Summary
noting "there is no purpose served in subordinating disallowed claims"
Summary of this case from In re Canyon Mgmt., LLCOpinion
BAP No. NV-07-1067-RBS, Bk Nos.: 06-10725 LBR, 06-10726 LBR, 06-10727 LBR, 06-10728 LBR, 06-10729 LBR, Ref. No. 07-06.
Argued and Submitted on July 26, 2007 at Las Vegas, Nevada
August 15, 2007. Order Published October 10, 2007.
William L. McGimsey, Esq., Las Vegas, NV, for Appellants.
Leonard E. Schwartzer, Esq., Schwartzer McPherson law firm, Las Vegas, NV, Annette W. Jarvis, Esq., Ray Quinney Nebeker, P.C., Salt Lake City, UT, Marc A. Levinson, Esq., Orrick, Herrington Sutcliffe, LLP, Sacramento, CA, Bob L. Olson, Esq., Beckley Singleton, Chtd., Las Vegas, NV, for Appellees.
The Official Committee of Equity Security Holders of USA Capital Diversified Trust Deed Fund, LLC, filed objections to the proofs of claim of appellants. The Committee asserted that appellants' proofs of claim are duplicative of their respective proofs of interest, and in any event, that the claims should be subordinated pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 510(b). After holding two separate hearings, the bankruptcy court disallowed appellants' claims. The appellants appealed.
Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101- 1532, and to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9036, as enacted and promulgated as of October 17, 2005, the effective date of most of the provisions of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 ("BAPCPA) (Pub.L. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23).
We REVERSE.
I. FACTS
USA Capital Diversified Trust Deed Fund, LLC ("Diversified" or "Debtor") is a Nevada limited liability company organized as of February 3, 2000. The apparent purpose of Diversified was to provide a vehicle for Nevada investors to invest in loans originated by co-Debtor USA Commercial Mortgage Company ("USACM"). Investors purchased membership interests in Diversified, which then invested in various loans. Diversified's stated purpose was to make or purchase entire or fractional interests in acquisition, development, construction, bridge or interim loans that were secured by first deeds of trust on, among other things, undeveloped land and residential commercial developments. Although Diversified loans were supposed to be secured by first deeds of trust and have other protections for Diversified investors, these protections were not generally provided by USACM.
According to its Prospectus, Diversified registered the sale of its membership units with the Nevada Securities Division, and strictly limited its offering to Nevada residents in order to avoid having to register its securities with the SEC.
There was a continuous offering of membership interests (known as "units") in Diversified from May 2000 to July 2004. In July 2004, Diversified stopped offering the sale of membership units, and on September 27, 2005, the investors were notified that Diversified would be liquidating. Diversified, USACM, USA Capital Realty Advisors, USA Capital First Trust Deed Fund, LLC ("FTDF"), and USA Securities, LLC ("Debtors") all filed for bankruptcy protection on April 13, 2006 ("Petition Date"). After the Petition Date, with a change in management for the Debtors, the abject failure of Diversified's former insiders to invest Diversified's monies properly became apparent. As time wore on, the scope of the wrongs inflicted upon Diversified by the insiders came sharply into focus. For example, the largest loan in the Diversified portfolio was found to be a complete fiction and a subterfuge employed by the insiders as part of a scheme to fund their speculative real estate activities with Diversified's funds, rather than utilizing those funds to make non-insider loans secured by first trust deeds as promised in the prospectus.
Debtors are affiliated financial service entities that operated out of the State of Nevada. USACM was in the business of underwriting, originating, brokering, funding and servicing commercial loans that were primarily secured by residential and commercial developments. As of the Petition Date, the loan portfolio that USACM was servicing consisted of approximately 115 loans having a combined outstanding balance of approximately $960 million.
FTDF is very similar to Diversified. Its apparent purpose was to allow USACM to offer investors throughout the United States (not just in Nevada, as was the case with Diversified) the opportunity to invest in loans that USACM originated. Investors purchased membership interests in FTDF, which then invested in various loans.
USA Capital Realty Advisors, LLC was the nominal manager of Diversified and FTDF. Finally, USA Securities, LLC, a registered broker-dealer, sold membership interests in FTDF.
Diversified is the only Debtor relevant to this appeal.
Diversified had approximately 1,300 members as of the Petition Date. Among these members were the Margaret B. McGimsey Trust, Bruce McGimsey, Jerry McGimsey, Sharon McGimsey, and Johnny Clark (collectively, the "Appellants"). Appellants filed proofs of interest, in the aggregate amount of $592,825.45 plus interest, for their respective equity investments in Diversified. Appellants also filed proofs of claim, in the very same aggregate amount, against Diversified based on allegations of breach of contract and fraud relating to their purchase of the membership interests in Diversified.
On November 30, 2006, the Official Committee of Equity Security Holders of Diversified ("Committee") filed its Omnibus Objection to Claims on Equity Misfiled as Creditor Claims ("Objection"). The Objection objected to 111 of the 137 proofs of claim filed against Diversified at that time. Included in the Objection were the Committee's objections to the proofs of claim filed by Appellants.
The Committee specifically objected to Claim Nos. 90-1, 93-1, 94-1, 95-1, 129-1, 130-1, 131-1, and 136-1. The objections were summarized in the table in Exhibit 1 to the Objection as follows:
The Committee contended that the Appellants' claims were duplicative of the proofs of interest which Appellants had filed and contended that, in any event, that the claims would necessarily be subordinated pursuant to § 510(b).
An initial hearing was held on January 3, 2007. The bankruptcy court continued the hearing, however, and ordered supplemental, concurrently filed briefing from the Appellants and the Committee on whether § 510(b) applied to Appellants' claims and, if so, whether the statute required Appellants' claims to be subordinated only below other unsecured creditor claims or subordinated such that Appellants' claims are on par with all similarly situated holders of equity interests in Diversified. The continued hearing was held on January 31, 2007. After hearing oral argument from counsel for Appellants and the Committee, the bankruptcy court made the following comments:
THE COURT: Okay. Well, I'm going to sustain the Funds' objections. 510(b) says, "For purpose of distribution under this title, a claim arising from" — let's see.
"A claim for damages arising from the purchase or sale of such security shall be subordinated to all claims or interests that are senior or equal to the claim or interest represented of a said security, except if it's common stock."
You know, there's no need to go to the legislative history because it's clear. It says arising from the purchase or sale.
The only reason they have a claim is because they bought the security, and management didn't do what it's supposed to do.
And the problem with this — a distinction will be made. Let's assume that, coincidentally, these people sold goods and services to the debtor. Well, they'd have a creditors claim for that because it's a different level.
I just can't fathom the concept that these creditors could claim a creditors claim for the exact same injury that everybody else has.
And under that theory, they would get their claim paid in full, and I don't know what the amount of the claim would be. I guess the amount of the claim would be everything they put in the investment.
And then everybody else who suffered the exact same kind of injury and damage would then have to share pro rata after what's left. That just turns the concept of bankruptcy upside down. I agree.
And if it were the other way, trust me, I would just allow everybody else to claim to be treated as a creditors claim.
There's absolutely no reason for disparate treatment, and that would, in essence, have created an unequal classification, so it was an interesting theory, but I don't agree with it, so
(Hr'g Tr. 22:5 — 23:6, January 31, 2007.)
An interesting colloquy followed between the court and counsel for the Appellants regarding what exactly the court had ruled:
MR. McGIMSEY: Well, can I ask you exactly what you've done, your Honor? Have you said I have no claim?
THE COURT: No. I said you have a claim as an equity holder.
MR. McGIMSEY: Well, do you say I have no —
THE COURT: Well, no.
MR. McGIMSEY: I —
THE COURT: You may have a claim, but it's going to be treated equally.
MR. McGIMSEY: So you are subordinating my claim.
THE COURT: It's going to be treated equally to all other claims, the equity claims, in the same interest.
MR. McGIMSEY: So I'm being subordinated; is that correct?
THE COURT: You're going to be treated like everybody else. You're going to be treated exactly in accordance with what everybody else is being treated.
MR. McGIMSEY: So —
THE COURT: It's not subordinated.
MR. McGIMSEY: Well, then —
THE COURT: You're asking —
MR. McGIMSEY: You're —
THE COURT: — to be elevated. You're asking to be elevated. That's what you were asking to do.
MR. McGIMSEY: I'm not asking to be elevated.
THE COURT: You were.
MR. McGIMSEY: I'm not asking —
THE COURT: But you were saying —
MR. McGIMSEY: — to be elevated.
THE COURT: — by filing that you were saying I'm going to categorize my equity interest different by filing a creditors claim; ergo, I am being elevated, so it's not that you're being subordinated. You're being treated exactly what you're supposed to be.
Oh, and in the 7001, I think only a — it says, "Except as provided in a Chapter 11 plan." I think 7001 only applies when you're seeking subordination, equitable subordination, the bad-conduct kinds of equitable subordination, as opposed to looking at what the nature has, so I just disagree.
I mean, it's an interesting argument. I just disagree so, you know, your claim will be treated like everybody else's.
MR. McGIMSEY: Well, I don't understand that. My claim has been — they filed an objection to the claim, and I would just like it clear, your Honor —
THE COURT: Yeah.
MR. McGIMSEY: — you were saying that 510(b) says I don't have a claim.
THE COURT: No. It says that it's to be — well, it says that it was subordinated, but I think in this case it's senior to or equal, or equal.
MR. McGIMSEY: No one's claimed these —
THE COURT: What are your damages? Your damages are exactly what you put in, right?
MR. McGIMSEY: Exactly.
THE COURT: Okay.
MR. McGIMSEY: That I haven't —
THE COURT: So why —
MR. McGIMSEY: — gotten back.
THE COURT: — should your clients be paid their 25,000, 50,000, whatever it is and in full before everybody else gets their share or, more importantly, they have to share it pro rata? That's what you're asking.
MR. McGIMSEY: I'm asking that because we —
THE COURT: And I'm saying no. I'm saying that's not the law.
MR. McGIMSEY: So these people — anybody can file a late claim. We no longer have a —
THE COURT: That has nothing to do with it.
MR. McGIMSEY: We no longer have a late claim —
THE COURT: It's not a creditors claim.
MR. McGIMSEY: So that is what I wanted you to say, your Honor.
(Hr'g Tr. 23:17 — 26:15, January 31, 2007).
On February 14, 2007, an order sustaining the objections to Appellants' claims was entered. The order reads, in pertinent part, as follows:
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Objection is sustained.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the claims listed on Exhibit A, attached hereto and made a part hereof, shall be disallowed in their entirety, as they are creditor claims filed by holders of equity interests in USA Capital Diversified Trust Deed Fund, LLC ("Diversified Fund") who are not entitled to any distribution from Diversified Fund on the basis of such claims but who shall recover from Diversified Fund on a pro rata basis according to their respective equity interests.
Appellants timely filed a Notice of Appeal the same day.
II. ISSUES
A. Whether the bankruptcy court correctly sustained the Committee's Objection on the basis that the Appellants' proofs of claim were duplicative of their proofs of interest.
B. Whether the bankruptcy court correctly sustained the Committee's Objection on the basis that the Appellants' proofs of claim should be statutorily subordinated pursuant to § 510(b).
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing a bankruptcy court's decision on appeal, an appellate court reviews findings of fact under a clearly erroneous standard. Conclusions of law, including a bankruptcy court's interpretation of a statute, are reviewed de novo.See Lundell v. Anchor Constr. Specialists, Inc., 223 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2000).
IV. DISCUSSION
The bankruptcy court disallowed Appellants' claims because it felt that allowing Appellants to assert their claims would be unfair. According to the bankruptcy court, because all investors in Diversified had been defrauded as a part of the same fraud, all investors were equally wronged and had or should have the same rights. The idea that Appellants could jump in line ahead of the other investors seemed unacceptable. Although the bankruptcy court's concern for the other Diversified investors was laudable and although its approach has a certain appeal on the surface, for the reasons discussed below the actions of the bankruptcy court were not proper under the Bankruptcy Code or Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.
The bankruptcy court's analysis ignored the state of the record as it existed at the time of the hearings on the Objection. The Appellants were the only investors to timely file proofs of claim based on their claims for breach of contract and fraud. Assuming arguendo that all other interest holders could file proofs of claim, they did not do so. Whether they would at some later point is pure speculation. If the other Diversified investors were, instead, trade creditors with equal rights, those trade creditors who did not file proofs of claim would simply not have claims.
Further, there was no real indication that there was anything wrong with Appellants' claims. Although the bankruptcy court seemed to think that the proofs of claim were duplicative of the proofs of interest, they are not. A proof of interest is based on mere equity ownership; a proof of claim is based on a right to payment. Appellants have proofs of interest by virtue of their ownership of membership interests in Diversified, and proofs of claim based on their claims against Diversified for breach of contract and fraud. It is clear that Appellants are entitled to assert both claims and interests, even though they cannot be paid on both. The fact that the bankruptcy court felt uncomfortable with the idea that Appellants could potentially jump in line ahead of other Diversified investors was not a basis for disallowing Appellants' claims.
As to § 510(b), although there was extensive discussion by the parties at the hearings and in the briefs at the trial level, as well as in the briefs on appeal, as to whether Appellants' claims should be subordinated, the bankruptcy court never subordinated Appellants' claims. It merely disallowed them. In any event, it is clear that subordination under § 510(b) would first require an adversary proceeding pursuant to Rule 7001(8).
A. Whether the Claims and Interests are Duplicative
The core of the Committee's objection to Appellants' claims is that these claims are duplicative of Appellants' proofs of interest. We disagree. The proofs of claim and the proofs of interest are not duplicative. Although both Appellants' respective proofs of claim and proofs of interest relate to their membership interests in Diversified and are for the exact same amount, this does not make the proofs of claim and proofs of interest duplicative. The Committee's arguments relating to equity and fairness do not change this result. As they themselves admit, Appellants are not entitled to a double recovery. Further, the issue of relative priority relates to whether Appellants' claims should be subordinated, not whether they should be allowed.
A proof of claim asserted by an equity holder for breach of contract and fraud relating to the purchase of a security is simply not duplicative of the equity holder's proof of interest. Unlike most of the other claims subject to the Objection, Appellants were not mere equity holders who filed proofs of claim out of confusion. Had that been the case, Appellants' claims could easily have been challenged and properly disallowed.See § 502(b)(1) ("[I]f such objection to a claim is made, the court . . . shall allow such claim in such amount, except to the extent that — (1) such claim is unenforceable against the debtor and property of the debtor, under any agreement or applicable law for a reason other than because such claim is contingent or unmatured."). It is axiomatic that an allowed proof of claim requires something more than mere equity ownership. A proof of claim for breach of contract and fraud relating to the purchase of a security is clearly something more than mere ownership, and as such cannot be considered duplicative of a proof of interest.See BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 541 (8th ed. 2004) (defining "duplicative" as, inter alia, "[h]aving or characterized by having overlapping content, intentions, or effect"). Here, Appellants' proofs of interest are based purely upon their membership interests in Diversified. Their proofs of claim, by contrast, are based upon their potential causes of action against Diversified for breach of contract and fraud relating to their purchase of those membership interests. Hence, Appellants' proofs of interest and proofs of claim are clearly not duplicative.
It is true that the Committee argued that Appellants' claims should be disallowed as they are derivative claims that belong to Diversified and not to equity holders individually. Similarly, the Committee argued that Appellants could not have a claim based on breach of contract as a matter of law. However, as the bankruptcy court did not rule on these arguments and instead based its entire ruling on the argument that the proofs of claim and the proofs of interest are duplicative, we decline to address them.
Rather than explain why Appellants' proofs of claim are unenforceable under § 502(b), the Committee bases its argument on the perceived unfairness in permitting Appellants to assert both proofs of claim and proofs of interest. According to the Committee's brief, "Appellants are using one pretense or another to attempt to assume the role of unsecured creditors in addition to their role as equity interest holders and to recover twice under both guises for the same investment." The Committee asserts that Appellants' claims are not distinguishable from the 1,300 potential (although unfiled) claims held by every other member of Diversified, and that it is unfair to allow Appellants to assert their claims to the prejudice of other members of Diversified that hold the exact same claims but have not filed proofs of claim. However, the perception of unfairness is an insufficient basis for the disallowance of a proof of claim. See Heath v. American Express Travel Related Servs. Co. (In re Heath), 331 B.R. 424, 426 (9th Cir. BAP 2005) ("Section 502(b) sets forth the exclusive grounds for disallowance of claims, and Debtors have introduced no evidence or arguments to establish any of those grounds.").
It is neither incorrect nor improper for an equity holder to assert a proof of claim based on breach of contract and fraud relating to the purchase of a security and also a proof of interest. The Code specifically contemplates this. As discussed below, § 510(b) subordinates certain claims that are necessarily held by equity holders. Equity holders must a fortiori be entitled to assert proofs of claim in addition to proofs of interest or there would be nothing to subordinate under § 510(b). If, in fact, an equity holder could not assert both a proof of claim and a proof of interest, then § 510(b) in most cases would have little to no meaning. See Tabor v. Ulloa, 323 F.2d 823, 824 (9th Cir. 1963) ("`[A] legislature is presumed to have used no superfluous words.'") (citation omitted).
The Committee's argument that it is inappropriate for Appellants to be able to assert proofs of claim in addition to their proofs of interest for policy reasons is similarly unfounded. The Committee contends that allowing Appellants to assert both proofs of claim and proofs of interest effectively would allow Appellants to enjoy a double recovery. This is not so. As counsel for Appellants correctly noted during oral argument at the initial hearing on January 3, 2007, any amounts that Appellants receive on their proofs of claim would serve to reduce the amount of their proof of interest ("MR. McGIMSEY: I filed proof[s] of interest because we have proof[s] of interest. I believe that to the extent that we recovered under our unsecured claim[s] that would go against our proof[s] of interest, you know.")
We also disagree with the argument that Appellants' claims should be disallowed because they are not distinguishable from the many other potential, but unfiled claims against Diversified that other Diversified members may hold against it based upon the same general facts. This argument goes as follows: If the bankruptcy court extends the claims bar date to allow all other Diversified members to file proofs of claim, and then all other Diversified members do file proofs of claim, then the Appellants would be in the same position that they would have been in had they not filed proofs of claim in the first place. Ergo, it makes sense to simply disallow the claims now instead of having to proceed through these many procedural hoops in order to get to the same inevitable result. This argument fails because it puts the cart way before the horse. Even if the bankruptcy court hypothetically extended the claims bar date, there is no guarantee that even a significant number of Diversified members, if any, would file proofs of claim. More significantly, punishing creditors for diligently meeting claims bar dates because other potential creditors have failed to do so is contrary to bankruptcy policy and procedure. It is not uncommon in chapter 11 cases for a handful of trade creditors to fail to file proofs of claim. Penalizing the trade creditors who timely file proofs of claim because others did not would be clearly erroneous. It is the same with this case. Penalizing the Appellants for having filed proofs of claim when other members of Diversified failed to do so, notwithstanding ample notice, is erroneous.
In short, there is no basis for finding that Appellants' proofs of claim and proofs of interest are duplicative. As the bankruptcy court's decision rested on its finding that the proofs of claim and proofs of interest are duplicative, we must reverse.
B. Section 510(b)
The bulk of the briefs relate to the applicability and effect of § 510(b). Indeed, a great deal of the discussion at the trial level also related to § 510(b), and yet the bankruptcy court never subordinated Appellants' claims. As such, § 510(b) is of limited importance for purposes of this appeal. Because it appears likely that the Committee will promptly bring an adversary proceeding against the Appellants in order to subordinate their claims under § 510(b), the applicability and effect of § 510(b) deserves discussion.
It is clear from the transcript of the January 31, 2007 hearing and the language of the order sustaining the objections to Appellants' claims that the court was disallowing Appellants' claims, not subordinating them. Section 510(b) provides no basis for the disallowance of claims. Disallowance and subordination are different. "Disallowance of a claim is a legal determination that the claim under consideration is not allowable by law. On the other hand, subordination of a claim presupposes that the claim is allowed but for equitable reasons must be subordinated to the other allowed claims." Ford v. Feldman (In re Fla. Bay Trading Co.), 177 B.R. 374, 383 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 1994). Although the bankruptcy court appears to have been heading in the right direction inasmuch as the effect of subordination under § 510(b), if established, may be functionally equivalent to disallowance (i.e., no distribution on the claims), the bankruptcy court's ruling was nonetheless in error.
Section 510(b) provides, in pertinent part, that:
. . . a claim . . . for damages arising from the purchase or sale of . . . a security [of the debtor] . . . shall be subordinated to all claims or interests that are senior or equal the . . . interest represented by such security, except that if such security is common stock, such claim has the same priority as common stock.
11 U.S.C. § 510(b) (emphasis added).
The text of the original subsection (b) provided as follows:
Any claim for rescission of a purchase or sale of a security of the debtor or of an affiliate or for damages arising from the purchase or sale of such a security shall be subordinated for purposes of distribution to all claims and interests that are senior or equal to the claim or interest represented by such security.
11 U.S.C. § 510(b) (1978). Section 510(b) was modified into its present form with the enactment of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, Pub L. No. 98-353, 98 Stat. 333.
There appears to be no dispute between the parties that § 510(b) could apply to subordinate Appellants' claims. The parties appear to agree that the claims asserted by Appellants are based on damages arising from the purchase or sale of a security of the debtor, as the term "security" is defined under § 101(49). Instead, the dispute is over what level these claims are to be subordinated to. Here, the language of the statute is plain on its face. Appellants' claims arising from the purchase or sale of the Diversified membership interests are subordinated for purposes of distribution to all Diversified membership interests. "The plain meaning of legislation should be conclusive, except in the `rare cases [in which] the literal application of a statute will produce a result demonstrably at odds with the intentions of its drafters.'" United States v. Ron Pair Enterprises, Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 242 (1989) (citation omitted). As such, to the extent that § 510(b) applies, Appellants' proofs of claim are subordinated below all membership interests in Diversified. In short, Appellants' claims may be subordinated below equity.
The history of § 510(b) supports this conclusion. Section 510(b) was enacted as part of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. "The principles announced in section 510(b) had no established forebear in pre-Code practice. This section clarifies an unsettled area of law under the Act, where some decisions permitted a rescinding security holder of the debtor to share on a priority with general creditors." 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 510.LH[1], p. 510-32 (rev. 15th ed. 2006). "The clear mandate of section 510(b) is that shareholder claimants will not be allowed to elevate their interests from the level of equity to general claims. . . . Rescission will lead to subordination below the interest held before rescission." 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 510.04[1], p. 510-11 (rev. 15th ed. 2006). For example, suppose a preferred stockholder holds a claim based upon the rescission of the purchase of the preferred stock. In such a case, § 510(b) would clearly subordinate its claim below the priority of the preferred stock. Thus, it is clear that inasmuch as § 510(b) applies to Appellants' claims, those claims may be subordinated below equity.
An argument could be made that instead of being subordinated below equity, Appellants' claims should be on par with equity. (As a practical matter, this would be of no benefit to Appellants because the only way they prevail is if they are paid before similarly-situated interest holders, and they'll get whatever interest holders get on their proofs of interest.) This argument is based on the language of the House Report to the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, which states that "if the security is an equity security, the damages or rescission claim is subordinated to all creditors and treated the same as the equity security itself." H.R. REP. NO. 95-595, at 359 (1977), reprinted in 1978 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5963, 6315. The problem with this argument, however, is that version of the bill being described in the House Report diverged from "the statute that was ultimately enacted." See In re Commercial Financial Services, Inc., 268 B.R. 579, 595 n. 23 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 2001). The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, as enacted, included the "equal to" language. This leads us to the firm conclusion that, except where the Code directs otherwise, Congress intended that claims subordinated under § 510(b) be subordinated to a level below the priority of the securities upon which the claims are based.
But see In re Computer Devices, Inc., 51 B.R. 471, 478-80 (Bankr. D. Mass. 1985) (holding that, based on the language in the House Report, the intention of Congress was not to subordinate claims based on equity securities below equity securities). Computer Devices is distinguishable because its discussion relates solely to common stock, as opposed to other forms of equity securities. In any case, Computer Devices is of no assistance to Appellants.
The changes Congress made to § 510(b) through the enactment of the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984 reinforces our view. In 1984, § 510(b) was amended to provide that if the applicable security is common stock, then the claims under § 510(b) have the same priority as common stock. Based on the principle of expressio unius est exclusio alterius (the express mention of one thing excludes all others), it can be inferred that Congress did not intend for § 510(b) to subordinate claims based on securities other than common stock ( i.e., limited partnership interests) to a level on par with those securities.See Allen v. Geneva Steel Co. (In re Geneva Steel Co.), 281 F.3d 1173, 1177 (10th Cir. 2002) ("In 1984, Congress amended the statute to make clear that fraud claims springing from the purchase or sale of common stock are treated on the same level as common stock. All other claims are subordinated to their underlying security."). While Congress likely did not specifically have LLC membership interests in mind when enacting either the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 or the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984, this does not change the fact that, under the plain meaning of § 510(b), Appellants' claims would be subordinated below the priority of the Diversified membership interests, not given an equal priority with them. "If Congress enacted into law something different from what it intended, then it should amend the statute to conform it to its intent. It is beyond our province to rescue Congress from its drafting errors, and to provide for what we might think . . . is the preferred result." Lamie v. U.S. Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 542 (2004) (quotes omitted).
"The limited liability company (LLC) is a new type of entity organized under state law which combines the pass-through attributes of the partnership with the corporate characteristics of limited liability. The first LLC to be given partnership status for tax purposes was organized under the Wyoming Limited Liability Company Act [in 1977]."
Craig J. Langstraat K. Dianne Jackson, Choice of Business Tax Entity After the 1993 Tax Act, 11 AKRON TAX J. 1, 5 (1995). LLCs have "a rather short history (the first IRS partnership status ruling was in 1988 and most of the state statutes were approved in 1992 and 1993)." Id. at 6. LLCs did not appear in the State of Nevada until 1994. See NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 86 (Michie 1994).
Appellants take the position that notwithstanding the plain language of § 510(b), "a claim should only be subordinated when it will accomplish the purposes of section 510(b)." American Wagering, Inc. v. Racusin (In re American Wagering, Inc.), ___ F.3d. ___, 2007 WL 1839681, at *3 (9th Cir. 2007). Appellants specifically rely on our dicta in American Wagering, Inc. v. Racusin (In re American Wagering, Inc.), 326 B.R. 449 (9th Cir. BAP 2005) for the proposition that § 510(b) was not enacted to protect other equity holders. In American Wagering, we stated in dicta as follows:
The above-quoted language in American Wagering relates to whether a particular claim falls within the ambit of § 510(b) in the first place. This situation is distinguishable from the one we have here. Here, Appellants' claims clearly would fall within the ambit of § 510(b). Given such a circumstance, there is no authority for the proposition that application of § 510(b) will depend upon whether the particular facts fit the purported policy objectives of § 510(b). Quite the opposite. See American Broadcasting Sys., Inc. v. Nugent (In re Betacom of Phoenix, Inc.), 240 F.3d 823, 828-29 (9th Cir. 2001) (describing subordination under § 510(b) as "mandatory subordination").
Our opinion in American Wagering was originally reversed on other grounds by American Wagering, Inc. v. Racusin (In re American Wagering, Inc.), 465 F.3d 1048 (9th Cir. 2006). Recently, on June 28, 2007, the Ninth Circuit vacated its prior decision in American Wagering and entered a new one. See ___ F.3d. ___, 2007 WL 1839681, at *3 (9th Cir. 2007). The holding in this new opinion is the same.
It is not the other equity holders whose interests § 510(b) protects. . . . Section 510(b) has much more important work to do-to protect creditors from dilution of their claims by equity holders trying to claim creditor status. . . . The purpose of § 510(b) is to protect the rights of creditors, not the rights of other shareholders.
Id. at 458. Based on this language, Appellants argue that § 510(b) must not subordinate claims based on the purchase of equity interests to a level equal to or below equity because that would go beyond the purported purpose of § 510(b). To further bolster this argument, Appellants additionally rely on the creditor protection rationales for § 510(b) that are discussed in cases like American Broadcasting Sys.,Inc. v. Nugent (In re Betacom of Phoenix, Inc.), 240 F.3d 823, 828-29 (9th Cir. 2001).
Note that had Appellants flipped back a few pages in American Wagering, they would have seen how little that case actually supports their position. See 326 B.R. at 452 ("[W]hen a claim for damages arises from the purchase or sale of stock, that claim must be subordinated to the claims of general unsecured creditors (as well as to any claims of more senior shareholders)."); see also id. at 453 ("[T]he purpose of § 510(b) would be completely undermined were we to allow Racusin to jump into line with the creditors and ahead of the other shareholders merely by filing a lawsuit and limiting his claim to damages rather than stock.").American Wagering made absolutely clear that claims subordinated pursuant to § 510(b) are not merely subordinated immediately beneath general unsecured creditors.
Appellants confuse the oft-stated rationales for § 510(b) for what the statute actually says. Here, the statute is clear. Section 510(b) would subordinate Appellants' claims in priority to a level beneath all membership interests. We note that Appellants' argument principally rests on our observation in a case which the Ninth Circuit has since reversed.
In light of the foregoing, it is clear that § 510(b) would subordinate Appellants' claims to a level below the Diversified membership interests. As noted above, the bankruptcy court appears to have been heading in the right direction inasmuch as the effect of subordination may be functionally equivalent to disallowance (i.e., no distribution on the claims). However, this is only the case if first there is an adversary proceeding, and then judgment is entered against Appellants. See Rule 7001(8) (requiring an adversary proceeding for the subordination of an "allowed claim or interest").14
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, we conclude that the bankruptcy court erred in disallowing Appellants' claims.
Accordingly, we REVERSE.
Claim Claimant Claim Proposed Disposition No. Amount 90-1 Margaret B. $96,094.75 Disallow as duplicative of proof McGimsey Trust of interest already on file 93-1 Sharon or $311,091.58 Disallow as duplicative of proof Jerry McGimsey of interest already on file 94-1 Johnny Clark $99,467.90 Disallow as duplicative of proof of interest already on file 95-1 Bruce McGimsey $86,171.22 Disallow as duplicative of proof of interest already on file 129-1 Margaret B. $96,094.75 Disallow as duplicative of Claim McGimsey Trust no. 90-1 130-1 Sharon or $311,091.58 Disallow as duplicative of Claim Jerry McGimsey no. 93-1 131-1 Johnny Clark $99,467.90 Reclassify as proof of interest and duplicative of claim no. 94-1 136-1 Bruce McGimsey $86,171.22 Disallow as duplicative of Claim no. 95-1