Summary
involving a 15-year-old boy "mentally retarded about two or three years"
Summary of this case from Texas Utilities Elec. Co. v. TimmonsOpinion
February 5, 1954 —
March 2, 1954.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Rock county: HARRY S. Fox, Circuit Judge. Reversed.
For the appellant there were briefs by Schubring, Ryan, Petersen Sutherland of Madison, and Harry F. Knipp of Janesville, and oral argument by Mr. Robert J. Sutherland and Mr. Knipp.
For the respondents there was a brief by McWilliams Steil of Janesville, and oral argument by George K. Steil.
Two actions commenced on September 12, 1951, and tried together, are here for consideration. One was brought by Willard T. James, Sr., and the other by his minor son, Willard T. James, Jr. They arise out of injuries sustained by the boy when he climbed an electric-transmission-line tower of the defendant, came into close proximity to a high-tension wire carried by the tower and received a severe electric shock.
Defendant maintains a high-tension electric-transmission line which traverses the towns of Fulton and Janesville in Rock county. Through the town of Fulton and to its southern extremity the line runs in a north-south direction. At the town line, between Fulton and Janesville, its course is changed to a southeast direction. At the town line stands tower No. 301, the one here involved. The tower stands in a farm field adjacent to the north extremity of a Boy Scout camp, separated from the camp by a barbed-wire fence, and about 1,200 feet from the main lodge of the camp.
The tower is built of steel and is 54 feet high. It is made of four corner posts held together by cross and diagonal braces. The first cross brace is six feet above ground, the second twelve. From the second cross brace and on the southeast corner post is built a "spike ladder" which extends upward 20 feet 8 inches to the sixth cross brace. From the sixth cross brace to the seventh, a distance of four feet, there is a ladder of the usual type. To reach the ladder it is necessary to walk from the corner post on the sixth cross bar. Two "Danger — High Voltage" signs with letters two inches high were located on the first crossbar on opposite sides of the tower.
Extended from the tower are three outriggers, the lowest one of which, and upon which the boy testified he was sitting when the accident occurred, is 37 feet from the ground. It extends outward four feet from the tower. There is attached to each of its outside corners an insulator three feet long at the bottoms of which insulators are fastened the high-tension wires. The insulators are connected by an uninsulated jumper wire which hangs three feet below the level of the outrigger upon which the boy sat.
March 4, 1951, was a scout-gathering day at the camp. Willard and 200 or 300 other boys were in attendance. He was fifteen years and eight months old, but mentally retarded about two or three years. In the middle of the day Willard and another boy, Gerry Block, wandered away from the camp buildings and into the area near the tower. They climbed through the barbed-wire fence to the tower. Willard said that he wanted to climb the tower to see where some of the other boys were playing. He "shinnied" up the cross and diagonal braces to the second horizontal brace 12 feet above the ground. From that point he climbed the spike ladder on the corner post to the sixth cross brace, crossed the brace to the ladder between the tower posts, ascended the ladder, and climbed out onto the braces of the lower outrigger.
When he had reached a point about half way up the tower he called to Gerry to come on up. Gerry told him that he did not want to and that he had better come down. Willard suggested again that Gerry come up, and said, "you don't have to be chicken," or something to that effect. Gerry told him again that he did not think that it was safe, and suggested that he come down.
Willard, while seated on the outrigger with his right leg dangling toward the jumper wire, turned to look around, and as he did so he received an electric shock in his foot or leg. He testified that he did not touch the wire. Plaintiffs established, however, that current in the jumper wire might jump a distance of one or two inches.
Willard testified that he did not touch the wires because he was afraid that if he touched them he would receive a shock and that he thought that there was no danger unless he touched them. On a previous occasion he had started to climb another tower in the vicinity but returned to the ground when a bystander told him that it was dangerous. He testified that he did not observe the warning signs at any time on the day in question.
There is no testimony that any boys had ever climbed or played about tower 301. There is evidence that Willard once started to climb one of the other towers in the defendant's transmission line, and his father testified that he had seen some boys playing on a cross brace on a tower in Janesville three years earlier and that once after that he saw another boy at a higher level on a tower. There is no testimony whatever that the defendant had actual or constructive notice that boys were attracted to tower 301 or any of its other towers of similar construction except that it appears that it received notice from the public service commission on or about August 28, 1950, advising it that a nine-year-old boy had been electrocuted on August 25th on a tower in the city of Madison.
All the answers to the questions of the special verdict were answered favorably to plaintiffs. On July 16, 1953, judgment awarding $5,500 to plaintiff, Willard T. James, Jr., and $7,846.81 to Willard T. James, Sr., was entered. Defendant appeals.
Liability was asserted under the "attractive-nuisance doctrine." The rule is stated in Restatement, 2 Torts, p. 920, sec. 339:
"A possessor of land is subject to liability for bodily harm to young children trespassing thereon caused by a structure or other artificial condition which he maintains upon the land, if
"(a) the place where the condition is maintained is one upon which the possessor knows or should know that such children are likely to trespass, and
"(b) the condition is one of which the possessor knows or should know and which he realizes or should realize as involving an unreasonable risk of death or serious bodily harm to such children, and
"(c) the children because of their youth do not discover the condition or realize the risk involved in intermeddling in it or in coming within the area made dangerous by it, and
"(d) the utility to the possessor of maintaining the condition is slight as compared to the risk to young children involved therein."
This court has recognized the rule as the law of this state. Angelier v. Red Star Yeast Products Co. (1934), 215 Wis. 47, 254 N.W. 351; Larson v. Equity Co-operative Elevator Co. (1946), 248 Wis. 132, 21 N.W.2d 253; Brady v. Chicago N.W. R. Co. (1954), 265 Wis. 618, 62 N.W.2d 415.
The jury found: (1) That the transmission tower was inherently dangerous to children at and in its vicinity; (2) that defendant should have realized that the tower was inherently dangerous to children at and in its immediate vicinity; (3) that the defendant knew or should have known that children were likely to trespass upon the premises and climb its transmission tower so as to expose themselves to the danger of the electric current in its transmission wires; (4) that Willard T. James, Jr., was of such youth, tender age, or immaturity that by reason thereof he did not realize or discover the danger involved in climbing the tower and exposing himself to the electric current in the transmission wires; (5) that the defendant could reasonably have provided safeguards to obviate the danger to children without materially interfering with the purpose of the transmission tower; (6) that the facts found in the previous answers were a cause which produced the injuries of Willard T. James, Jr.; (7) that Willard T. James, Jr., failed to exercise such ordinary care for his own safety as a child of his age, capacity, discretion, knowledge, and experience should have exercised under the circumstances; (8) that such failure was a cause which produced the injuries; (9) attributed 55 per cent of the causal negligence to the defendant and 45 per cent thereof to Willard T. James, Jr.
Defendant relies principally upon Bonniwell v. Milwaukee L., H. T. Co. (1921), 174 Wis. 1, 182 N.W. 468, a case involving a tower similar to that upon which Willard was injured, a boy eleven years and four months old, and other facts peculiarly similar to those, presented here. The Bonniwell Case was decided after the attractive-nuisance doctrine had been expressly rejected in this state. Zartner v. George (1914), 156 Wis. 131, 145 N.W. 971. The court in the Bonniwell Case cited it as one of the authorities for its conclusion. In Angelier v. Red Star Yeast Products Co., supra, the rule of the Zartner Case, restated in Lewko v. Chas. A. Krause Milling Co. (1922), 179 Wis. 83, 190 N.W. 924, was expressly overruled and the rule of Restatement adopted. We have found no Wisconsin cases, other than the Bonniwell Case, in which the entire factual basis is similar in kind to that of this. We must judge this one upon its own facts and in recognition of the fact that the court has accepted the attractive-nuisance doctrine.
In an annotation and digest of cases dealing with the precise question it is said:
"In the majority of cases considering the question such a tower or pole has been held not to be such an attractive nuisance as to render the owner liable for injury to, or death of, a child while climbing on the tower or pole." 6 A.L.R.2d 759.
And at page 779 of the same annotation:
"The commonest factor weighed by the courts in determining liability for the injury or death of a child while on an electric tower or pole is the manner of its construction, and more especially the ease with which it may be climbed, due to the presence of steps or cleats, or of lattice or similar work on the tower."
When it is considered that to reach the place at which he was injured it was necessary for Willard, with effort and a degree of dexterity not ordinarily found in children of tender years, to climb crossbars a distance of 12 feet to the foot of the spike ladder, then up the spike ladder 20 feet and 8 inches to the sixth crossbar, cross this bar to a ladder of the usual type, continue up this ladder four feet to the outrigger 37 feet above ground level, and then out upon the outrigger to the place of danger, is it reasonable to assume that the defendant should have anticipated that anyone but a reckless boy would make the perilous journey to encounter the danger? The answer must be in the negative, particularly when it is considered also that the defendant had no knowledge of any previous similar efforts except one to which we will refer later in this opinion. Quoting again from the annotation in 6 A.L.R.2d 759, 779:
"The type of construction of electric-transmission towers, and the provisions for climbing, or ease with which they might be climbed because of the manner of their construction, have been considered in many cases, in the majority of which it was held that the owner of the tower was not liable for the injury or death of a child while climbing thereon."
It cannot be said that under the circumstances Willard was of the class of children who "because of their youth do not discover the condition or realize the risk involved in intermeddling in it [the structure] or in coming within the area made dangerous by it." Clause (c) rule of Restatement, 2 Torts, p. 920, sec. 339. On a previous occasion he had started to climb another tower in the vicinity but returned to the ground when a bystander told him that it was dangerous. He testified that he did not touch the wire because he was afraid that if he touched it he would receive a shock. His companion, a boy eleven or twelve years old who accompanied him to the tower, asked him when he was half way up the tower to come down. His answer to the request was a suggestion that the playmate also climb; he said to him, "you don't have to be chicken" or something to that effect. Again the playmate suggested that he come down.
True, he testified that he thought there was no danger unless he touched a wire. He did know, however, when he went onto the outrigger, which was only four feet long, that he would come into close proximity to the wire within the area of danger. The possessor's liability —
". . . does not extend to those conditions the existence of which is obvious even to children and the risk of which is fully realized by them. This limitation of the possessor's liability to conditions dangerous to children, because of their inability to appreciate their surroundings or to realize the risk involved therein, frees the possessor of land from the danger of liability to which he would otherwise be subjected by maintaining on the land the normal, necessary, and usual implements which are essential to its normal use but which reckless children can use to their harm in a spirit of bravado or to gratify some other childish desire and with as full a perception of the risks which they are running as though they were adults." Restatement, 2 Torts, p. 922, sec. 339.
It is also said at page 925 of the same volume:
"The purpose of the duty is to protect children from dangers which they are unlikely to appreciate and not to protect them against harm resulting from their own immature recklessness in the case of known danger. Therefore, even though the condition is one which the possessor should realize to be such that young children are unlikely to realize the full extent of the danger of meddling with it or encountering it, the possessor is not subject to liability to a child who in fact discovers the condition and appreciates the full risk involved therein but nonetheless chooses to encounter it out of recklessness or bravado."
The doctrine is intended for the protection of children of tender years, not to require the owner of a structure, built in the free use of his own land and doing that which is necessary in carrying on his business properly, to so guard and secure it as to prevent its use by children who are brought to it in a spirit of recklessness or bravado.
The circumstance that the notice sent by the public service commission to the defendant of a previous similar happening is emphasized by plaintiffs as one requiring affirmance. It should be noted again that there is no other proof that defendant had been made aware that its towers had been used by children as it was on this occasion. Is this isolated notice sufficient to subject the defendant to liability under the doctrine? We think not. If so, it would require us to say that defendant must guard all its towers not only to prevent injury to children of tender years, but also to prevent trespass upon them by reckless children regardless of their age. It must be kept in mind that the first inquiry is not: What have children done upon or near the place in question? It is: Is the place one upon which the possessor knows or should know that young children are likely to trespass and which he knows or should know and which he realizes or should realize involves an unreasonable risk to such children? It is the character of the instrumentality which must be considered initially, not the conduct or instincts of children.
Also, we are unable to say that the notice was sufficient to apprise defendant of the probability that boys of tender years had climbed tower 301 or others of similar construction. The record fails to disclose any of the circumstances attending the event to which the notice refers. Particularly, we do not know whether the tower therein referred to was safeguarded as was tower 301.
Plaintiffs also emphasize that the tower stood in close proximity to a Boy Scout camp and contend that this fact is in itself sufficient to establish constructive notice of its danger to children. It is, of course, a circumstance to be considered, but it is not controlling. That appears from a reading of the cases digested in the annotation contained in 6 A.L.R.2d 759, 764 et seq. It is to be observed that in each of the cases there referred to and in which recovery was allowed, the fact of the location of the tower was coupled with other facts which do not appear in this case. There are in those cases, for instance, such factors as readily accessible ladders, knowledge on the part of the owner of the frequent use of the tower by children, lack of warning signs, and lack of knowledge on the part of the child of the danger. The same is true of the cases cited by plaintiffs in support of their contention, Znidersich v. Minnesota Utilities Co. (1923), 155 Minn. 293, 193 N.W. 449; and McKiddy v. Des Moines Electric Co. (1926), 202 Iowa, 225, 206 N.W. 815. In each of them the pole upon which the boy had ascended was easy to climb.
That the ease with which a boy might be able to climb the tower because of the presence of a readily available ladder is considered an important factor in determining liability is demonstrated in Brown v. American Manufacturing Co. (1924), 209 App. Div. 621, 623, 205 N.Y. Supp. 331, 333, where, in a factual situation similar to that considered here, the court denied recovery and laid particular emphasis upon the circumstance that "the tower was so constructed, and the wires strung at such a height that one would not anticipate that immature children would climb it and reach the wires." It appears from the court's statement of the facts that the tower had been so built as to be almost identical with that with which we are concerned; extending between the legs of the tower were horizontal strips of steel, the lowest of which was about six feet above the ground level; there were diagonal braces; and upon one of the corner posts there were pegs for climbing, the lowest of which was 10 or 11 feet from the base. It is significant also that in that case the tower was erected in a yard of tenement houses where children were accustomed to play.
In Texas Power Light Co. v. Burt (Tex.Civ.App. 1937), 104 S.W.2d 941, 943, a boy was injured when he climbed a tower located on the bank of a river in the wooded section of a public park. It had two spiked ladders the lowest of which spikes was from four to seven feet from the concrete base of the tower. The court in denying recovery said:
"Furthermore, considering the manner in which this tower was constructed and the natural and apparent danger that would have to be overcome before one could reach the zone where he might be injured by the electric current, it is unreasonable to assume that a child young enough to be possessed of such childish impulses as is contemplated by the attractive-nuisance doctrine, would have the courage to climb the tower on the spike ladder far enough to encounter the danger here contemplated."
Plaintiffs contend that defendant should have provided more safeguards at or near the foot of the tower. What we have said as to the nature and character of the structure as it existed and the responsibility of the defendant with respect thereto answers that contention. Defendant was not limited in its choice of means of avoiding danger. One of the reasons for carrying the wires at a high elevation was to place them out of reach. We may assume also that it was for the same reason that the foot of the lower ladder was 12 feet above the ground level. An owner of land is required to foresee or anticipate probable harm to others; he is not, required to guard against every possible danger to children or others.
"The use of property, to which an owner is entitled, should not be incumbered with the necessity of taking precautions against every conceivable danger to which an irrepressible spirit of adventure may lead a child." 38 Am. Jur., Negligence, p. 813, sec. 147.
We are aware that there are cases which might be accepted as authority for plaintiffs' contentions. Practically all of them cited by plaintiffs and those which we have found in our own research are distinguishable in their facts, however. A study of the cases reveals nothing really definite except that each must be determined upon its own facts.
For the reasons stated, we conclude that the facts presented in this case do not call for application of the attractive-nuisance doctrine.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed with directions to dismiss the complaints.
CURRIE, J., took no part.