Opinion
Docket No. 101909.
Decided February 21, 1989.
Kohl, Secrest, Wardle, Lynch, Clark Hampton (by Gerald A. Fisher and Joan A. Bacon), for plaintiff.
Kemp, Klein, Umphrey, Endelman Beer, P.C. (by Raymond L. Morrow), for defendants.
Plaintiff Charter Township of Independence appeals as of right from a June 29, 1987, order of summary disposition entered in the Oakland Circuit Court pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). Plaintiff's complaint for breach of a construction contract against defendants was dismissed. We affirm the circuit court.
Plaintiff Independence Township advertised for bids for the construction of Fire Station No. 2, in accordance with architectural plans and specifications prepared by G.H. Forbes Associates Architects. According to the specifications, bidders were invited to submit offers, the offers were irrevocable for a period of thirty days and, pursuant to § 13.1, acceptance would be made upon "formal notice of intent . . . duly served upon the intended awardee by the Owner or Architect."
On about June 16, 1986, defendant Reliance Building Company submitted a bid proposal to undertake the project for the base-bid price of $487,500. Attached to Reliance's bid proposal was defendant Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company's surety bond. Shortly thereafter, Reliance was informed that it was the low bidder. The president of Reliance, Alfred T. Deptula, however, informed plaintiff's architect, G.H. Forbes, that he had inadvertently omitted the structural steel subcontract from the base bid and requested that Reliance be excused from its offer. On June 20, 1986, a meeting was held during which Deptula and Forbes discussed issues with respect to construction estimates for the project, particularly the masonry, concrete, carpentry, and structural steel subcontracts. On June 24, 1986, Deptula advised Forbes that he had substantially reduced some of his subcontracts and that Reliance was prepared to enter into a contract with plaintiff in the amount of their original bid proposal. On June 27, 1986, Forbes mailed a letter and ten sets of construction documents to Reliance together with its bid deposit.
On July 22, 1986, more than thirty days after Reliance had submitted its bid, the matter was considered by the township board. The board approved awarding the contract for construction of the fire station to Reliance. However, on August 5, 1986, Deptula sent a letter to the township fire department advising that Reliance was formally withdrawing its bid because the thirty-day acceptance period had lapsed. Plaintiff was required to contract with another party, O'Brien Waterford Construction Company, to perform the work for a sum of $522,000. Plaintiff mailed O'Brien Waterford Construction Company a "formal notice of intent" on October 15, 1986.
On February 25, 1987, plaintiff commenced this breach of contract action in the Oakland Circuit Court. Plaintiff alleged that defendant had been formally awarded the contract by plaintiff's acceptance letter of June 27, 1986. Plaintiff further alleged that, as a customary and standard practice in the industry, the mailing of the ten sets of construction documents to the low bidder, together with the bid deposit, constituted notice to defendants that they had submitted the low bid and, thus, had been awarded the contract, and that defendants' attempt to withdraw the bid on August 5, 1986, constituted a breach of contract with plaintiff. Plaintiff alleged damages in the amount of $32,500, reflecting the difference between Reliance's bid and the amount plaintiff was required to pay for the performance of the contract.
In granting defendants' motion for summary disposition, the trial court found that defendants had not received "formal notice of intent" in accordance with § 13.1 of the plans and specifications prepared by G.H. Forbes Associates. The court stated that § 13.1 was not ambiguous and should be resolved in favor of defendants and against the drafter, Independence Township.
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendants' motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). Plaintiff contends that "formal notice" has no determined legal meaning and thus it is necessary to look to the customary and standard practice in the industry to determine its legal effect. Plaintiff argues that, in light of the dispute concerning the meaning of "formal notice," a genuine issue of material fact is present, and therefore summary disposition was improper.
A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8), failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, tests the legal sufficiency of plaintiff's pleading. The appropriate test is whether plaintiff's claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right to recovery. Abel v Eli Lilly Co, 418 Mich. 311, 323-324; 343 N.W.2d 164 (1984), cert den sub nom E R Squibb Sons v Abel, 469 U.S. 833; 105 S Ct 123; 83 L Ed 2d 65 (1984).
Under MCR 2.116(C)(10), no genuine issue of material fact, the trial court is to review the entire record to determine whether the nonmoving party has presented facts to support the claim or defense. The trial court must give the benefit of any reasonable doubt to the nonmoving party in deciding whether a genuine issue of material fact exists. Before judgment may be granted, the trial court must be satisfied that it is impossible for the claim to be supported by evidence at trial. Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich. 363, 371-372; 207 N.W.2d 316 (1973).
Plaintiff contends that § 13.1 of the specifications, which governed acceptance of bids by formal notice of award, was ambiguous, thereby creating a factual dispute. It is plaintiff's position that the June 27, 1986, letter constituted a formal acceptance in conformance with customary and standard industry practice. Thus, plaintiff argues that testimony as to customary practices within the industry was necessary to resolve the ambiguity. We disagree.
Section 13.1 of the specifications submitted to the bidders provided:
13. Notice of Award
13.1 The contract shall be deemed as having been awarded when formal notice of intent shall have been duly served upon the intended awardee by the Owner or Architect.
Before a contract can be completed, there must be an offer and acceptance. Dudley A Tyng Co v Converse, 180 Mich. 195; 146 N.W. 629 (1914). No contract can arise except on the express mutual assent of the parties. Woods v Ayres, 39 Mich. 345, 351 (1878); Brown v Considine, 108 Mich. App. 504, 507; 310 N.W.2d 441 (1981). Unless an acceptance is unambiguous and in strict conformance with the offer, no contract is formed. Dassance v Nienhuis, 57 Mich. App. 422, 431; 225 N.W.2d 789 (1975). We are bound to construe an unambiguous agreement according to its plain meaning. Friske v Jasinski Builders, Inc, 156 Mich. App. 468, 472-473; 402 N.W.2d 42 (1986).
In this case, we find § 13.1 of the specifications to be clear and unambiguous, and we therefore must construe the language according to its plain meaning. Friske, supra. This finding is supported by the fact that on July 22, 1986, more than thirty days after defendant Reliance had submitted its bid, the matter was considered by the township board which then formally approved awarding the contract to defendants. Further, the June 27, 1986, transmittal, upon which plaintiff relies, did not contain language that Reliance had been awarded the contract nor did it specify which bid was accepted. We note that Reliance's bid proposal provided for a base bid in addition to two alternative proposals. Moreover, when plaintiff "reawarded" the contract to O'Brien Waterford Construction Company, it sent O'Brien a "formal notice of intent" expressly providing that O'Brien had been formally awarded the contract. We note that where a contract is not ambiguous, evidence of custom and practice in an industry is not admissible. Greenstine v Borchard, 50 Mich. 434; 15 N.W. 540 (1883); Ditzik v Schaffer Lumber Co, 139 Mich. App. 81, 89; 360 N.W.2d 876 (1984). Thus, the trial court properly denied plaintiff's request to present testimony concerning industry practices. Consequently, it would be impossible for plaintiff's claim to be supported at trial and, therefore, summary disposition was appropriate.
Plaintiff next argues that, regardless of the prescribed mode of acceptance, manifestations of assent between the parties resulted in a valid binding contract. Plaintiff argues that manifestations of assent by Reliance included notice to defendant that it was the low bidder, a request by defendant to be relieved of the contract due to errors in calculation and later assurances by defendant that it would perform its obligations under the contract. In addition, defendant proceeded to the site and made a request for further assistance in locating certain corner pins. We find this argument to be without merit.
In this case, defendant Reliance was the offeror of its bid while plaintiff was the offeree under the terms of plaintiff's specifications. Thus, it is plaintiff which failed to accept in the manner prescribed and any manifestations by defendant served only to substantiate its offer. Because no contract is formed until an acceptance is made in strict conformance with the offer, Dassance, supra, there is no merit to plaintiff's argument. As plaintiff prescribed the exclusive manner of acceptance, any attempt on its part to accept defendants' bid offer in a different manner failed to bind defendants in the absence of a meeting of the minds on the altered type of acceptance.
We conclude that the circuit court correctly granted summary disposition in favor of the defendants.
Affirmed.