Opinion
No. 06-3102.
Argued April 17, 2008.
Filed July 11, 2008.
On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, D.C. Civil Action No. 96-cv-0680 (Honorable Ila Jeanne Sensenich).
David B. Rodes, Esquire (Argued), Jason T. Shipp, Esquire, Goldberg, Persky White, Pittsburgh, PA, for Appellants.
David P. Helwig, Esquire (Argued), Marks, O'Neill, O'Brien Courtney, Pittsburgh, PA, for Appellee McCarl's, Inc.
Cathy R. Gordon, Esquire (Argued), Swartz Campbell, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, for Appellee Duquesne Light Company.
Mark A. Behrens, Esquire, Shook, Hardy Bacon, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae-Appellee, The Coalition for Litigation Justice, Inc., Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, National Association of Manufactures, American Insurance Association, Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, American Chemistry Council.
Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, AMBRO and FISHER, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
Appellant Karen Jesensky asserts claims for injuries allegedly suffered as a result of exposure to asbestos fibers her father inadvertently carried home from his workplace. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants McCarl's, Inc. and Duquesne Light Company. We will affirm.
Jesensky's husband also asserts claims relating to the injuries sustained by Karen Jesensky.
Eugene Schirra, a union steam fitter and pipe fitter for nearly thirty years, worked as a contractor at several industrial sites. During that time period, his daughter, Karen Jesensky, regularly loaned her car to him for a work carpool, picked him up from his bus stop after work, and washed his work clothes. In late 1994 or early 1995, Jesensky was diagnosed with mesothelioma, seriously impairing her health.
Jesensky filed claims against sixty-nine defendants in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas. She alleged her mesothelioma was caused by secondhand exposure to asbestos products present at her father's workplaces. Most of the defendants were manufacturers or suppliers of asbestos products.
Jesensky's claims against most of these defendants were either settled or dismissed in state court for Jesensky's failure to proffer evidence showing that her father was in contact with particular products. See Eckenrod v. GAF Corp., 375 Pa.Super. 187, 544 A.2d 50, 52 (1988) (to survive a motion for summary judgment in an asbestos case, a plaintiff must establish that injuries were caused by the product of a particular manufacturer or supplier and must present evidence to show that he/she inhaled asbestos fibers shed by the specific product).
Two defendants — McCarl's and Duquesne Light — were neither manufacturers nor suppliers of asbestos products. Jesensky's claims against McCarl's allegedly arise out of a four-month period during which McCarl's employed Schirra at Babcock Wilcox's steel mill in Koppel, Pennsylvania. Jesensky's claims against Duquesne Light Company arise out of a four-year period in which Schirra worked at the Shippingport Atomic Power Station. The Shippingport power plant, which used a nuclear reactor as a source for generating commercial electricity, was overseen by the Atomic Energy Commission ("AEC") in exercise of its authority under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq. Duquesne Light Company contracted with the AEC to participate in the construction and operation of the power plant. Schirra worked at the Shippingport power plant as an independent contractor of Duquesne Light Company.
Jesensky's complaint, originally filed in the Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, was removed by Duquesne Light under the federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). In District Court, Duquesne Light moved for summary judgment, contending that Jesensky's complaint failed to properly plead a claim, and if a claim had been properly pleaded, that it owed no duty to Jesensky under Pennsylvania law. The Magistrate Judge interpreted Jesensky's complaint as asserting a claim of negligence, predicated on a premises liability theory, without discussing the sufficiency of the pleadings. Reaching the merits, the Magistrate Judge recommended granting Duquesne Light's motion, finding the company owed Jesensky no duty under Pennsylvania law. The District Court, adopting the Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation, granted summary judgment in favor of Duquesne Light Company without further comment.
Removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) is proper if the moving party: (1) demonstrates that it acted under the direction of an officer of the United States; (2) demonstrates a causal nexus between Plaintiffs' claims and the acts it performed under color of federal office; and (3) raises a colorable federal defense. See Mesa v. California, 489 U.S. 121, 124-35, 109 S.Ct. 959, 103 L.Ed.2d 99 (1989). Duquesne Light Company contends removal was proper here because, in constructing and operating the Shippingport power plant, it: (1) acted under the supervision and specific direction of Rear Admiral H.G. Rickover, Director of the Division of Naval Reactors of the AEC and his assigned officers; (2) followed Admiral Rickover's express orders in designing, constructing and operating the plant; and (3) indicated its intent to pursue the "government contractor defense" articulated in Boyle v. United Techs. Corp., 487 U.S. 500, 108 S.Ct. 2510, 101 L.Ed.2d 442 (1988). Jesensky contends removal was improper and seeks remand to state court.
McCarl's also moved for summary judgment in District Court, contending that it had not been identified as a source of any asbestos exposure that allegedly injured Jesensky. The Magistrate Judge, finding that Jesensky had not alleged any facts to support a negligence claim against McCarl's and indicating that no such claim could be found in the pleadings, recommended granting McCarl's summary judgment motion. The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of McCarl's without further comment.
The Magistrate Judge issued a Supplemental Report and Recommendation on the motion by McCarl's following Jesensky's filing of objections to the Magistrate Judge's initial Report and Recommendation.
The District Court was correct to dismiss Jesensky's claims against McCarl's based on the insufficiency of the pleadings, and the same reasoning is dispositive as to the claims against Duquesne Light. In the briefs, Jesensky characterizes the complaint as asserting a claim for negligence based on the company's "failure to warn" of the dangers of the asbestos products used at its facility. See, e.g., Jesensky Br. at 11 ("Although the Complaint in the present action is couched in terms principally applicable to product defendants, the essential claim against Duquesne Light is predicated on its failure to warn or otherwise protect Mr. Schirra, and thus derivatively Ms. Jesensky, against off-premises transportation of asbestos fibers."). At oral argument, Jesensky noted "the essence of our theory was that it was a negligence premises liability case."
These state law claims are absent from Jesensky's complaint. On its face, the complaint is void of any reference to a premises liability claim or "failure to warn" theory. At oral argument, Jesensky conceded the complaint's deficiency, stating: "it's true that that's not how we pled it; it was an inartful pleading." Moreover, Jesensky admitted at oral argument that the complaint "should have been amended. . . ."
The complaint alleges, in part:
[¶] 7. Defendants, at all times relevant and pertinent hereto, were engaged in the business of mining and/or milling and/or manufacturing and/or fabricating and/or supplying and/or selling asbestos-containing products to which plaintiff was exposed. Specifically, in the case of defendant Foster Wheeler Corporation, this includes the utilization of asbestos-containing products in the construction and/or reconstruction and/or repair of boilers in powerhouses, industrial facilities and elsewhere.
. . .
[¶] 10. Plaintiff's diseases [sic] as set forth herein with associated complications was [sic] directly and proximately caused by the acts of the defendants acting through their agents, servants and employees and the defendants are liable therefore, jointly and severally, to the plaintiff for their negligence, breach of warranty and as a result of the strict duty and liability imposed under Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts.
[¶] 11. The defendants mined and/or milled and/or manufactured and/or fabricated and/or supplied and/or sold products which they knew were defective and/or unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer, such as plaintiff, and acted in such a manner which was willful, wanton, gross and in total disregard for the health and safety of the user or consumer, i.e., plaintiff.
Even so, Jesensky has not submitted a proposed amended complaint on this appeal. And there is no record of her having ever prepared or submitted a proposed amended complaint in the past. In a lawsuit that now dates back twelve years, we decline to permit amendment of the pleadings where the plaintiff has never moved to amend her complaint nor offered any explanation for her failure to do so.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Duquesne Light Company and McCarl's. Accordingly, the Jesenskys' claims against both defendants are dismissed without leave to amend.