Opinion
No. CIV S-08-2607 MCE CKD P
02-08-2012
MALIK JONES Plaintiff, v. J. McGUIRE, et al. Defendants.
FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis with an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. His first amended complaint alleges defendants Bainbridge, Follosoco and Lipton used excessive force against him while he was an inmate at High Desert State Prison (HDSP) and that Lipton was deliberately indifferent to a serious medical need, all in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The defendants have filed a motion to dismiss the excessive force claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies. They have also filed a motion for summary judgment. Both motions have been fully briefed.
I. Plaintiff's allegations
Plaintiff alleges three instances of excessive force. First, he states that on September 21, 2007, defendant Bainbridge used excessive force in handcuffing plaintiff, who was at the time in a wheelchair and already suffering from an injured right arm. See First
Amended Complaint, ¶¶ 33-34 (Docket No. 32). Second, he alleges that on October 16, 2007, Bainbridge searched him as he was leaving the prison law library and, using excessive force, squeezed his buttocks and testicles. Id. at ¶ 43. Third, plaintiff alleges that on November 6, 2007, he "blacked out" in his cell. Id. at ¶ 46. He states that he regained consciousness as he was being taken to the prison medical clinic, where he refused medical treatment and asked to be allowed to return to his cell. Id. at ¶ 47. Instead, defendant Follosoco allegedly "maliciously and sadistically twisted and pried open plaintiff's left arm and hand, and defendant Lipton maliciously and sadistically grabbed plaintiff's left thumb and wantonly [and] repeatedly stuck plaintiff with a needle, causing him to bleed." Id.
The first amended complaint also alleges deliberate indifference to a serious medical need against defendant Lipton, nurse at HDSP. It states that on September 13, 2007, plaintiff was assaulted in his cell by several prison guards, leaving him with "severe chronic pain in his chest, right arm and back." Id. at ¶¶ 30-31. Later, still in his cell, plaintiff told Lipton he was in pain and "show[ed] defendant Lipton abrasions and scrapes.... Lipton claimed she was going to come back and do [an] incident report on plaintiff's injuries and give him medical care for them. Then [she] left and never came back." Id. at ¶ 31.
II. Exhaustion of plaintiff's claims
The defendants argue that plaintiff did not submit any of his three allegations of excessive force to the grievance process at HDSP, thus leaving those claims unexhausted and subject to dismissal. Defendants do not include the allegation of inadequate medical care as a subject of their motion to dismiss. See Motion at 1 n.1 (Docket No. 57).
The court references the page numbers assigned by the court's CM/ECF system, where applicable.
A motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust administrative remedies prior to filing suit arises under Rule 12(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108, 1119 (9th Cir. 2003). In deciding a motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust non-judicial remedies, the court may look beyond the pleadings and decide disputed issues of fact. Id. at 1120. If the district court concludes that the prisoner has not exhausted non-judicial remedies, the proper remedy is dismissal of the claim without prejudice. Id.
The exhaustion requirement is rooted in the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), which provides that "[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, . . . until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's (CDCR) regulations provide administrative procedures in the form of one informal and three formal levels of review to address plaintiff's claims. See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, §§ 3084.1-3084.7. Administrative procedures generally are exhausted once a prisoner has received a "Director's Level Decision," or third level review, with respect to his issues or claims. Cal. Code Regs. tit. 15, § 3084.5.
Under CDCR regulations, an inmate must file his prisoner grievance within fifteen days of the events grieved. If a plaintiff failed to exhaust available administrative remedies by filing a late grievance, his case must be dismissed. Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81 (2006). Exhaustion during the pendency of the litigation will not save an action from dismissal. McKinney v. Carey, 311 F.3d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir. 2002). Exhaustion "'means using all steps that the agency holds out, and doing so properly....'" Woodford, 548 U.S. at 90 (citation omitted). Therefore, an inmate must pursue a grievance through every stage of the prison's administrative process before a civil rights action is filed, unless he can demonstrate a step was not available to him.
California regulations do not require an inmate to specifically identify a prison official in a grievance. Therefore an inmate need not name a particular individual during the grievance process in order to name that person as a defendant and meet the PLRA's exhaustion requirement when he files suit. See Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 218-219 (2007); Butler v. Adams, 397 F.3d 1181, 1183 (9th Cir. 2005).
The term "available" in prisoners' civil rights cases stems directly from the PLRA, which bars an action "until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted." 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). The Ninth Circuit has held that a prisoner has met the "availability" requirement if the prisoner attempted to complete the grievance process but was precluded by a prison official's mistake. See Nunez v. Duncan, 591 F.3d 1217, 1224 (9th Cir. 2010). The reasoning in such cases is the prison official's action (or inaction) effectively rendered further exhaustion unavailable under the PLRA. Other circuit courts have held that a prisoner has satisfied the exhaustion requirement if prison officials prevent exhaustion through their own misconduct or fail to respond to a grievance within the applicable time limits. There too, courts have applied the "availability" requirement of the PLRA. See, e.g., Kaba v. Stepp, 458 F.3d 678, 684 (7th Cir. 2006) (administrative remedy not available if prison employees do not respond to a properly filed grievance or use affirmative misconduct to obstruct exhaustion).
Defendants bear the burden of proving plaintiff's failure to exhaust. Wyatt, 315 F.3d at 1119. The court resolves all ambiguities in favor of the non-moving party. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976).
A. Exhaustion analysis
The defendants' principal evidence that plaintiff failed to exhaust any of his allegations of excessive force is a sworn declaration by D. Clark, Appeals Coordinator for CDCR at High Desert State Prison. Clark concludes that, based on his review of HDSP's appeals records, "there is no record of any appeal being accepted for review from Jones in September 2007 through January 2008 concerning such allegations." Declaration of D. Clark, ¶ 5 (Docket No. 57-4). The Clark declaration's only exhibit is a "printout of the records from the Inmate Appeals Tracking System concerning Jones' inmate appeals at HDSP." Id. at ¶ 7. The printout gives the date, log number and generic "issue" (e.g., "staff complaint" or "medical") averred in an inmate's grievance. The specific factual allegations of a particular grievance cannot be ascertained from the tracking system's record. See id., Ex. A.
In all, Clark summarizes the contents of seven appeals filed from September 2007 to January 2008, thus going well past the fifteen-day limitations period for each of plaintiff's allegations of excessive force. Each of those grievances is reflected on the appeals tracking system record attached to Clark's affidavit. Still, that record does not contain enough information for the court to determine what allegations the plaintiff actually submitted to the HDSP grievance process and thus corroborate Clark's summaries. Indeed it is well established that a prison appeals officer's summary of an inmate's grievance history is by itself inadequate to meet the burden of showing that a plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies before he filed suit. See Wyatt, 315 F.3d at 1120 (reversing the district court's dismissal for non-exhaustion because an appeals officer's affidavit did not "establish that the one appeal shown on the document relates to a subject other than the prison... regulations challenged here"). It would have been an easy matter to attach copies of the grievances plaintiff submitted while his fifteen-day window for each alleged incident was open. The defendants did not do that, and the system tracking record is not a sufficient substitute. Insofar as the Clark declaration and its lone attachment are concerned, "[t]here is no evidence... establishing that the 'Appeal Record' is what defendants say it is." Id.
1. Alleged incident of September 21, 2007
Clark's affidavit states plaintiff filed two staff complaints around the time defendant Bainbridge used excessive force against plaintiff on September 21, 2007. One grievance was received that same day, but Clark asserts that it dealt with an event that happened on September 13. He states another grievance was received on October 4, but he says it concerned plaintiff's allegation that a non-party officer aimed a loaded rifle at him without cause. Again, mere summaries of these appeals are insufficient to meet the defendants' burden to prove non-exhaustion.
The defendants do not support their argument with just the Clark declaration, however. They acknowledge that plaintiff attached two grievances to the original complaint, marked Exhibits "D" and "E." Only Exhibit D is potentially relevant here. It is an administrative appeal plaintiff submitted September 30, 2007, nine days after defendant Bainbridge allegedly used excessive force on plaintiff. Plaintiff's principal complaint in that appeal is directed at an Officer Vincent, the guard who allegedly aimed a loaded rifle at plaintiff, an incident that is not a subject of this case. However, the grievance form also contains a more general reference to plaintiff's "fear that... officers will... come in [the] cell and assault me again." Original Complaint, Exhibit D at 48 (Docket No. 1). According to Estelle, supra, the ambiguity raised by this reference to prior assaults by officers should be resolved in plaintiff's favor in determining whether he exhausted his allegation that defendant Bainbridge used excessive force on September 21. However, even giving plaintiff that benefit of the doubt, it is clear that plaintiff focused solely on his allegation against Officer Vincent through the remaining stages of the appeals process. His appeals of the decisions at the first and second appellate levels do not mention anything that could be construed as a complaint about defendant Bainbridge's conduct on September 21. See id. at 49. Even if he was referring to defendant Bainbridge at the beginning of this particular grievance, then, he abandoned that part of his complaint in the last two stages of his appeal.
Exhibit E is a grievance plaintiff submitted on July 17, 2007, over two months before the alleged incidents in this case took place.
The only remaining appeal that could plausibly demonstrate exhaustion of the September 21 incident is the grievance assigned as Log No. HDSP-D-07-03212, which was received at the first formal level of review on the same day. Again, defendants have inexplicably failed to submit a copy of that appeal. However, plaintiff has provided it as Exhibit A to his opposition to the motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff submitted Log No. HDSP-D-07-03212 on September 16, 2007. See Plaintiff's Opp'n to Summary Judgment, Exhibit A at 15 (Docket No. 61). That date precedes the alleged incident of September 21, so it cannot be evidence of exhaustion for the first claim against defendant Bainbridge.
Having reviewed the record, the court concludes that plaintiff did not exhaust any claim related to defendant Bainbridge's alleged use of excessive force on September 21, 2007. Therefore that claim should be dismissed.
2. Alleged incidents of October 16 and November 6, 2007
Plaintiff claims that defendant Bainbridge again used excessive force against him on October 16, 2007. He also claims that defendants Follosoco and Lipton used excessive force on November 6, 2007. According to the appeals tracking record attached to Clark's declaration, three appeals were received within fifteen days of those incidents: one on October 16, one on October 23, and one on November 15. Neither party has submitted copies of those appeals. Without more, the court cannot find that defendants have carried their burden on their argument that plaintiff failed to exhaust these allegations of excessive force. See Wyatt, supra. Therefore the court should deny the motion to dismiss as to those two claims and proceed to a summary judgment analysis of them and the claim for deliberate indifference to a serious medical need. III. Defendants' motion for summary judgment
Summary judgment is appropriate when the movant demonstrates that there exists "no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
Under summary judgment practice, the moving party always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any," which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). "[W]here the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial on a dispositive issue, a summary judgment motion may properly be made in reliance solely on the 'pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file.'" Id. Indeed, summary judgment should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See id. at 322. "[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial." Id. In such a circumstance, summary judgment should be granted, "so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the standard for entry of summary judgment, as set forth in Rule 56(c), is satisfied." Id. at 323.
If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In attempting to establish the existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party may not rely upon the allegations or denials of its pleadings but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the form of affidavits, and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the dispute exists. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11. The opposing party must demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987). The opposing party must also demonstrate that the dispute is genuine, i.e., that the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party, see Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir. 1987).
To establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that "the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at trial." T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 631. Thus, the "purpose of summary judgment is to 'pierce the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.'" Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) advisory committee's note on 1963 amendments).
In resolving the summary judgment motion, the court examines the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). The evidence of the opposing party is to be believed. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. All reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party's obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. See Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff'd, 810 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 1987). Finally, to demonstrate a genuine issue, the opposing party "must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts . . . . Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no 'genuine issue for trial.'" Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation omitted).
A. Defendants' reliance on unanswered requests for admissions
Defendants' primary basis for summary judgment is plaintiff's failure to respond to defendants' requests for admissions. Generally, when a party fails to timely respond to requests for admissions, those requests are automatically deemed admitted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 36(a). "Any matter admitted under this rule is conclusively established unless the Court on motion permits withdrawal or amendment of the admission." Fed. R. Civ. P. Rule 36(a). Although requests for admissions are governed by the same relevance standards set in Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b), such requests are not, strictly speaking, discovery devices, since they presuppose that the propounding party knows or believes the facts sought and merely seeks a concession on that fact from the other party. See Workman v. Chinchinian, 807 F.Supp. 634, 647 (E.D. Wash. 1992) (Rule 26 relevance standards apply); Misco, Inc. v. United States Steel Corporation, 784 F.2d 198, 205 (6th Cir. 1986) (not a discovery device) (citing Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2254). Because admissions are designed to limit factual issues in a case,
the requesting party bears the burden of setting forth its requestsHenry v. Champlain Enterprises, Inc., 212 F.R.D. 73, 77 (N.D.N.Y. 2003). Moreover, requests for admissions should not contain "compound, conjunctive, or disjunctive . . . statements." U.S. ex rel. England v. Los Angeles County, 235 F.R.D. 675, 684 (E.D. Cal. 2006). However, "when the purpose and significance of a request are reasonably clear, courts do not permit denials based on an overly-technical reading of the request." Id. Finally, requests for admissions should not be used to establish "facts which are obviously in dispute," Lakehead Pipe Line Co. v. American Home Assur. Co., 177 F.R.D. 454, 458 (D. Minn. 1997), to "demand that the other party admit the truth of a legal conclusion," even if the conclusion is "attached to operative facts," or to ask the party to admit facts of which he or she has no special knowledge. Disability Rights Council v. Wash. Metro. Area, 234 F.R.D. 1, 3 (D.C. Cir. 2006).
simply, directly, not vaguely or ambiguously, and in such a manner that they can be answered with a simple admit or deny without an explanation, and in certain instances, permit a qualification or explanation for purposes of clarification. . . . To facilitate clear and succinct responses, the facts stated in the request must be singularly, specifically, and carefully detailed.
Defendant Bainbridge's requests ask plaintiff to admit: (1) he has no facts to support his claim that Bainbridge violated his rights under the Eighth Amendment; (2) Bainbridge did not violate any of plaintiff's constitutional rights; (3) Bainbridge did not subject plaintiff to excessive force; and (4) plaintiff suffered no injury as a result of the defendant Bainbridge's actions. See Declaration of Matthew Wilson, Exhibit B (Docket No. 58-3.) The other defendants' requests for admissions are substantially the same or identical. See id., Exs. A and C.
These requests for admissions grossly violate the strictures that such requests not seek to establish facts in obvious dispute and not demand the opposite party admit the truth of a legal conclusion. For that reason alone they are not effective concessions of any legal or factual issue in this case, and the court will not accept them as a basis for summary judgment.
Defendants' reliance on requests for admission that, once unanswered, would translate into "deemed" concessions of plaintiff's entire case causes the court some concern, and not for the first time: the court notes that on at least two prior occasions, the law firm representing these defendants has filed motions for summary judgment principally on the basis of "deemed" admissions from a prisoner-plaintiff that he has no legal or factual basis for even bringing the lawsuit. See Jefferson v. Perez, Civil Action No. 2:09-cv-3008 GEB CKD P; Kirk v. Richards, 2:10-cv-0373 GEB CKD P. The court's analysis in Jefferson applies squarely here:
Plaintiff's... timely opposition to the motion for summary judgment makes it apparent that he has no intention of abandoning his case. It is less than apparent, however, that plaintiff appreciates the impact that deemed admissions could have on his claims. At least one other court in this circuit, relying on Ninth Circuit case law, has asked whether some protection beyond a strict application of Rule 36 is appropriate for pro se prisoner plaintiffs:See Jefferson, Order at 2 (Docket No. 71) (footnote omitted). This court published the above discussion in Jefferson, and defense counsel is deemed to have received it, on October 7, 2011.
In Klingele v. Eikenberry, 849 F.2d 409, 411-12 (9th Cir. 1988), the Ninth Circuit held that a pro se prisoner is entitled to fair notice of the requirements to oppose summary judgment before granting summary judgment against the prisoner. Likewise, this Court holds that pro se prisoners are entitled to notice that matters found in requests for admission will be deemed admitted unless responded to within 30 days after such requests have been served. Without such notice, pro se prisoners will most likely not be aware that failure to respond to a request for admission would result in the admission of the matters contained in the request. To hold otherwise would allow parties opposing pro se prisoner complaints to use Rule 36 procedures as a snare which prevents pro se prisoners from opposing summary judgment. Even if the prisoner is notified of the requirements of the summary judgment rule as required by Eikenberry, the pro se prisoner may not be able to oppose summary judgment because all material facts will have been deemed admitted if the unwary prisoner fails to respond to a previous request for admission.
Therefore, before a matter may be deemed admitted against a pro se prisoner for failure to respond to a request, the request for admission should contain a notice advising the party to whom the request is made that, pursuant to Rule 36 of the Federal Rules
of Civil Procedure, the matters shall be deemed admitted unless said request is responded to within thirty (30) days after service of the request or within such shorter or longer time as the court may allow.Diggs v. Keller, 181 F.R.D. 468, 469 (D.Nev.1998).
When the court ordered [service of the complaint], it gave plaintiff notice that failure to oppose a motion for summary judgment could be construed as a waiver of the motion. ... No such notice concerning the failure to answer requests for admission has ever issued, however. Nor did defendants inform plaintiff of the effect of a "deemed" admission under Rule 36 (a)(3) when they propounded their requests. There is some inconsistency in allowing "deemed" admissions to stand as the sole basis of summary judgment against a pro se plaintiff without notice when that plaintiff has heeded the notice not to let a motion for summary judgment go unopposed. The practice established by the District of Nevada in Diggs is a sound one because, as the Diggs court put it, "[e]ven if the prisoner is notified of the requirements of the summary judgment rule as required by Eikenberry, the pro se prisoner may not be able to oppose summary judgment because all material facts will have been deemed admitted if the unwary prisoner fails to respond to a previous request for admission." Id. That is the case here.
The relevant Kirk order issued even earlier, on September 19, 2011. In that case, the court found that "[t]he presentation of the merits of this action would not be subserved if defendant were allowed to prevail on the matters deemed to be admitted under Rule 36." Kirk, Order at 4 (Docket No. 49). The court did not have occasion to analyze the Diggs rationale as thoroughly as it did in Jefferson, but it mentioned the notice requirement established by Diggs and said "in the future, defendant might consider the wisdom of including that information." Id. at 5, n.1. Counsel for the defendants in this case appear not to have heeded the suggestion.
The court recognizes that defendants filed the instant motion for summary judgment before their counsel had the benefit of the court's treatment of the "deemed" admissions in Jefferson and Kirk. But several months have now passed since the court announced its adoption of Diggs' notice requirement in Jefferson. Insofar as defendants have made no effort to re-open discovery for the limited purpose of giving plaintiff the notice the court requires or otherwise amend the over-broad admissions that they must know the court will not accept, the court will exercise its discretion to give no effect to the supposedly "deemed" admissions in deciding the motion for summary judgment.
B. Plaintiff's claim of excessive force on October 16, 2007
Plaintiff alleges that on October 16, 2007, Bainbridge searched him as he was leaving the prison law library and, using excessive force, "forcefully squeezed" his buttocks and testicles. See First Amended Complaint, ¶ 43.
Use of excessive force against an inmate violates the inmate's Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel unusual punishment. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). The use of force is constitutional if used to keep or restore order in the prison; it is unconstitutional if used "maliciously or sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm." Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 320-21 (1986). "That is not to say that every malevolent touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal cause of action. The Eighth Amendment's prohibition of 'cruel and unusual' punishments necessarily excludes from constitutional recognition de minimis uses of physical force, provided that the use of force is not of a sort 'repugnant to the conscience of mankind.'" Hudson v. McMillan, 501 U.S. 1, 9-10 (1992). The Supreme Court has identified five factors to consider in determining whether an official's use of force was sadistic and malicious for the purpose of causing harm: (1) extent of the injury; (2) need to use the force; (3) relationship between the need to use the force and the amount used; (4) the threat "reasonably perceived" by the official; and (5) any efforts made to temper the severity of the force. Id. at 7. Although the extent of injury is relevant to the inquiry, the absence of serious injury "does not end it." Id.
In support of summary judgment, defendant Bainbridge states under penalty of perjury that he "ha[s] no recollection of any interaction with Jones on October 16, 2007." Declaration of T. Bainbridge, ¶ 10 (Docket No. 58-7). Bainbridge goes on to say that if he did search plaintiff that day, he would have followed "my custom and habit [and] would not have squeezed his buttocks or testicles." Id. Bainbridge says that if "anything unusual" had happened, he would have "acted consistently with my custom and habit and documented it." Id. He contends that the lack of any documented record of the incident means "no such event took place." Id.
Bainbridge's self-serving affidavit is by itself an insufficient basis for granting summary judgment in his favor. Although his sworn declaration is relevant to his defense, it is not correct to argue, as he does, that plaintiff has no evidence of his own to survive summary judgment. In actions brought by a prisoner pro se, "[a] verified complaint may be used as an opposing affidavit under Rule 56." Schroeder v. McDonald, 55 F.3d 454, 460 (9th Cir. 1995). Without more evidence, such as a deposition examination of the plaintiff, Bainbridge establishes no more than a case of competing credibility between him and the plaintiff: the sworn statement and the verified complaint together mean that it is Bainbridge's word against plaintiff's. Bainbridge does not argue that the infliction of pain was de minimis, and the court is bound to draw the reasonable inference that "forcefully squeezing" an inmate's testicles during an ordinary search could constitute the wanton infliction of pain for the very purpose of causing harm. Bainbridge has not carried his burden of showing there is no genuine issue of material fact on this claim. His motion for summary judgment on it should be denied.
C. Plaintiff's claim of excessive force on November 6, 2007
Plaintiff claims that on November 6, 2007, he passed out in his cell and awakened as he was "pulled out of [his] cell." First Amended Complaint, ¶ 46. He was taken to the medical clinic, where he refused treatment and asked to return to his cell. Id. at ¶ 47. He alleges that instead defendant Follosoco "maliciously and sadistically twisted and pried open plaintiff's left arm and hand, and defendant Lipton maliciously and sadistically grabbed plaintiff's left thumb and wantonly [and] repeatedly stuck plaintiff with a needle, causing him to bleed." Id.
Defendant Lipton states that she has no recollection of interacting with the plaintiff on November 6, 2007. See Declaration of C. Lipton, ¶ 4 (Docket No. 58-4). Indeed the evidence she attaches to her declaration suggests that she was not present when plaintiff was brought to the clinic after he passed out. Exhibit A to her affidavit is a medical record of the examination signed by a Nurse Flaherty at the clinic. Flaherty wrote that, during the exam, plaintiff was "purposefully avoiding being helped." Id. at 6. A short time later, he was taken to a triage area for further examination by a Nurse Holzmaier, and again he was uncooperative. Id. at 7-8. Neither nurse recorded any evidence or complaint of excessive force.
Plaintiff's evidence shows defendant Lipton's recollection is inaccurate. He has attached to his opposition a rules violation report reflecting disciplinary action taken against him for "delaying a peace officer." Opposition, Exhibit I at 41. The document states that when plaintiff was found lying on the floor of his cell and did not respond to any attempts to communicate with him, "a medical emergency was declared.... Upon arrival at the D Facility clinic, [plaintiff] refused medical examination by LVN Lipton." Id. The prison's own record, then, shows that Lipton was at the clinic and tried to examine the plaintiff. Moreover, the medial form signed by Nurse Flaherty shows that plaintiff was given a "fingerstick glucose" test. That detail is consistent with plaintiff's allegation that at the clinic defendant Follosoco "pried open" his hand and defendant Lipton stuck his thumb with a needle, causing him to bleed. First Amended Complaint, ¶ 47.
The rules violation report goes on to say that the entire episode on November 6 "involved over 20 staff members and delayed the program on D Facility for over one hour."
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Defendant Follosoco also declares under penalty of perjury that he has no recollection of interacting with the plaintiff on November 6, 2007. Unlike defendant Lipton's, Follosoco's recollection is not contradicted by any documentation of the pass-out episode. As was the case with defendant Bainbridge, though, Follosoco's self-serving statement is not by itself sufficient for summary judgment. Plaintiff's verified complaint that Follosoco used force to "pry open" his hand still stands as admissible evidence in opposition to the motion for summary judgement. See Schroeder, supra. Therefore, based on the undisputed evidence submitted by Lipton and the plaintiff, it appears that, contrary to defendant Lipton's faulty recollection, she and a correctional officer used some measure of force to administer a blood glucose test on plaintiff. However, the evidence is equally clear that under the circumstances - i.e., plaintiff found curled on the floor and unresponsive in his cell, causing prison staff to declare a medical emergency and take him to the clinic - this was a reasonable use of force that caused little injury, if any. See Hudson, supra (instructing federal courts to consider the need for the use of force in assessing an inmate's claim of excessive force). The court finds there is no genuine issue of material fact as to plaintiff's claim that Follosoco and Lipton used excessive force against him on November 6, 2007. The motion for summary judgment as to that claim should be granted.
D. Plaintiff's claim of deliberate indifference to a serious medical need
In Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976), the Supreme Court held that inadequate medical care does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment cognizable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless the mistreatment rises to the level of "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs." The Ninth Circuit has developed a two-part test for deliberate indifference:
First, the plaintiff must show a serious medical need by demonstrating that failure to treat a prisoner's condition could result in further significant injury or the "unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain." Second, the plaintiff must show the defendant's response to the need was deliberately indifferent. This second prong - defendant's response to the need was deliberately indifferent - is satisfied by showing (a) a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner's pain or possible medical need and (b) harm caused by the indifference. Indifference may appear when prison officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical treatment, or it may be shown by the way in which prison physicians provide medical care.Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal citations and quotations omitted); see also McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1060 (9th Cir.1992) (stating that "[a] defendant must purposefully ignore or fail to respond to a prisoner's pain or possible medical need"), overruled in part on other grounds, WMX Technologies, Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133, 1136 (9th Cir.1997). There is no Eighth Amendment violation if any delay in treatment is not harmful. Shapely v. Nevada Bd. of State Prison Com'rs., 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir.1985). However, unnecessary continuation of pain may constitute the "harm" necessary to establish an Eighth Amendment violation from delay in providing medical care. McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1062.
A showing of merely inadvertent or even negligent medical care is not enough to establish a constitutional violation. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105-06; Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.3d 1124, 1130 (9th Cir.1998). A difference of opinion about the proper course of treatment is not deliberate indifference, nor does a dispute between a prisoner and prison officials over the necessity for or extent of medical treatment amount to a constitutional violation. See, e.g., Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1058 (9th Cir. 2004); Sanchez v. Vild, 891 F.2d 240, 242 (9th Cir.1989).
A medical need is "serious" under the Eighth Amendment if failure to treat the condition could cause further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain. McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059.
The existence of an injury that a reasonable doctor or patient would find important and worthy of comment or treatment; the presence of a medical condition that significantly affects an individual's daily activities; or the existence of chronic and substantial pain are examples of indications that a prisoner has a "serious" need for medical treatmentId. at 1059-60. The Ninth Circuit has also stated that "the fact that an individual sat idly by as another human being was seriously injured despite the defendant's ability to prevent the injury is a strong indicium of callousness and deliberate indifference to the prisoner's suffering." Id. at 1060. "A defendant must purposefully ignore or fail to respond to a prisoner's pain or possible medical need in order for deliberate indifference to be established." Id. (emphasis added).
In his first amended complaint, plaintiff alleges that defendant Lipton happened to be doing a "med pass" - that is, she was passing out medications to inmates - shortly after he was allegedly assaulted by "several" correctional officers on September 13, 2007. First Amended Complaint, ¶ 31. He states that other inmates told Lipton that plaintiff was in need of medical attention. Id. He states that he complained to her of "severe chronic pain in his chest, right arm and back" and showed her "abrasions and scrapes" from the alleged assault. Id. He alleges that defendant Lipton "claimed she was going to come back and do a 7219 incident report on plaintiff's injuries and give him medical care for them [but] then left and never came back." Id.
Defendant Lipton states she has no recollection of speaking with Jones on September 13, 2007. Declaration of C. Lipton, ¶ 3. She states that if Jones had told her he was in pain or injured, she "would have acted consistently with my custom and habit and made a written record of such a complaint." Id. She states she would have provided the appropriate medical care "[d]epending on the severity of Jones' claimed injuries[.]" Id. She contends that the absence of any written record of Jones complaining on September 13 means "no such complaints were expressed to me." Id.
As was the case with defendant Bainbridge's declaration that he does not remember searching plaintiff, defendant Lipton's self-serving affidavit that she does not remember seeing plaintiff on September 13, 2007, is relevant but not dispositive. Plaintiff's verified complaint sufficiently counter-weighs Lipton's affidavit for purposes of surviving summary judgment if it contains allegations that, if accepted by a jury, would warrant recovery for deliberate indifference to a serious medical need. See Schroeder, supra. The first amended complaint alleges that plaintiff was in severe pain after an assault, that he told Nurse Lipton about it and that she promised to return to administer medical care but never did. Such allegations meet the Ninth Circuit's requirement that "[a] defendant must purposefully ignore or fail to respond to a prisoner's pain or possible medical need in order for deliberate indifference to be established." McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060 (emphasis added).
Defendant Lipton also argues that the record of plaintiff's conduct on September 13 demonstrates that he suffered no serious medical need that day. According to a rules violation report lodged against plaintiff, a prison guard came to retrieve plaintiff's food tray through the food port at plaintiff's cell on September 13 and accidentally dropped the tray onto the cell floor. When plaintiff refused to return the tray and eventually had to be confronted by a sergeant and another guard, plaintiff was charged with delaying a peace officer. See Declaration of C. Scholl at 4 (Docket No. 58-6). Plaintiff contends that he was assaulted with the tray, an allegation belied by the disciplinary record. However, the descriptions of plaintiff's conduct in the rules violation report and at the subsequent disciplinary hearing do not conclusively rule out the inference in the first amended complaint that the dropped-tray incident escalated into a confrontation, nor does it contradict the key, explicit allegation that plaintiff was injured or in pain after an altercation with correctional officers some time before he saw defendant Lipton on September 13. His verified complaint therefore still stands as admissible Rule 56 evidence sufficient to survive summary judgment.
Without more evidence, the court is left with a credibility contest between plaintiff and defendant Lipton that can only be resolved at trial. The motion for summary judgment as to plaintiff's claim for deliberate indifference to a serious medical need should be denied.
E. Qualified immunity
Finally, defendants argue they are entitled to qualified immunity against all claims.
Government officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). In determining whether a governmental officer is immune from suit based on the doctrine of qualified immunity, the court considers two questions. One is, taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury, do the facts alleged show the officer's conduct violated a constitutional right? Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). A negative answer ends the analysis, with qualified immunity protecting defendant from liability. Id. If a constitutional violation occurred, the court further inquires "whether the right was clearly established." Id. "If the law did not put the [defendant] on notice that [his] conduct would be clearly unlawful, summary judgment based on qualified immunity is appropriate." Id. at 202. The inquiry into whether a right was clearly established "must be taken in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition." Id. at 201. "[T]he right the official is alleged to have violated must have been 'clearly established' in a more particularized, and hence more relevant, sense: The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right." Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987).
The district court may decide the order of addressing the two prongs of its qualified immunity analysis in accordance with fairness and efficiency and in light of the circumstances of a particular case. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009). Given the particular circumstances of this case, this court sees no reason to depart from the traditional order of analysis presented in Saucier.
There is no question that the facts alleged establish the violation of a constitutional right in each claim and that those rights were clearly established at the time they were allegedly violated. The Supreme Court has long held that the wanton infliction of pain, which plaintiff alleges against defendant Bainbridge, and deliberate indifference to a serious medical need, which plaintiff alleges against defendant Lipton, violate the Eighth Amendment. See Hudson and Estelle, supra. The factual circumstances alleged do not take either claim out of those established lines of constitutional law. Defendants are not entitled to qualified immunity.
Accordingly, IT IS RECOMMENDED that:
1. The motion to dismiss (Docket No. 57) be granted in part and denied in part. It should be granted as to plaintiff's claim defendant Bainbridge used excessive force against him on September 21, 2007. It should be denied as to his claim that Bainbridge used excessive force on October 16, 2007. It should also be denied as to the claim that defendants Follosoco and Lipton used excessive force on November 6, 2007.
2. The motion for summary judgment (Docket No. 58) be granted in part and denied in part. It should be granted as to plaintiff's claim that defendants Follosoco and Lipton used excessive force against him on November 6, 2007. It should be denied as to the claim that defendant Bainbridge used excessive force on October 16, 2007. The motion should also be denied as to the claim that defendant Lipton was deliberately indifferent to a serious medical need on September 13, 2007.
These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations." Any reply to the objections shall be served and filed within fourteen days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
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CAROLYN K. DELANEY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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