684, less $100 deductible, which was refused, and this action resulted.
The defendant denied all liability and relied upon the following defenses: (1) Breach of warranty; (2) denial of notice and written proof of loss; (3) averment that total damage did not exceed $141.80, or only $41.80 above the $100 deductible. We will consider them in that order.
(1) The alleged breach of warranty relied on was as follows: Sheet 2 of the policy under the heading, D. WARRANTED BY THE ASSURED, contained six printed subjects with blanks which were filled in in typewriting by the agent. These embraced (1) Assured's occupation or business, (2) employer's name and address, (3) description of the automobile and the facts respecting its purchase, (4) use of automobile, (5) where automobile is usually kept, (6) whether automobile is fully paid, or encumbered.
The fifth subject or statement was in the following form, the italics showing the inserted typewriting:
"5. The automobile described is usually kept in public and/or private garage, located -------------------------------------- state whether private or public Camden, N.J. ------------------------------------------------------------- No. street city ________________________________________________." county state
It appeared on the trial that the new automobile which was insured under the rider of October 29, was used by plaintiff in going to his office in Camden, N.J., and in traveling to the different towns in South Jersey where his business as representative of the labor union took him. When he got back to his home in Philadelphia, which happened four or five nights a week, the car was left by him at a public garage nearby; he had no private garage at his home. When away on business at his office in Camden, N.J., or in traveling to towns in South Jersey it was left at a parking lot or in a garage, depending on circumstances.
Our Supreme Court held in Lycoming Ins. Co. v. Mitchell Boyle, 48 Pa. 367, 372, that a warranty in an insurance policy is a contract relating to an existing fact, and not a covenant for future acts; and that it differs from a representation in that it is a binding agreement that the fact is as warranted, while a representation is not an agreement that it is so, but such a statement of it as will constitute a misrepresentation if it be untrue. See also, Western Atlantic Pipe Lines v. Home Ins. Co., 145 Pa. 346, 359, 22 A. 665; Hoffman v. Mut. Fire Ins. Co. of Reading, 274 Pa. 292, 299, 117 A. 917. The difference between a warranty and representation is well stated in Miller v. National Casualty Co., 62 Pa. Super. 417, 420, as follows: "A warranty must be literally true, without regard to its materiality to the risk, while a representation must be true only so far as it is material to the risk."
We are aware that by some authorities and in some jurisdictions a distinction is made between `affirmative warranties' and `promissory warranties', but the latter are strictly speaking agreements, covenants or conditions, — depending on their form and strictness —, rather than warranties. A warranty proper, carrying with it the avoidance of the policy in case the fact is not as warranted, is limited to the warranty of an existing fact and will not be extended so as to include promises or agreements as to future acts. Breach of the latter will not be held to avoid the policy unless they are material to the risk insured against.
Some of the `warranties' in this policy were true warranties; but the fifth one, if attempted to be applied to an automobile purchased six months later, must be construed to be a covenant or agreement as to where the automobile will usually or generally be kept, and to have relation to those items of insurance which are concerned with the keeping or storage of the car, such as fire and theft. It had no relation to the item of insurance covering `collision' while traveling on the highway, such as in this case. That it was not to be construed strictly is seen from the statement inserted in this blank — that the car "is usually kept in public and/or private garage, located Camden, N.J.," which, taken literally, is impossible.
We are of opinion that this clause has no materiality as respects a claim for `collision' damage, occurring on a highway, and cannot be used to defeat a just claim arising under the policy contract from that peril.
(2) Where the defendant has denied all liability on an unsound basis, it cannot subsequently defend on the ground of lack of formal written notice and formal proofs of loss. They may be waived. Fedas v. Ins. Co. of State of Penna., 300 Pa. 555, 559, 151 A. 285. As the present Chief Justice said in that case: "The utmost fair dealing should characterize the transactions between an insurance company and the insured. If the insurer, having knowledge of a loss, by any act throws the insured off his guard as to the necessity of performing some duty enjoined by the policy, the insurer should not be permitted to take advantage of the failure to act. It has been held many times that an insurance company may waive filing a technical proof of loss."
The evidence showed that the defendant received prompt notice of this loss; that it sent its adjuster to confer with the plaintiff, to whom the plaintiff presented the estimate of damages which he had obtained, showing loss or damage of $684. This adjuster, on the other hand, secured an estimate of $141.80, under which only $41.80 would be payable, and told plaintiff he could take it or leave it; and subsequently denied all liability because the car was not usually kept in a "public and/or private garage in Camden, N.J.". The company, on the trial, admitted the agency of the adjuster and defended on the grounds presented by him. See Umbras v. Prudential Ins. Co., 130 Pa. Super. 437, 440, 441, 198 A. 470; Sgro v. Stuyvesant Ins. Co., 132 Pa. Super. 444, 456, 1 A.2d 554. There is no merit in this position.
(3) We think there was sufficient evidence to justify the court's finding of $500. The policy provided in its General Conditions, "This Company's liability for loss or damage to the automobile described herein shall not exceed the actual cash value thereof at the time any loss or damage occurs, and the loss or damage shall be ascertained or estimated accordingly, with proper deduction for depreciation however caused, and without compensation for loss of use, and shall in no event exceed the limit of liability, if any, stated in Paragraph C, [$1100] nor what it would then cost to repair or replace the automobile or parts thereof with other of like kind and quality; such ascertainment or estimate shall be made by the Assured and this Company, or if they differ, then by appraisal as hereinafter provided."
It is clear, however, that in so far as it relates to the "cost to repair or replace the automobile or parts thereof with other of like kind or quality," it means to put the automobile in as good condition as it was before the collision.
Competent evidence was produced by the plaintiff that the automobile was so badly shattered by the collision that it was impossible to restore it by repairs and replacements to the condition it was in just before the accident. It required a special towing outfit to remove it to the garage and, although a practically new automobile, the most that could be obtained for it towards the purchase of a new car, was $350. Anyone who has had experience with cars which have been damaged in a collision knows that they may be so shattered as to be impossible to be restored to first class running condition. The mere repair or replacement of the outer appearance is not the criterion. While a witness for the defendant testified that the car could be repaired and put into its former condition for $141.80, his evidence was for the judge sitting as a trier of fact, and the evidence of plaintiff's witnesses may have been more convincing to the trial judge. The arbitrary action of defendant's adjuster prevented any recourse to the `appraisal' contemplated by the policy.
The assignments of error are overruled and the judgment is affirmed.