Opinion
01-04-1900
In re WEST JERSEY TRACTION CO.
E. A. Armstrong and D. J. Pancoast, for petitioner. Joseph H. Gaskill and Herbert A. Drake, for the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad Co.
Application of the West Jersey Traction Company to define the mode of crossing the line of the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad Company's railroad.
E. A. Armstrong and D. J. Pancoast, for petitioner.
Joseph H. Gaskill and Herbert A. Drake, for the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad Co.
REED, V. C. The West Jersey Traction Company, which operates a trolley line, filed a petition in this court asking this court to fix the manner in which it should cross the tracks of the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad Company, in the borough of Haddonfield. An answer to the petition has been filed by the latter company.
It is objected in limine that the map of the route, as filed by the petitioner, does not show that the route crosses the West Jersey & Seashore Railroad Company. What is meant by this objection is that the map does not exhibit any indication of a crossing. But the map shows that its route runs across the right of way of the steam road at the point where the mode of crossing is to be defined. This is all that is essential.
It is next objected that the application to this court was not made by the West Jersey Traction Company, but was in fact made by the Camden & Suburban Railroad Company, which owns a majority of the stock of the former company. The purchase of the stock occurred in April, 1896, since which time there seem to have been no books of account kept by the West Jersey Traction Company, which company was leased to the Camden & Suburban Railroad Company. The petition is over the seal of the West Jersey Traction Company, and signed by its secretary and solicitor. This raises the presumption that the seal was affixed by proper authority. Leggett v. Banking Co., 1 N. J. Eq. 541; Manhattan Mfg. Co. v. New Jersey Stock-Yard & Market Co., 23 N. J. Eq. 165. But it is said that this prima facie presumption is rebutted by proof of the want of corporate authority to fix the seal and execute the corporate act; that the minute book of the petitioner fails to show that William Browning was authorized to attach the seal of the company to the present petition. But by a resolution appearing in the book under date of September 11, 1899, after the filing of the petition, it is recited that Browning did the act with the acquiescence of the directors, who ratified his act. This adoption of the act of the secretary was, I think, equivalent to an original authorization. Kountze v. Morris Aqueduct, 58 N. J. Law, 303, 33 Atl. 252; Id., 58 N. J. Law, 695, 34 Atl. 1099.
The main question is in respect to the manner in which the trolley road should cross the steam road. It is insisted by the counsel of the trolley road that the steam road is itself illegally crossing a highway at grade, and that the trolley has the right to use the surface of the highway in the same manner as any other vehicle. The duty of the steam road to elevate or depress its tracks so as to leave the surface of the highway free for the passage of vehicles, horses, etc., is put upon the provision of the ninth section of the charter of the Camden & Atlantic Railroad Company (P. L. 1852, p. 268): "That it shall be the duty of the said company to construct and keep in repair good and sufficient bridges or passages over or under said railroad, where any public or other roads shall cross the same and to alter and grade the said roads so that the passage of carriages, horses and cattle, passing and repassing shall not be impeded thereby." Similar provisions are to be found in other charters of steam roads, and I am not aware that it has ever been held that this provision compelled the railroad to elevate its tracks so that it shall not cross public roads at grade. Railroads pass over public roads when they cross at grade. The act compels the railroad to conform the surface of the highway to the surface of the railroad, so as not to impede the passage of cattle and horses over the railroad, and this is all. This has always been the practical construction of these provisions. The railroad, then, has the right to cross the highway at grade. The question, then, is whether the trolley shall be compelled to cross the railroad otherwise than at grade. No one suggests that it should be compelled to build a structure which will permit the passage of the trolley cars above the railroad tracks. The insistence is that it should build a tunnel, so as to permit its cars to pass underneath the railroad. The argument in favor of such a crossing is grounded upon the danger of collision which will arise from the grade crossing. It cannot be denied that there is an element of danger in every grade crossing of a steam railroad. Every public road that crosses a steam road at grade presents a point of possible peril. If all persons were constantly vigilant, danger would disappear, or be reduced to infinitesimal proportions. So long, however, as men are careless, as they always will be, the instances of collisions on grade crossings will engage the attention of courts, and create the wish that grade crossings may be abolished. The policy of the state in fostering the building of railroads as instruments for the transportation of persons and merchandise has not required elevated or underground crossings. The expense which would attend the construction of railroads, if so compelled, would be a practical prohibition against the opening up of new sections of the country by new railroads. So grade crossings have been permitted, and where such crossings are, by their environments, exceptionally perilous, such dangers have been guarded against by such provisions as gates, flagmen, and signals. It cannot be said, therefore, that, because there is an element of danger in a grade crossing, some other method is to be provided. Thequestion is whether, taking into account the degree of such danger in the particular instance, and also the facility and economy with which such danger may be avoided by adopting some crossing other than at grade, the latter method should be required. The statute in the present case fixes the conditions upon which a crossing, other than at grade, might, in the discretion of the chancellor, be ordered, namely: First, when such other method is reasonably practicable; and, second, where the public safety so requires, the discretion of the chancellor must be controlled by the conditions attending the particular crossing. At the point where the present trolley road crosses the steam road, there pass and repass along Main street over the steam road 535 wagons each 24 hours. Now. it is said that a trolley car is a vehicle having a right to use the surface of the highway without compensation, because it is a vehicle. It is urged that, if these 535 wagons pass each day at grade, why cannot the trolley cars of the trolley company do the same? If the motive power which propels these cars was as certain and continuous in its operation as the motive power which propels the wagons, this argument would be sound. But it is not. The evidence shows conclusively that, from causes therein stated, the power is liable to be interrupted at any moment Nor am I satisfied that the momentum acquired by a car before reaching the track can be safely relied upon to carry the car completely over the track or tracks; for if, while acquiring this momentum, the power should be withdrawn at a critical point, too late to stop the car before reaching the track, it would be left helpless in the path of danger. While such an occurrence may not happen for months or years, yet it is proved that collisions have occurred, and they will occur until a safer method of propulsion is discovered. The query is now whether the conditions here are such as to so increase the likelihood of such an occurrence as to impose upon me the duty of advising an underground crossing. In three instances I have advised a grade crossing of a railroad by a trolley line. In each of these the conditions were unlike the present. In two, the railroad crossed was used infrequently by freight trains alone, running at a slow rate of speed. In the other, the trains were few, with a station at which all the passenger trains came to a stop within a short distance from the point of crossing. In New York & L. B. R. Co. v. Atlantic Highlands, R. B. & L. B. Electric Ry. Co., 55 N. J. Eq. 522, 37 Atl. 736, the chancellor ordered a grade crossing. In that case 90 trains passed over the railroad at that point,—several of them at high speed, and without stopping. The underground crossing there proposed would require a change in the grade of two streets and an expenditure of between $60,000 and $70,000, and also subject the company to the payment of damages to the owners of property which bordered upon the streets. The depression of the street would have materially interfered, also, with the facility of approach from the street to the station of the steam railroad, and would have caused considerable inconvenience to the public. Under these conditions, the chancellor coupled with his permission to cross at grade the duty of maintaining a tower man, with a Gibbs signal system. In this case there are in summer 72 regular trains, and sometimes 30 special trains, running over the steam road. Of these, 40 stop at Haddonfield station, near the point of crossing, 4 of which are freight trains. The remainder of the 102 trains are fast trains running between Camden and Atlantic City, crossing Main street, Haddonfield, at a speed of from 40 to 60 miles an hour. To the south from this crossing there is a view of the track of from one-half to three-quarters of a mile. An undergrade crossing can be built, 14 feet in width, for $12,653. The slope of the street favors an under-grade crossing, as there is a rise towards the steam-railroad tracks from each side. Only 14 feet of the street need be depressed, and on each side of an iron railing fencing the tunnel there would be ample room for the passage of vehicles, because Main street is an exceptionally wide avenue. Therefore no material inconvenience would result to those using the street in going to and from the station of the steam railroad. Under these conditions, in my judgment it is reasonably practicable to avoid a grade crossing, and I think that public safety requires it. The details in respect to the undergrade tunnel will be fixed upon the framing of the decree.