In re Nelson

Full title: In re: ELIZABETH BLANCHE NELSON, Debtor. v. ELIZABETH BLANCHE NELSON…

Court: United States Bankruptcy Court, Ninth Circuit

Date published: Dec 11, 2013

503 B.R. 466 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2013)

Opinion

[Copyrighted Material Omitted]

          For Target National Bank, Plaintiff (6:12-ap-01480-SC): Josh Harrison, Arlington, TX; Richard S Ralston, Weinstein & Riley PS, Seattle, WA; Gail A Rinaldi, Weinstein Pinson & Riley PS, San Diego, CA; Lourdes R Slinsky, Mission Hills, CA.

         Elizabeth Blanche Nelson, Defendant (6:12-ap-01480-SC), Pro se.

         For Elizabeth Blanche Nelson, Debtor (6:12-bk-30664-SC): Winfield S Payne, III, Winfield Payne and Associates, Riverside, CA.

         Trustee (6:12-bk-30664-SC): Howard B Grobstein (TR), Crowe Horwath LLP, Riverside, CA.

          OPINION          MEMORANDUM AND ORDER IMPOSING SANCTIONS PURSUANT TO FRBP 9011

         Scott C. Clarkson, United States Bankruptcy Judge.

         I. INTRODUCTION

         This matter came on to be heard on November 13, 2013 on the Court's sua sponte order to show cause (the " OSC" ) why sanctions should not be imposed against Weinstein, Pinson & Riley, P.S. (" WPR" ), the attorneys for Target National Bank (" Target" ), pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011.¹ William S. Weinstein, Esq. (" Weinstein" ), Josh Harrison, Esq. (" Harrison" ), Gail A Rinaldi, Esq. (" Rinaldi" ), and an officer from Target, Adam Grim, appeared on behalf of Target.

1 Unless otherwise indicated, all " Chapter" and " Section" references are to the Bankruptcy Code, Title 11 U.S.C. § § 101-1532, all " FRBP" references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, all " Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and all " LBR" references are to the Local Bankruptcy Rules for the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California.

         II. BACKGROUND

         Elizabeth Blanche Nelson (the " Debtor" ) filed chapter 7 on September 6, 2012 (the " Petition Date" ), and listed an unsecured debt to Target in the amount of $6,659.00, regarding a credit card account with Target (the " Account" ). Schedule F, Bk. Dk. 1.² The Debtor listed $23,927.91 in additional unsecured credit card debt. See Schedule F, Bk. Dk. 1. The Debtor's statement of financial affairs reflects that she moved from New Jersey to California in February of 2011. SOFA, Bk. Dk. 1. The Debtor's Schedule B lists " household goods, furniture, furnishings, appliances, stereo, televisions, computer printer" with an aggregate value of $3,500. Schedule B, Bk. Dk. 1.

2 Unless otherwise indicated, all references to " Adv. Dk." refer to the adversary docket in adversary proceeding number 6:12-ap-01480-SC, and all references to " Bk. Dk." refer to the bankruptcy case docket in bankruptcy case number 6:12-bk-30664-SC.

         On October 10, 2012, Target referred the Account to WPR and provided WPR with a case referral sheet (the " Referral" ). WPR's Motion for Preliminary Hearing (the " WPR Motion" ), Adv. Dk. 41, Exh. 2. The Referral reflected that Debtor had incurred only two charges on the Account. See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exhs. 2. The Referral further reflects that the Debtor had made regular payments well above the minimum payments due on the Account up until August of 2012 (shortly before the Debtor filed bankruptcy). See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exhs. 2. One charge on the Account was made 82 days prior to the Petition Date, on June 17, 2012, in the amount of $2,294.52 at a Sears Roebuck store in Succasunna, New Jersey (the " Sears Charge" ). The only other charge indicated by the Debtor on the Account was a charge dated April 29, 2012, in the amount of $1,948.65, at a Jennifer Convertible store in Rockaway, New Jersey (the " Jennifer Convertible Charge" ).³ The Referral reflected that the Debtor had a credit limit of $6,900, and that she had incurred a principle balance of only $4,243.17. WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exh. 2.

3 At the hearing on the OSC, Weinstein represented that the Sears Charge was for a washer/dryer and that the Jennifer Convertible Charge was for a sofa/sleeper. This was the first time that WPR or Target had made any affirmative representation concerning what types of goods were purchased by the Debtor.

         On October 29, 2012, WPR sent a letter to the attorney who, at that time,⁴ represented the Debtor, in which WPR stated that it was investigating a potential Section 523(a) proceeding (the " Inquiry Letter" ). WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exh. 3. The Inquiry Letter stated that the Debtor had incurred a charge within the 90-day presumption period, and that the Debtor had " no disposable income . . . available to pay the minimum monthly requirement on unsecured debt." WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exh. 3. The Inquiry Letter stated that " [i]n lieu of Rule 2004 examination, please describe in writing all developments and/or events which contribute directly to your client's decision to file the Chapter 7 Petition." WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exh. 3. The Debtor did not respond to the Inquiry Letter, but WPR never sought a Rule 2004 examination of the Debtor. See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 10:3-4.

4 The Debtor's former counsel, Winfield S Payne, III, Esq., withdrew from representation of the Debtor by order entered July 11, 2013. Adv. Dk. 17.

         Richard Ralston (" Ralston" ), an attorney at WPR who has since retired, claims that he reviewed the Debtor's statements and schedules and the Account and concluded that " based on the [Debtor]'s use of her card to incur two large charges, one within 90 days of the Petition Date, and one shortly outside the presumption period, and based on her financial condition at the time she incurred the charges, that there was a basis to believe that these charges were non-dischargeable pursuant to section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code." WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 7:19-24.

         The deadline to object to dischargeability or discharge was December 12, 2012. Bk. Dk. 5. On December 11, 2012, Target filed a dischargeability complaint under Sections 523(a)(2)(A) and (C) (the " Adversary Complaint" ). Count I of the Adversary Complaint centered on the Sears Charge, made 82 days prior to the Petition Date, and stated that " [u]pon information and belief, certain Charges may have been incurred for goods/services not reasonably necessary for the maintenance or support of the [Debtor] . . . such as charges to Sears Roebuck." Adversary Complaint, Adv. Dk. 1, 2:12-14. Count II alleged actual fraud based on the Debtor's intent, applying the Dougherty factors. Adversary Complaint, Adv. Dk. 1, 3-5. Count III alleged " credit card kiting," stating that " [a]ny payments made on the credit account appear to have been made from a cash advance from the account or from another credit card." Adversary Complaint, Adv. Dk. 1, 5:22-23. The only documentary evidence attached to the Adversary Complaint was the Referral. See Referral, Adv. Dk. 1, Exh. A.

         On January 15, 2013, the Debtor answered the Adversary Complaint. Adv. Dk. 5.

         Shortly after filing the Adversary Complaint, Ralston " resigned from WPR on January 4, 2013, and retired from the practice of law." WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 8:10-11. On March 6, 2013, Lourdes Slinsky (" Slinsky" ), Ralston's " successor" on this matter at WPR, engaged in settlement discussions with Debtor's counsel. WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 9:1-2.

         On March 6, 2013, the parties filed a joint status report, wherein Target stated that it needed to conduct additional discovery in the form of " Interrogatories, Requests for Admission, Requests for Production, Deposition of Debtor." Joint Status Report, Adv. Dk. 6, 2. Target never engaged in any formal pretrial discovery.⁵ See, e.g., WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 10:3-4.

5 The Court notes that although at the hearing on the OSC, Weinstein characterized the parties' settlement negotiations as " informal discovery."

         While Slinsky had apparently resigned from WPR sometime before the March 20, 2013 status conference [WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 9:1-8], Harrison, Slinsky's " successor" on this matter at WPR, attended the March 20, 2013 status conference [WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 9:15-26]. On March 22, 2013, the Court entered a scheduling order (the " Scheduling Order" ), providing that " [t]he last day to have pre-trial motions heard and resolved is: July 31, 2013" ; " [t]he last day to conduct discovery, and have discovery motions heard and resolved, is: May 31, 2013" ; " [t]he trial date is: September 25, 2013 at 1:30 p.m." ; and:

Parties must comply with all applicable, Federal Bankruptcy Rules, Local Bankruptcy Rules, and Judge's Procedures/Instructions.

. . . . b. All exhibits and appropriate copies must be served on chambers at least fourteen (14) days before trial. . . . . c. Witness lists must be served on chambers at least fourteen (14) days before trial. The witness list must include the subject of each witness' testimony. d. Trial Briefs must be filed and served on chambers at least fourteen (14) days before trial. There will be no opening statements at trial. The Court will rely upon the Trial Briefs.

Failure to timely submit exhibits or witness lists will result in the exhibits and/or witnesses, as applicable, being excluded from use at trial.

Scheduling Order, Adv. Dk. 9.

         On July 25, 2013, WPR filed a motion to extend the discovery cutoff date (the " Motion to Extend" ). Adv. Dk. 20. WPR failed to serve any exhibits or to file or serve any witness lists fourteen days before trial, as required by the Scheduling Order. See Adv. Dk. 9. As a result, on September 12, 2013, the Court denied the Motion to Extend on September 12, 2013 for cause, based upon a review of the Motion to Extend and all other documents and papers filed in the proceeding. Adv. Dk. 22.

         On September 12, 2013, Rinaldi filed an appearance on behalf of Target [Adv. Dk. 23] (Rinaldi started working at WPR in August 2013) [Rinaldi Declaration, Adv. Dk. 41, 2:2].

         On September 18, 2013, Rinaldi filed a motion on shortened notice to strike the Debtor's answer and for default judgment (the " Motion to Strike and for Default" ). Adv. Dk. 26. On September 23, 2013, the Court denied the Motion to Strike and for Default because:

The motion may be brought on regular notice pursuant to LBRs. Additionally, the Court has read and reviewed the Motion to Strike the Answer and Enter Default. The Movant has not set forth any legal or factual basis to strike [Debtor]'s answer. Therefore, the Court is DENYING the Application for Shortened Time as there does not appear to be any basis to grant the underlying motion.

Order Denying Motion to Strike, Adv. Dk. 28 (emphasis in original).

         On September 26, 2013, the trial on the Adversary Complaint was held. Adv. Dk. 30. At trial, Rinaldi appeared on behalf of Target, and the Debtor did not appear. At trial, Rinaldi was unprepared to proceed, and the Court dismissed the Adversary Complaint. See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 13:8-9 (" Ms. Rinaldi advised the Court that she was not prepared to proceed with the trial because she did not have the necessary documentation. . . ." ); Adv. Dk. 30. Specifically, Rinaldi states in her declaration of October 18, 2013 regarding the OSC that " [b]ecause WPR had not received [Target]'s original business records affidavit authenticating the account statements before the trial date, I advised the Court that I was not prepared to proceed with the trial because I did not have the necessary documentation. . . ." Rinaldi Declaration, Adv. Dk. 41-1, 2:21-25.

         On October 1, 2013, the Court issued the OSC concerning whether Target and WPR should be sanctioned for violation of FRBP 9011(b). The OSC set forth the specific conduct that appeared to violate FRBP 9011--namely, Rinaldi's own admission that she lacked any documentary evidence to proceed at trial, coupled with the failure of WPR to " file a trial brief, witness list, or exhibit list, as required by the entered scheduling order of this Court." OSC, Adv. Dk. 31, 2:4-5.

         On October 9, 2013, Rinaldi filed a motion to schedule a preliminary hearing on the OSC, to treat the November 13, 2013 OSC hearing as a preliminary hearing, or to shorten the time for the motion to be heard (the " Rinaldi Motion" ). Adv. Dk. 34. On October 18, 2013, WPR filed a substantively similar motion, which requested similar relief (the " WPR Motion" ). Adv. Dk. 41.

         WPR's request for a preliminary hearing or to change the November 13, 2013 OSC to a preliminary hearing was denied by order entered October 30, 2013. Adv. Dk. 44.

         III. DISCUSSION

         A. The Bankruptcy Court's Authority to Sanction

          Bankruptcy courts have inherent authority to regulate the practice of attorneys who appear before them. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43, 111 S.Ct. 2123, 115 L.Ed.2d 27 (1991) (federal courts are vested with inherent powers to manage their cases and courtrooms and to maintain the integrity of the judicial system); Caldwell v. Unified Capital Corp. (In re Rainbow Magazine, Inc.), 77 F.3d 278, 284-85 (9th Cir. 1996). Bankruptcy courts also have express authority under the Bankruptcy Code and the FRBP to sanction attorneys. See 11 U.S.C. § 105(a); FRBP 9011, LBR 9011-3; In re Nguyen, 447 B.R. 268, 280-81 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2011).

         B. Sanctions Under FRBP 9011

          Generally, FRBP 9011 ⁶ allows a bankruptcy court to impose sanctions in three situations--where papers are submitted demonstrate factual frivolity, legal frivolity, or where papers are submitted for an " improper purpose." Business Guides, Inc. v. Chromatic Communications Enterprises, Inc., 892 F.2d 802, 808 (9th Cir. 1989), affirmed 498 U.S. 533, 111 S.Ct. 922, 112 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1991) (analyzing Rule 11).

6 Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

         C. Improper Purpose

         The Court need not address whether WPR filed the Adversary Complaint for an " improper purpose" because, as discussed more fully below, the Court finds that the Adversary Complaint itself was " frivolous" within the meaning of FRBP 9011.

         D. Frivolity

          The standard for " frivolousness" is objective and entails a " filing that is both baseless and made without a reasonable and competent inquiry." Townsend v. Holman Consulting Corp., 929 F.2d 1358, 1362 (9th Cir. 1990) (en banc).

         1. The Adversary Complaint Was " Baseless."

         The facts of this case demonstrate that the underlying Adversary Complaint is " baseless" within the meaning of FRBP 9011. In determining whether the Adversary Complaint is objectively " baseless" and whether reasonable and competent inquiry by WPR was performed, the Court should analyze the underlying substantive law as applied to the facts. Each count of the Adversary Complaint is analyzed below pursuant to the standard of FRBP 9011.

         a. There is no evidence that could reasonably support Count I of the Adversary Complaint under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(C) .

         WPR contends that, because the Debtor made the Sears Charge within 90 days of the Petition Date, a rebuttable presumption of nondischargeability pursuant to 11 U.S.C. section 523(a)(2)(C)(i)(I). However, Section 523(a)(2)(C)(i)(I) only applies to purchases for " luxury goods or services." There is no presumption that all charges made within 90 days of bankruptcy are for " luxury goods or services." Moreover, charges within 90 days for " goods or services reasonably necessary for the support or maintenance of the debtor or a dependant of the debtor," as defined in Section 523(a)(2)(C)(ii)(II), do not trigger the rebuttable presumption of Section 523(a)(2)(C)(ii)(I). As set forth below, WPR lacked an objectively reasonable basis for Count I of the Adversary Complaint.

          Cases in the Ninth Circuit that analyze Section 523(a)(2)(C)(i)(I) purchases, look to the nature of the underlying purchase with factual specificity to determine if the charges were " luxury," as defined under Section 523(a)(2)(C)(i)(I), as opposed to " goods or services reasonably necessary for the support or maintenance of the debtor or a dependant of the debtor," as defined in Section 523(a)(2)(C)(ii)(II). See, e.g., In re Venegas, 08-54541-ASW, 2010 WL 2165370 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. May 26, 2010) (" Most of the remaining charges appear, on their face, to be for luxury goods and services incurred within the 90--day presumption period under section 523(a)(2)(C)(i)(I), and includes such charges as $1,406.10 at Disneyland; $428.88 at various restaurants; $207.25 at the AT & T Ballpark; $175.88 at Toys " R" Us; $167.80 at the Monterey Bay Aquarium; $48.47 at Designer Perfume; $36.25 at Maya Cinemas; $32.22 at TLF*Flower Magik; $22.07 at Choice Fashion; $18.00 at Top Nails; $5.98 at Geni Sweet Things; and $5.90 at Sherri's Cookies. An additional $235.46 represents cash advance fees, a late fee, an overlimit fee, and finance charges based solely on the charges at issue." ).

         WPR has not provided any admissible evidence substantiating that the goods purchased by the Debtor for the Sears Charge were " luxury goods." ⁷ The bankruptcy petition reflects that Debtor had recently moved from New Jersey to California in February 2012, just prior to the time she incurred the Sears Charge. Moreover, both purchases were at retail stores, which sold, among other things, appliances and furnishings.

7 In fact, prior to the OSC (where it was revealed for the first time that the Sears Charge was for a washer/dryer and the Jennifer Convertible Charge was for a sofa/sleeper) WPR essentially admitted in its own motion that it still lacked any evidence concerning what the Sears Charge or the Jennifer Convertible Charge was for--rather, WPR merely infers without basis that these charges were " non-essential." See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 6:10. The Court notes that WPR argues in the WPR Motion that, if these were appliances or furnishings, the Debtor did not include these items on Schedule B, because the value of these assumed purchased assets " should have totaled approximately what she paid for them, which was $4,243.18 in the aggregate -- which is more than her entire household furnishings according to Schedule B." Adv. Dk. 41, 6:2-3. This statement ignores depreciation and " current value" calculations for the purposes of schedule B.

         At the hearing on the OSC, Weinstein represented--for the very first time⁸--that the Sears Charge was for a washer/dryer; however, Weinstein failed to provide any admissible evidence or sufficient argument otherwise as to why a washer/dryer is a " luxury good."

8 This was the first time that WPR or Target had made any affirmative representation concerning what types of goods were purchased by the Debtor.

         Paragraph 9 of the Adversary Complaint states that " [u]pon information and belief, certain Charges may have been incurred for goods/services not reasonably necessary for the maintenance or support of the Defendant or Defendant's dependents, such as charges to Sears Roebuck." Adversary Complaint, Adv. Dk. 1, 2 ¶ 9. The Adversary Complaint provides no evidence of the basis for such information or belief. At the OSC, the Court asked Harrison what information formed the basis of his belief that the Sears Charge was for " luxury goods" ; however, Harrison was unable to provide a satisfactory response. Specifically, Harrison represented that at the time he signed the Adversary Complaint,⁹ he believed that the Sears Charge was for " luxury goods," but that he could not remember the basis for his belief.

9 Both Harrison and Ralston signed the Adversary Complaint.

         Based on the extant evidence, WPR lacks an objectively reasonable basis to conclude that the Sears Charge was for " luxury goods," within the meaning of Section 523(a)(2)(C)(i)(I). Under the facts and circumstances of this matter, Count I of the Adversary Complaint was objectively " baseless," within the meaning of FRBP 9011--a competent attorney would not have reasonably believed that Count I of the Adversary Complaint was objectively grounded in fact or law.

         b. There is no evidence that could reasonably support Count II of the Adversary Complaint under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) .

          The Ninth Circuit adopted a " totality of circumstances" approach to determining fraudulent intent in credit card nondischargeability proceedings. In re Eashai, 87 F.3d 1082, 1087 (9th Cir. 1996). Under this approach, intent may be inferred from the circumstances, and the Dougherty factors are useful in analyzing the debtor's intent. They are as follows:

1. The length of time between the charges made and the filing of bankruptcy;

2. Whether or not an attorney has been consulted concerning the filing of bankruptcy before the charges were made;

3. The number of charges made;

4. The amount of the charges;

5. The financial condition of the debtor at the time the charges are made;

6. Whether the charges were above the credit limit of the account;

7. Whether the debtor made multiple charges on the same day;

8. Whether or not the debtor was employed;

9. The debtor's prospects for employment;

10. Financial sophistication of the debtor;

11. Whether there was a sudden change in the debtor's buying habits; and

12. Whether the purchases were made for luxuries or necessities.

In re Dougherty, 84 B.R. 653, 657 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1988) abrogated on other grounds by Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 111 S.Ct. 654, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991) (citing In re Faulk, 69 B.R. 743, 757 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1986)).

         It is unknown whether Debtor consulted with an attorney before the charges were made, but the extant evidence tends to suggests that the Debtor did not consult with an attorney prior to incurring the charges. There were only two charges made--the Sears Charge for $2,294.52 was incurred on June 17, 2012, 82 days prior to the Petition Date, and the Jennifer Convertible Charge for $1,948.65 was incurred on April 29, 2012, 131 days prior to the Petition Date. The charges total $4,243.17 did not exceed the $6,900 credit limit.¹⁰ See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 5:16. The charges were, of course, not made on the same day, but rather they were spaced apart by 50 days (between April 29, 2012 and June 17, 2012).

10 The Court notes that the letter sent by WPR on October 29, 2012 suggests that these charges " nearly exhausted" the credit limit. See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exh. 3.

         The Debtor was apparently employed at the time of incurring each of these charges. See Bk. Dk. 1. The Debtor regularly paid more than the minimum payment due on these charges up until the time that she filed bankruptcy. The financial sophistication of the Debtor is unknown, nor is the Debtor's financial condition at the time of the charges; however, Schedule I indicates that the Debtor was a " transcriber," which does not necessarily indicate a high level of financial sophistication.

         The extant facts do not support a finding that the Debtor made a sudden change in buying habits. WPR argues that the charges indicate a " material change in the pattern of her use of the card" because " they are the only charges [Debtor] made during the nine months or so before the Petition Date." WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 19:8-9. The Court believes that two charges alone, incurred 50 days apart from each other and 131 and 82 days prior to the Petition Date do not appear to indicate a " sudden change in buying habits."

         WPR had several months to conduct an appropriate inquiry into the nature of these charges prior to the dischargeability complaint deadline; however, it failed to do so. Instead, it appears from the record that WPR's only inquiry prior to filing the Adversary Complaint was a letter sent to Debtor's counsel on October 29, 2012. See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, Exh. 3.

         Despite failing to conduct any meaningful investigation prior to filing the Adversary Complaint, WPR apparently argues that the Adversary Complaint was justified based upon purported settlement negotiations that took place with Debtor's counsel on March 6, 2013 [WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 9:2], after the filing of the Adversary Complaint. See WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 3:7-8 (" [T]he theory of the case was substantiated when [Debtor]'s counsel advised his client to enter into a material settlement of the claims asserted in the complaint." ). Notwithstanding whether evidence of purported settlement discussions would even be admissible to establish the Debtor's liability for fraud,¹¹ this type of post hoc justification for filing the Adversary Complaint is falls below the minimum standards of competence and reasonableness set forth in FRBP 9011. WPR had several months, pursuant to the Scheduling Order, to conduct discovery to investigate the underlying nature of these charges; however, it failed to do so.

11 WPR argues that the Court should use the alleged settlement negotiations between WPR and Debtor's former counsel, which allegedly took place several months after the Adversary Complaint was filed, to infer the Debtor's liability for fraud, thereby justifying the filing of the Adversary Complaint. WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41-1, 24:9-13 (" [T]he Court can and should infer that a responsible debtor's attorney would not support a settlement at that level unless he believed his client was exposed to a risk of a finding that she had committed fraud. This inference further supports the conclusion that the complaint establishes a prima facie case for fraud." ); WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41-1, 9:26-10:1-2 (" [T]he Court should infer from the size of the agreed settlement and from Mr. Payne's eagerness to accept it on behalf of his client that Defendant did not dispute Target National Bank's allegations." ). The Court notes the very purpose of Federal Rule of Evidence 408 is to exclude the use of this type of evidence to prove liability on, for example, a fraud claim. See 2 Federal Evidence § 4:57 (3d ed.) (" Clearly Fed.R.Evid. 408 excludes actual settlement agreements and actual offers, which is what is meant by the phrase 'furnishing or promising to furnish' or 'accepting or offering or promising to accept' some 'valuable consideration' in compromising a claim, when offered to prove what the Rule calls the 'liability' or 'invalidity' of a claim . . . . These broad terms describing the reach of the exclusionary principle (the proof cannot be used to prove 'liability' or 'invalidity' of a claim or its 'amount') were clearly intended to reach any use of the material covered by the principle in proof of any point that counts toward establishing 'liability' or 'invalidity' of a claim . . . ." ). WPR, as the proponent of this evidence, has failed to provide any legal basis for the admissibility of any purported settlement evidence, such as a hearsay exception or an exception to Federal Rule of Evidence 408.

         Based on the extant evidence, under the Dougherty factors, Count II of the Adversary Complaint was objectively " baseless," within the meaning of FRBP 9011--a competent attorney would not have reasonably believed that Count II of the Adversary Complaint was objectively grounded in fact or law.

         c. There is no evidence that could reasonably support Count III of the Adversary Complaint concerning " credit card kiting" under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A) .

         Count III of the Adversary Complaint asserted allegations of " credit card kiting." Specifically, Count III states that " Defendant was insolvent at the time of the Charges. Defendant's net monthly income, after the deduction of expenses, was -$849.31, as listed on Defendant's Schedule J. Any payments made on the credit account appear to have been made from a cash advance from the account or from another credit card." Adversary Complaint, Adv. Dk. 1, 5:19-23.

         WPR provided no evidence of cash advances from other credit cards. On the contrary, the only evidence alluded to by WPR under Count III was the Debtor's monthly budget deficit based on Schedules I and J, which WPR extrapolated retroactively to the time when the Debtor incurred the two charges. Even if this retroactive extrapolation were proper, and Schedules I and J were evidence of the Debtor's monthly budget deficit as of the time of the two charges in question, such evidence is insufficient as a matter of law to support a finding of " credit card kiting." In re Anastas, 94 F.3d 1280, 1285-86 (9th Cir. 1996) (Ninth Circuit, finding that there was " is no evidence, such as in Eashai, that the payments were made through any sort of kiting scheme," reversed bankruptcy court for clear error in finding fraud under Section 523(a)(2)(A) based " almost exclusively" on debtor's financial condition). The Ninth Circuit specifically held that " the hopeless state of a debtor's financial condition should never become a substitute for an actual finding of bad faith." In re Anastas, 94 F.3d 1280, 1286 (9th Cir. 1996).

         Based on the extant evidence, Count III of the Adversary Complaint for " credit card kiting" lacks an objectively reasonable evidentiary basis. Therefore, Count III of the Adversary Complaint was objectively " baseless," within the meaning of FRBP 9011.

         Moreover, as set forth below, WPR failed to conduct an objectively reasonable inquiry into whether any of the allegations contained in the Adversary Complaint were grounded in fact or law.

         2. The allegations and other factual contentions lack evidentiary support and were not based upon a reasonable and competent inquiry .

         WPR failed to conduct an objectively reasonable investigation into the factual or legal merits of their claims prior to filing the Adversary Complaint. The only apparent inquiry performed by WPR prior to filing the Adversary Complaint was a review of the statements and schedules, a review of the Referral, and the Inquiry Letter of October 29, 2012. As discussed above, the statements and schedules did not provide a reasonable factual basis for filing the Adversary Complaint. The statements and schedules reflected that the Debtor had recently moved and started a new job in California, which apparently paid her less than her previous job in New Jersey. The Referral reflected that the Debtor had incurred two charges, well below the credit limit, and had regularly made payments well above the minimum amount due for each of the several months leading up to her filing bankruptcy.

         With respect to Count I of the Adversary Complaint--that the Sears Charge was nondischargeable because it was incurred within the 90-day presumption period for " luxury goods or services" --WPR failed to conduct a reasonable investigation into whether the Sears Charge was for " luxury goods or services." The initial question under FRBP 9011 is whether WPR was objectively reasonable and competent in deciding to sue the Debtor without investigating these facts first.

         For example, the Court finds persuasive the reasoning of In re Pusateri, where bankruptcy court found nondischargeability complaint was not " substantially justified" under Section 523(d) where creditor failed to conduct proper investigation prior to filing complaint as to whether charges made within 90-day presumption period were for " luxury goods" or necessities. The Pusateri Court said " These charges might represent indulgences. They might be personal necessities. For this group of charges, it was incumbent upon [creditor] to make further inquiry before filing suit under § 523(a)(2)(C)." In re Pusateri, 432 B.R. 181, 203 (Bankr. W.D.N.C. 2010). The Pusateri Court further found lack of " substantial justification" where creditor neither reviewed its own accounts nor conducted Rule 2004 examination of debtor but, instead, based its decision to file complaint solely on fact that debtor charged more than $1,000.00 on his credit card in 90 days prior to bankruptcy. The Pusateri Court explained what the creditor should have done before filing the complaint as follows:

The inquiry as to indeterminate charges need not require the formality or expense of a 2004 exam or an oral deposition. [Creditor] could have: (1) contacted debtor's counsel by email, letter, or phone to request explanation and substantiation of these charges, (2) attended [debtor's] § 341 meeting to ask for further explanation under oath; and/or (3) sought a further extension of time to object to discharge/dischargeability in order to make additional inquiries.

In re Pusateri, 432 B.R. 181, 203 (Bankr. W.D.N.C. 2010). The Court notes that " substantial justification" is thus a higher standard than that used to determine whether litigation is frivolous. In re Machuca, 483 B.R. 726, 735 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2012) (citing Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 566, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (interpreting EAJA)).

         Here, the charges were made shortly after the debtor moved into her new condo and started her new job. Right up until filing bankruptcy, Debtor made regular $200 payments on the account, well above the minimum required payments of $84, $105, $134, $180, $198.

         Based on the dearth of evidence here, the allegations and other factual contentions wholly lacked evidentiary support and were not based upon a reasonable and competent inquiry by WPR. WPR had ample time and resources to conduct an appropriate investigation. For example, WPR could have 1) questioned the debtor at the 341(a) hearing; sought to extend the dischargeability deadline; or 3) conducted a 2004 exam; and 4) subpoenaed records from Sears. Instead, WPR merely sent the Inquiry Letter, then filed the Adversary Complaint and attempted to settle the matter with Debtor's counsel before any trial on the merits.

         Because the Debtor did not respond to the Inquiry Letter, and WPR otherwise lacked a sufficient reasonable basis to file the Adversary Complaint, WPR must have followed up with reasonable competent inquiry. Indeed, the Inquiry Letter itself threatened a 2004 examination of the Debtor, which would have been appropriate given the fact that Debtor's counsel did not respond to the Inquiry Letter. Unfortunately, WPR never followed up on this threat and never conducted a 2004 exam of the Debtor. Moreover, even after the Adversary Complaint was filed, WPR failed to propound any discovery on the Debtor, despite anticipating the need for such discovery. See Joint Status Report, Adv. Dk. 6, 2 (WPR stated that it needed to conduct additional discovery in the form of " Interrogatories, Requests for Admission, Requests for Production, Deposition of Debtor" ; however, WPR never engaged in any pretrial discovery, see WPR Motion, Adv. Dk. 41, 10:3-4.).

         In sum, WPR failed to conduct a reasonable and competent inquiry prior to filing the Adversary Complaint. WPR's failure to do so, indeed, throughout each stage of litigation, constitutes woeful departure from the minimum standards of competence and diligence set forth under FRBP 9011.

         In light of the foregoing, WPR violated FRBP 9011 by filing the Adversary Complaint because the underlying complaint lacked an objectively reasonable basis and WPR failed to conduct an objectively reasonable investigation into the facts and circumstances surrounding the allegations contained in the Adversary Complaint. While WPR contends that the pleadings were " all filed in good faith," FRBP 9011 makes no exception for a " pure heart, empty head" defense. See Zaldivar v. City of Los Angeles, 780 F.2d 823, 829 (9th Cir. 1986); Smith v. Ricks, 31 F.3d 1478 (9th Cir. 1994).

         E. Appropriate Sanctions

          Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011 authorizes the Court to impose both monetary and nonmonetary sanctions, except that the Court may not issue monetary sanctions against a " represented party" for violations of FRBP 9011(b)(2) and in instances of voluntary dismissal or settlement. FRBP 9011(c)(2). Here, although WPR represents that they discussed settlement with Debtor's counsel, no such settlement was ever provided to or approved by the Court. In addition, the Adversary Complaint was not voluntarily dismissed, but rather the Court sua sponte dismissed the Adversary Complaint for failure of WPR to prosecute.

          Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011 provides that sanctions " shall be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated." FRBP 9011(c)(2). One of the purposes of FRBP 9011 is " to deter baseless filings." Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 393, 110 S.Ct. 2447, 110 L.Ed.2d 359 (1990); In re Grantham Bros., 922 F.2d 1438, 1441 (9th Cir. 1991). Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9011(c) allows the Court to " impose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subdivision (b) or are responsible for the violation." FRBP 9011(c). A bankruptcy court should " apply the general rule that sanctions are to be allocated between counsel and client according to their relative culpability." In re Rainbow Magazine, Inc., 136 B.R. 545, 554 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1992) overruled on other grounds by Lockary v. Kayfetz, 974 F.2d 1166 (9th Cir. 1992).           The Advisory Committee Note to Rule 11 directs the Court to consider the following factors to determine the appropriate amount of sanctions:

1. whether the improper conduct was willful or negligent;

2. whether it was part of a pattern of activity or an isolated event;

3. whether it infected the entire pleading or only one particular count or defense;

4. whether the person has engaged in similar conduct in other litigation;

5. whether it was intended to injure;

6. the effect it had on the litigation process in time or expense;

7. whether the responsible person is trained in the law;

8. that amount, given the financial resources of the responsible person, is needed to deter that person from repetition in the same case;

9. the amount needed to deter similar activity by other litigants.

1993 Advisory Committee Note to Rule 11.

         When the Court questioned Weinstein about how many times WPR had been sanctioned for filing frivolous pleadings, Weinstein represented to the Court as follows: " We have never been sanctioned in our firm's 27 year history for filing a baseless complaint before. Ever. . . . This is the first sanction I am aware of of any type against our firm for any purpose other than issues of missing scheduling orders and so on." Record at 2:31 pm. In accordance with the Advisory Committee Note to Rule 11, the Court conducted a brief inquiry of recent, similarly-situated cases involving WPR, to ascertain whether WPR has engaged in a similar pattern or practice. The Court's inquiry, concerning only published cases within the last year or so, reflects numerous similar dischargeability complaints filed by WPR where WPR was sanctioned for filing baseless complaints.

         One case, also involving Ralston, decided in February of 2012 (appeal dismissed in late-June 2012) sanctioned WPR almost $15,000 pursuant to the " fee shifting" provisions of 523(d) in a very similar proceeding as the one at task. The bankruptcy court in that case found that:

In addition to the complaint's factual deficiencies, the complaint also lacked a reasonable basis in law. . . . In plaintiff's brief on the attorney's fees issue, in addressing the justification for its suit, plaintiff continues to use this faulty argument. Further, plaintiff adds facts that are not in the record, relies on statements of law without providing any statutory or case citation, and fails to provide any remotely persuasive argument that its complaint was justified.

In re Shahidulla, 465 B.R. 511, 515 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2012) appeal dismissed, CIV. 12-670 SRN, 2012 WL 2402817 (D. Minn. June 26, 2012). Moreover, the Shahidulla Court stated that " [t]he amended complaint was replete with inaccuracies and misstatements, was no better than the first complaint, and, in fact, was worse in that, grasping for something to allege and without prudently using 'on information and belief' language, plaintiff made untrue and seriously misleading allegations." Id. at 512. The Shahidulla Court sanctioned WPR for filing a " frivolous" complaint, finding WPR's " repeated failures to provide a legal or factual basis for its claims" warranted almost $15,000 in sanctions. Id.

         In another case from last year, also involving Ralston, the bankruptcy court awarded sanctions in the amount of $9,583.75 against WPR for facts similar to the instant matter. See In re Conant, 464 B.R. 511, 518 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2012) aff'd sub nom. FIA Card Servs., N.A. v. Conant, 476 B.R. 675 (D. Mass. 2012) (finding complaint " deficient" and substantially unjustified under § 523(d)).

         In a similar case, also involving Ralston, which was affirmed on the merits in May of 2012, the District Court awarded almost $6,000 in attorney fees as fee-shifting sanctions under 523(d) against WPR. In re Dunbar, CV 11-159-M-DWM, 2012 WL 1757427 (D. Mont. May 15, 2012). The Dunbar Court found WPR's 523(a)(2) claim " unjustified" and found that there was no fact investigation before the complaint was filed. [WL] at *4.

         At the hearing on the OSC, the Court questioned Weinstein about how many times WPR had been sanctioned in the Central District of California. Weinstein replied that he believed WPR had been sanctioned " eight or ten times" in the Central District. When the Court questioned Harrison about how many times he had been sanctioned in the Central District, he stated that he had probably been sanctioned " under half a dozen" times. Harrison also represented that each time he is sanctioned, WPR pays the sanction.¹² In accordance with Rule 11, the Court performed an inquiry into the record of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California to ascertain whether WPR has engaged in a similar pattern or practice in other adversary proceedings. Attached as Appendix A is a summary of the results of the Court's inquiry, which reflects numerous orders to show cause regarding sanctions filed against the same WPR attorneys involved in the instant proceeding.

12 The Court notes that Weinstein represented to the Court that sanctions affect Harrison's pay " indirectly."

         In addition, at the hearing on the OSC, the Court inquired whether Weinstein was aware of the percentage of adversary proceedings by WPR which actually proceeded to trial on the merits. Harrison represented that he " wouldn't be surprised" if none of them proceeded to trial. When asked how many proceedings were prosecuted by WPR against pro se defendants, Weinstein represented to the Court that the " vast majority are represented by counsel." To the contrary, the Court's own inquiry into the records of the Central District reflect that none--not one--of the proceedings filed by the same subject attorneys to this sanctions order ever went to trial on the merits. Moreover, of the 340 adversary proceedings filed by Ralston in the Central District of California, 86% were prosecuted against pro se defendants (only 14% were represented by counsel). See Appendix B. In addition, of the 115 adversary proceedings filed by Harrison in the Central District of California, 77% were prosecuted against pro se defendants (only 23% were represented by counsel). See Appendix C. These percentages, of course, do not reflect any settlements between WPR and pro se defendants that may have occurred prior to the filing of an adversary proceeding.

         At the OSC hearing, WPR represented that they use a computer program, dubbed FAST (Fraudulent Activity Screening Technology), which purportedly " analyzes many indicia of fraud that are identified as factual elements of objective intent to commit fraud under [among other cases, In re Anastas ]. . . ." Weinstein Declaration, Adv. Dk. 46, 2:11-12. " Objective intent," of course, is not the standard of inquiry in the Ninth Circuit, but rather, as specifically addressed in the Anastas case, subjective intent is the focus.¹³ While indicia of fraud may indicate bad faith, the Court believes that it is unreasonable to delegate this legal decisionmaking process to a non-attorney, let alone a computer system. The FAST program uses a computer model that was developed in the 1990's to allegedly uncover " fraud." But, there is no evidence that the algorithms are correct. Indeed, given the very high percentages of pro se defendants that WPR prosecutes in Section 523 actions, the Court questions whether FAST's algorithms are resulting in a disparate impact on pro se parties. Moreover, the issue of intent in a Section 523(a) proceeding is highly nuanced and requires a minimally competent level of legal expertise and diligence. No matter how advanced the FAST program has become, the Court believes that they are an insufficient substitute for due diligence in this respect.¹⁴

13 The Court notes the Shahidulla Court specifically admonished WPR for their misunderstanding or mischaracterization of the Anastas case:

14 The Court believes that the FAST program is based on the doctrine first elucidated by Professor Ralph Brubaker (University of Illinois) as the " jam it to the debtor good and hard" doctrine. Ralph Brubaker, The Absolute Priority Rule for Individual Chapter 11 Debtors: To Be or Not to Be?, 32 Bankr. L. Letter No. 10 at 9-10 (October 2012) (quoting Jack Ayer, Justice Kagan's Torture Memo: " It Can't Possibly Mean That," available at: http://facultyblog.law.ucdavis.edu/post/Justice-Kagans-Torture-Memo-It-Cant-Possibly-Mean-That.aspx (posted Jan. 12, 2011)).

         The Court believes that certain monetary and non-monetary sanctions are appropriate in this instance. Weinstein either made a misrepresentation to the Court by stating that WPR had never been sanctioned for filing frivolous complaints, or he actually was unaware of the tens of thousands of dollars in sanctions imposed by bankruptcy courts, just within the past year or so, against WPR for filing frivolous Section 523(a) actions. Assuming that Weinstein was completely truthful ( i.e., " to my knowledge" ) to the Court, it is apparent that tens of thousands of dollars (and perhaps more) in monetary sanctions are merely the cost of doing business for WPR.

         Based upon the particular facts of this case, the Court believes that sunlight is the best disinfectant. Because monetary sanctions alone seem to be ineffective in meeting the deterrence goals of FRBP 9011, true deterrence calls for both a monetary sanction and for the exposure of this pattern and practice by WPR.

         Weinstein and WPR are hereby jointly and severally sanctioned the sum of $5,000.00 pursuant to FRBP 9011 for bringing this frivolous proceeding. Weinstein is required to immediately report this sanction to the State Bar of California. This Order and Memorandum shall be published and posted on the Court's website for the Central District of California.

         Weinstein is further ordered to send a true and correct copy of this Order and Memorandum by overnight mail, within 10 days of its entry, to the following entities: 1. The State Bar of California, 1149 South Hill Street, Los Angeles, CA 90015-2299;

2. The Offices of the United States Trustee for the Central District of California, Northern District of California, Eastern District of California, and the Southern District of California;

3. Public Counsel Law Center, 610 South Ardmore Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90005;

4. Public Law Center, 601 Civic Center Drive West, Santa Ana, CA 92701-4002;

5. Bet Tzedek Legal Services, 3250 Wilshire Boulevard, 13th Floor, Los Angeles, California 90010;

6. Jennifer Dasteel, Director of Pro Bono, Inner City Law Center, 1309 East 7th Street, Los Angeles, California 90021; and

7. American Bar Association, Center for Pro Bono, 321 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60654.

         IT IS SO ORDERED.

         APPENDIX A

         1. Richard Ralston

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
8:06-ap-01200-ES	Order Dismissing	Ralston of WPR failed to
	Adversary Complaint,	prosecute adversary complaint.
	dated July 11, 2013.	Proceeding dismissed due to
	Adv. Dk. 9.	inactivity for six months.
2:12-ap-01980-TD	Order Dismissing	Ralston filed complaint, which
	Adversary Complaint,	was dismissed for lack of
	dated January 10,	prosecution when Ralston
	2013, Adv. Dk. 8	failed to appear at the
		January 3, 2013 status
		conference hearing and failed
		to file a status conference
		report or any settlement
		agreement or other new
		pleadings. Note that Ralston
		retired on January 4, 2013,
		but WPR apparently did not
		assign a different attorney to
		the proceeding.
6:12-ap-01171-MW	Judgment of Dismissal	Ralston filed complaint,
	for Defendant, dated	Harrison failed to comply with
	May 16, 2013, Adv.	Local Bankruptcy Rule
	Dk. 20	provisions concerning
		pleadings and an order to be
		filed and/or lodged in advance
		of the pretrial conference.
6:12-ap-01171-MW	Judgment of Dismissal	Ralston filed complaint,
	for Defendant, dated	Harrison failed to comply with
	May 16, 2013, Adv.	Local Bankruptcy Rule
	Dk. 19.	7016-1(e). Proceeding
		dismissed.
6:12-ap-01291-MW	Order to Show Cause	OSC discharged because,
	Discharged, Adv. Dk.	although WPR (Ralston,
	35, filed July 1, 2013	Slinsky, and Harrison) failed
		to comply with Judge Wallace's
		order, WPR explained that " Mr.
		Ralston, who filed the instant
		case, retired due to deeply
		personal and family reasons.
		Ms. Slinsky, the attorney at
		the Firm who took over the
		case, failed to properly
		calendar hearing dates and
		monitor the case, causing the
		Firm to violate this Court's
		order. Ms. Slinsky has since
		been terminated."
6:12-ap-01289-MW	Order Denying Motion	" The Bank argues that its
	for Extension of Time	failure to comply with this
	to File Default	Court's Order requiring that
	Judgment, Adv. Dk.	any motion for entry of
	25, filed September	default judgment be heard on
	17, 2013	or before August 31, 2013 be
		excused on grounds of
		excusable neglect.
		Specifically, the Bank
		contends that this case had
		been assigned to attorney Paul
		Escobar, and that Mr. Escobar
		abruptly resigned on or about
		June 28, 2013. Assuming
		without determining that this
		is true, the Weinstein law
		firm had the entire month of
		July 2013 and a portion of the
		month of August

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		2013 to examine Mr. Escobar's
		case assignments,
		to reassign such
		matters to other attorneys and
		to take appropriate, timely
		action. Failure to do so is
		inexcusable neglect, not
		excusable neglect."
6:12-ap-01417-WJ	Order Dismissing	" On January 31, 2013 at 10:30
	Adversary Proceeding	a.m., the Court held the
	For Failure to Appear,	initial status conference in
	Adv. Dk. 11, filed	this adversary proceeding. The
	March 22, 2013	defendant, Vicky M. Castruita,
		appeared. The plaintiff failed
		to appear. For the reasons
		stated on the record, the
		Court continued the status
		conference to March 21, 2013
		at 1:30 p.m. and issued an
		order to show cause (" OSC" )
		regarding why this adversary
		proceeding should not be
		dismissed without prejudice
		due to the failure of the
		plaintiff to prosecute the
		matter. The hearing regarding
		the Court's OSC was also set
		for March 21, 2013 at 1:30
		p.m. On March 21, 2013 at 1:30
		p.m. the Court held the
		hearing on the OSC. The
		defendant, Vicky M. Castruita,
		appeared. The plaintiff failed
		to appear.
		Accordingly, the
		Court hereby ORDERS as
		follows:
		1. This adversary
		proceeding is hereby dismissed
		for failure to prosecute."
8:06-ap-01200-ES	Dismissal for Want of	Adversary dismissed for want
	Prosecution, Adv. Dk.	of prosecution.
	9, filed July 11, 2013
8:12-ap-01350-MW	Dismissal of	" adversary proceeding is
	Adversary Proceeding,	dismissed with prejudice for
	Adv. Dk. 27, filed May	Plaintiff's failure to comply
	16, 2013	with the Local Bankruptcy
		Rules, including LBR 7016-1.
		Specifically, Plaintiff failed
		to comply with Local
		Bankruptcy Rule provisions
		concerning pleadings and an
		order to be filed and/or
		lodged in advance of the
		pretrial conference. LBR
		7016-1(c), (e)."
8:12-ap-01350-MW	OSC re: Sanctions,	" The Court HEREBY ORDERS that
	Adv. Dk. 29, Filed	the above entitled adversary
	June 4, 2013	proceeding is set for a
		hearing on July 17, 2013 at
		9:00 a.m. to permit any
		parties in interest to present
		argument to the Court as to
		why Josh Harrison, Esq. and
		FIA Card Services, N.A. should
		not be sanctioned for
		violating the Local Bankruptcy
		Rules, including LBR 7016-1.
		Specifically, Plaintiff failed
		to comply with Local
		Bankruptcy Rule provisions
		concerning pleadings and an
		order to be filed and/or
		lodged in advance of the
		pretrial

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		conference."
8:12-ap-01350-MW	Order Granting Motion	" Plaintiff is to pay Defendant's
	to Pay Defendant's	Attorney Fees of Six Thousand
	Attorney Fees, Adv.	Five Hundred Sixty Five Dollars
	Dk. 50, filed August	($6,565.00) within thirty (30)
	16, 2013.	days of entry of this Order."
8:12-ap-01351-MW	OSC re: Sanctions,	" Plaintiff failed to comply with
	Adv. Dk. 26, filed May	Local Bankruptcy Rule provisions
	16, 2013	concerning pleadings and an
		order to be filed and/or lodged
		in advance of the pretrial
		conference."
8:12-ap-01351-MW	Order Granting Motion	" Plaintiff is to pay Defendant's
	To Pay Defendant's	Attorney Fees of Six Thousand
	Attorney's Fees, Adv.	Nine Hundred Twenty-Five Dollars
	Dk. 48, filed August	($6,925.00) within thirty (30)
	22, 2013	days of entry of this Order."
8:12-ap-01354-CB	OSC re: Sanctions,	" Mr. Escobar admitted on the
	Adv. Dk. 28, filed May	record that he was not admitted
	31, 2013	to practice in the Central
		District of California. He also
		represented that he was now the
		attorney on this case for
		Weinstein & Riley PS, instead of
		Josh Harrison who had filed a
		stipulation in this case a few
		hours prior to the hearing. For
		the reasons set forth on the
		record, a review of the
		documents filed in this case and
		good cause appearing, IT IS
		ORDERED that Plaintiff shall
		show cause, if any, why
		sanctions should not be imposed
		for having an attorney who is
		not admitted to this District
		appear on behalf of Weinstein &
		Riley PS. Any response shall be
		made in writing and must be
		filed with the Court at least
		fourteen (14) days before the
		hearing. The response must
		contain the following sentence,
		" This is a sworn statement being
		signed under penalty of
		perjury," and must be served on
		the Office of the United States
		Trustee. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED
		that a managing partner of
		Weinstein & Riley PS shall
		appear in person at the
		continued status conference on
		June 25, 2013 at 1:30 p.m."
8:12-ap-01354-CB	Order Dismissing	" The above entitled adversary
	Adversary Complaint	proceeding came for a Status
	with Prejudice for	Conference on July 30, 2013.
	Failure to Prosecute,	Frederick Glasser specially
	Adv. Dk. 39, filed	appeared on behalf of Plaintiff.
	August 2, 2013	No status report was submitted.
		Based on the record of this case
		and the discussion on the record
		at the hearing, and good cause
		appearing, IT IS ORDERED that
		this adversary proceeding is
		DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE for
		failure to prosecute."

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
8:12-ap-01362-CB	OSC re: Sanctions,	" Mr. Escobar admitted on the
	Adv. Dk. 22, filed May	record that he was not admitted
	31, 2013	to practice in the Central
		District of California. He also
		represented that he was now the
		attorney on this case for
		Weinstein & Riley PS, instead of
		Josh Harrison who had filed a
		stipulation in this case a few
		hours prior to the hearing. For
		the reasons set forth on the
		record, a review of the
		documents filed in this case and
		good cause appearing,
		IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff
		shall show cause, if any, why
		sanctions should not be imposed
		for having an attorney, who is
		not admitted to this District,
		appear on behalf of Weinstein &
		Riley PS."
9:08-ap-01136-RR	Order Dismissing	" This above-captioned matter
	Adversary for Failure	came on for status conference on
	to Prosecute, Adv. Dk.	January 13, 2009, at 11:00 a.m.
	4, filed January 13,	No appearance was made on behalf
	2009	of the plaintiff. ACCORDINGLY,
		IT IS HEREBY ORDERED dismissing
		this adversary proceeding for
		failure to prosecute."

         2. Josh Harrison

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
2:12-ap-02259-BR	Order Assessing	Failure to comply with LRB
	Sanctions, Adv. Dk. 8,	7016-1.
	filed February 27,
	2013
2:13-ap-01269-BB	Order Dismissing	" A status conference in the
	Adversary Complaint,	above-referenced adversary
	Adv. Dk. 15, filed July	proceeding came on for hearing
	5, 2013	on July 2, 2013 at 2:00 p.m. The
		Court having found that (i) the
		Plaintiff's underlying complaint
		fails to state a claim for
		relief and (ii) the Plaintiff's
		causes of action are time-barred
		under 11 U.S.C. section 523."
		Note: This order was vacated by
		Order entered August 9, 2013;
		however, it was sent for an OSC
		" to show cause why the
		above-entitled adversary
		proceeding should not be
		dismissed based on lack of
		evidence to support the elements
		of plaintiff's prima facie
		case." Before the OSC hearing,
		Harrison voluntarily dismissed
		the proceeding. See Adv. Dk. 25,
		filed August 28, 2013.
2:13-ap-01338-BB	Order for Sanctions,	Sanctions imposed where " counsel
	Adv. Dk. 9, filed May	for plaintiff having failed to
		send someone who is familiar

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
	20, 2013	with the adversary proceeding to
		appear at the Status Conference,
		and for the reasons set forth on
		the record, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED
		as follows:
		. . . .
		6. Sanctions are hereby imposed
		on plaintiff's counsel Josh
		Harrison in the amount of $50.00
		for sending an attorney to
		appear on plaintiff's behalf at
		the Status Conference who had no
		familiarity with this adversary
		proceeding or its status.
		7. Josh Harrison shall pay
		$50.00 to the Clerk of the
		Bankruptcy Court not later than
		thirty days after entry of this
		order."
2:13-ap-01440-RK	OSC for Sanctions for	" The above entitled adversary
	Failure to Appear,	proceeding came on calendar for
	Adv. Dk. 10, filed	a status conference hearing on
	September 4, 2013	August 20, 2013 at 1:30 p.m.
		Plaintiff Wells Fargo Bank,
		N.A., and counsel, failed to
		appear at the hearing at which
		appearances were required and
		failed to serve a copy of the
		unilateral status conference
		report on any party, including a
		judge's copy for the presiding
		judge as required by Local
		Bankruptcy Rule 5005-2(d).
		. . . .
		It is also ORDERED that
		Plaintiff Wells Fargo Bank, and
		counsel, shall show cause, if
		any, why sanctions should not be
		imposed for Plaintiff's
		unexcused failure to appear at
		the status conference hearing
		scheduled on August 20, 2013,
		and Plaintiff's failure to serve
		the unilateral status conference
		report on any party in this
		case, including the judge's
		copy."
		Note: WPR's Response to the OSC
		states " the attorney at WPR who
		was at the time assigned to
		manage the case left the firm
		suddenly and without prior
		notice. He was not replaced
		until mid August, when Gail
		Rinaldi, an attorney licensed to
		practice law in California with
		an office in San Diego, joined
		the firm. His abrupt departure,
		followed on August 16, 2013, by
		the departure of the paralegal
		who did not file the [unilateral
		status report] with the
		supporting documentation,
		created significant disruption."
		Adv. Dk. 17, 3:11-15.
6:12-ap-01171-MW	Judgment of Dismissal	Ralston filed complaint,
	for Defendant, dated	Harrison failed to comply with
		Local Bankruptcy Rule provisions

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
(Listed above in	May 16, 2013, Adv.	concerning pleadings and an
Ralston chart)	Dk. 20	order to be filed and/or
		lodged in advance of the
		pretrial conference.
8:12-ap-01350-MW	Dismissal of	" adversary proceeding is
(Listed above in	Adversary Proceeding,	dismissed with prejudice for
Ralston chart)	Adv. Dk. 27, filed May	Plaintiff's failure to comply
	16, 2013	with the Local Bankruptcy
		Rules, including LBR 7016-1.
		Specifically, Plaintiff failed
		to comply with Local
		Bankruptcy Rule provisions
		concerning pleadings and an
		order to be filed and/or
		lodged in advance of the
		pretrial conference. LBR
		7016-1(c), (e)."
8:12-ap-01350-MW	OSC re: Sanctions,	" The Court HEREBY ORDERS that
(Listed above in	Adv. Dk. 29, Filed	the above-entitled adversary
Ralston chart)	June 4, 2013	proceeding is set for a
		hearing on July 17, 2013 at
		9:00 a.m. to permit any
		parties in interest to present
		argument to the Court as to
		why Josh Harrison, Esq. and
		FIA Card Services, N.A. should
		not be sanctioned for
		violating the Local Bankruptcy
		Rules, including LBR 7016-1.
		Specifically, Plaintiff failed
		to comply with Local
		Bankruptcy Rule provisions
		concerning pleadings and an
		order to be filed and/or
		lodged in advance of the
		pretrial conference."
8:12-ap-01350-MW	Order Granting Motion	" Plaintiff is to pay
(Listed above in	to Pay Defendant's	Defendant's Attorney Fees of
Ralston chart)	Attorney Fees, Adv.	Six Thousand Five Hundred
	Dk. 50, filed August	Sixty Five Dollars ($6,565.00)
	16, 2013.	within thirty (30) days of
		entry of this Order."
8:12-ap-01351-MW	OSC re: Sanctions,	" Plaintiff failed to comply
(Listed above in	Adv. Dk. 26, filed May	with Local Bankruptcy Rule
Ralston chart)	16, 2013	provisions concerning
		pleadings and an order to be
		filed and/or lodged in advance
		of the pretrial conference."
8:12-ap-01354-CB	OSC re: Sanctions,	" Mr. Escobar admitted on the
(Listed above in	Adv. Dk. 28, filed May	record that he was not
Ralston chart)	31, 2013	admitted to practice in the
		Central District of
		California. He also
		represented that he was now
		the attorney on this case for
		Weinstein & Riley PS, instead
		of Josh Harrison who had filed
		a stipulation in this case a
		few hours prior to the
		hearing. For the reasons set
		forth on the record, a review
		of the documents filed in this
		case and good cause appearing,
		IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff
		shall show cause, if any, why
		sanctions should not be
		imposed for having an attorney
		who is not admitted to this
		District appear on behalf of
		Weinstein & Riley PS. Any
		response shall be made in
		writing and must be filed with
		the Court at least fourteen
		(14) days before the

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		hearing. The response must
		contain the following
		sentence, " This is a sworn
		statement being signed under
		penalty of perjury," and must
		be served on the Office of the
		United States Trustee. IT IS
		FURTHER ORDERED that a
		managing partner of Weinstein
		& Riley PS shall appear in
		person at the continued status
		conference on June 25, 2013 at
		1:30 p.m."
8:12-ap-01354-CB	Order Dismissing	" The above entitled adversary
(Listed above in	Adversary Complaint	proceeding came for a Status
Ralston chart)	with Prejudice for	Conference on July 30, 2013.
	Failure to Prosecute,	Frederick Glasser specially
	Adv. Dk. 39, filed	appeared on behalf of
	August 2, 2013	Plaintiff. No status report
		was submitted. Based on the
		record of this case and the
		discussion on the record at
		the hearing, and good cause
		appearing, IT IS ORDERED that
		this adversary proceeding is
		DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE for
		failure to prosecute."
8:12-ap-01362-CB	OSC re: Sanctions,	" Mr. Escobar admitted on the
(Listed above in	Adv. Dk. 22, filed May	record that he was not
Ralston chart)	31, 2013	admitted to practice in the
		Central District of
		California. He also
		represented that he was now
		the attorney on this case for
		Weinstein & Riley PS, instead
		of Josh Harrison who had filed
		a stipulation in this case a
		few hours prior to the
		hearing. For the reasons set
		forth on the record, a review
		of the documents filed in this
		case and good cause appearing,
		IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff
		shall show cause, if any, why
		sanctions should not be
		imposed for having an
		attorney, who is not admitted
		to this District, appear on
		behalf of Weinstein & Riley
		PS."
8:13-ap-01086-CB	OSC re: Sanctions,	" A status conference hearing
	Adv. Dk. 12, filed May	was held on May 28, 2013 at
	31, 2013	1:30 p.m., in Courtroom 5D,
		located at 411 W. Fourth
		Street, Santa Ana, CA 92701,
		before the Honorable Catherine
		E. Bauer, United States
		Bankruptcy Judge. Paul Escobar
		of Weinstein & Riley PS
		appeared telephonically on
		behalf of Plaintiff. Mr.
		Escobar admitted on the record
		that he was not admitted to
		practice in the Central
		District of California. He
		also represented that he was
		now the attorney on this case
		for Weinstein & Riley PS,
		instead of Josh Harrison who
		had filed a stipulation in the
		case on May 6, 2013.
		. . . .
		IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff
		shall show cause, if any, why
		sanctions should not be
		imposed for

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		having an attorney, who is not
		admitted to this District,
		appear on behalf of Weinstein
		& Riley PS. Any response shall
		be made in writing and must be
		filed with the Court at least
		fourteen (14) days before the
		hearing. The response must
		contain the following
		sentence, " This is a sworn
		statement being signed under
		penalty of perjury," and must
		be served on the Office of the
		United States Trustee. IT IS
		FURTHER ORDERED that a
		managing partner of Weinstein
		& Riley PS shall appear in
		person at the continued status
		conference on June 25, 2013 at
		1:30 p.m."

         3. Lourdes Slinsky

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
1:12-ap-01367-AA	Order Dismissing	Plaintiff failed to comply
	Proceeding, Adv. Dk.	with local rules; however, the
	35, filed June 14, 2013	case was dismissed prior to
		hearing on motion for
		sanctions.
2:12-ap-02259-BR	Order Assessing	Failure to comply with LRB
(Listed above in	Sanctions, Adv. Dk. 8,	7016-1.
Harrison chart)	filed February 27,
	2013
6:12-ap-01291-MW	OSC re: Contempt	" The Court held a hearing on
	and Sanctions, Adv.	April 23, 2013 to consider the
	Dk. 27, filed May 3,	motion filed by FIA Card
	2013	Services, N.A. for default
		judgment under LBR 7055-1 [Dkt
		#23] (" Motion" ). Appearances
		are as stated on the record.
		Having reviewed the record,
		case docket and documents
		filed, and having considered
		the arguments and
		representations made during
		the hearing, the Court HEREBY
		ORDERS THAT:
		1. The Motion for
		entry of default judgment is
		denied with prejudice on the
		ground that the Motion was
		filed for a hearing over three
		months late. The deadline
		imposed by Court order for
		hearing the motion for default
		judgment was January 15, 2013.
		The Motion was heard on April
		25, 2013.
		2. An Order to Show
		Cause hearing is set for June
		13, 2013 at 9:00 a.m., at
		which hearing FIA Card
		Services, N.A., Richard S.
		Ralston, Lourdes Slinsky and
		Josh Harris, and each of them,
		are ordered to appear and show
		cause why they should not be
		held in contempt for violating
		this Court's order, and why
		sanctions

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		should not be imposed
		on such entity and
		persons for violating
		this Court's order."
6:12-ap-01291-MW	Order, Adv. Dk. 35,	" Mr. Harrison explained
	filed July 1, 2013	that Mr. Ralston, whofiled
		the instant case, retired due
		to deeply personal and family
		reasons. Ms. Slinsky, the
		attorney at the Firm who
		took over the case,
		failed to properly
		calendar hearing dates and
		monitor the case, causing
		the Firm to violate this
		Court's order. Ms.
		Slinsky has since been
		terminated. Mr. Harrison
		took over this case and
		the Firm has taken remedial
		actions on behalf of
		the Firm to fix these
		issues going forward."
2:13-ap-01269-BB	Order Dismissing	" A status conference in
(Listed in Harrison	Adversary Complaint,	the above-referenced adversary
chart)	Adv. Dk. 15, filed July	proceeding came on for hearing
	5, 2013	on July 2, 2013 at 2:00 p.m.
		The Court having found that
		(i) the Plaintiff's underlying
		complaint fails to state a claim
		for relief and (ii) the
		Plaintiff's causes of action
		are time-barred under
		11 U.S.C. section 523."
		Note: This order was
		vacated by Order entered
		August 9, 2013; however,
		it was sent for an
		OSC " to show cause why
		the above-entitled
		adversary proceeding
		should not be dismissed
		based on lack of evidence
		to support the elements of
		plaintiff's prima facie case."
		Before the OSC hearing, Harrison
		voluntarily dismissed
		the proceeding. See Adv.
		Dk. 25, filed August
		28, 2013.
6:13-ap-01043-MJ	OSC re: Dismissal,	Vacated because proceeding
	Adv. Dk. 9, filed April	was dismissed.
	25, 2013
8:12-ap-01354-CB	OSC re: Sanctions,	" Mr. Escobar admitted on
(Listed above in	Adv. Dk. 28, filed May	the record that he was not admitted
Harrison chart)	31, 2013	to practice in the Central District
		of California. He also
		represented that he was now
		the attorney on this case
		for Weinstein & Riley
		PS, instead of Josh Harrison
		who had filed a stipulation in
		this case a few hours prior to
		the hearing. For the reasons
		set forth on the record,
		a review of the documents
		filed in this case and
		good cause appearing,
		IT IS ORDERED that
		Plaintiff shall show cause,
		if any, why sanctions
		should not be imposed
		for having an attorney
		who is not admitted to
		this District appear on
		behalf of Weinstein &
		Riley PS. Any response
		shall be made in writing
		and must be filed with
		the Court at least fourteen
		(14) days before the

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		hearing. The response
		must contain the
		following sentence, " This
		is a sworn statement
		being signed under penalty
		of perjury," and must
		be served on the Office
		of the United States
		Trustee. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED
		that a managing partner of
		Weinstein & Riley PS shall
		appear in person at the continued
		status conference on June 25,
		2013 at 1:30 p.m."
8:12-ap-01354-CB	Order Dismissing	" The above entitled
(Listed above in	Adversary Complaint	adversary proceeding came for
Harrison chart)	with Prejudice for	a Status Conference on July
	Failure to Prosecute,	30, 2013. Frederick Glasser
	Adv. Dk. 39, filed	specially appeared on behalf
	August 2, 2013	of Plaintiff. No status report
		was submitted. Based on
		the record of this
		case and the discussion
		on the record at the hearing, and
		good cause appearing, IT IS ORDERED
		that this adversary proceeding
		is DISMISSED WITH
		PREJUDICE for failure
		to prosecute."
8:12-ap-01406-CB	ORDER re: Sanctions,	" At the status conference held on
	Adv. Dk. 13, filed	January 23, 2012, the Court
	January 24, 2013	discussed with Ms.
		Slinsky why Plaintiff
		failed to file a status
		report and failed to
		comply with the Court's
		ruling to attend one day
		of mediation prior to
		December 31, 2012. A
		review of the Court docket
		indicates Ms. Slinsky
		was only recently added
		to this case and Mr.
		Ralston was the only
		attorney representing
		Plaintiff when mediation
		was ordered. For the
		reasons set forth on the
		record, a review of the
		documents filed in this
		case and good cause
		appearing, IT IS ORDERED
		that: Lourdes
		Slinsky of Weinstein Riley
		shall pay sanctions
		for failure to timely file
		the status report, in the
		amount of $100.00, payable to
		the U.S. Bankruptcy Court and
		sent to the Clerk of the
		Court, U.S. Bankruptcy Court,
		Santa Ana Division, 411 W. 4th
		St., Santa Ana, CA 92701
		within ten days of the
		January 15, 2013 hearing.
		IT IS FURTHER ORDERED
		that: Richard S.
		Ralston of Weinstein &
		Riley PS (" Mr. Ralston" )
		representing FIA Card
		Services, N.A. shall
		personally appear on
		February 12, 2013 at 1:30
		p.m. in Courtroom 5D,
		411 West Fourth Street,
		Santa Ana, California, 92701."
8:13-ap-01086-CB	OSC re: Sanctions,	" A status conference hearing was
(Listed above in	Adv. Dk. 12, filed May	held on May 28, 2013 at 1:30
Harrison chart)	31, 2013	p.m., in Courtroom 5D, located at
		411 W. Fourth Street, Santa Ana,
		CA 92701, before the
		Honorable Catherine E. Bauer,

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		United States Bankruptcy
		Judge. Paul Escobar
		of Weinstein & Riley PS
		appeared telephonically
		on behalf of Plaintiff.
		Mr. Escobar admitted on
		the record that he was
		not admitted to practice
		in the Central District
		of California. He also
		represented that he was
		now the attorney on
		this case for Weinstein
		& Riley PS, instead of
		Josh Harrison who had
		filed a stipulation in the
		case on May 6, 2013.
		. . . .
		IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiff
		shall show cause,
		if any, why sanctions
		should not be imposed for
		having an attorney, who is
		not admitted to this
		District, appear on behalf
		of Weinstein & Riley
		PS. Any response shall be
		made in writing and
		must be filed with the
		Court at least fourteen
		(14) days before the
		hearing. The response
		must contain the following
		sentence, " This is a
		sworn statement being
		signed under penalty of
		perjury," and must be
		served on the Office of the
		United States Trustee. IT IS
		FURTHER ORDERED that a managing
		partner of Weinstein & Riley PS
		shall appear in person at
		the continued status conference
		on June 25, 2013 at 1:30 p.m."

         4. Gail Rinaldi

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
2:13-ap-01440-RK	OSC for Sanctions for	" The above entitled
(Listed above in	Failure to Appear,	adversary proceeding came
Harrison chart)	Adv. Dk. 10, filed	on calendar for a status
	September 4, 2013	conference hearing on
		August 20, 2013 at 1:30
		p.m. Plaintiff Wells
		Fargo Bank, N.A., and
		counsel, failed to appear
		at the hearing at which
		appearances were
		required and failed to
		serve a copy of the
		unilateral status conference
		report on any party,
		including a judge's copy
		for the presiding judge
		as required by Local
		Bankruptcy Rule 5005-2(d).
		. . . .
		It is also ORDERED that
		Plaintiff Wells Fargo
		Bank, and counsel, shall
		show cause, if any,
		why sanctions should not
		be imposed for
		Plaintiff's unexcused
		failure to appear at the
		status conference hearing
		scheduled on August
		20, 2013, and Plaintiff's
		failure to serve the
		unilateral status conference
		report on any party

Case/Proceeding	Document	Description
		in this case, including the
		judge's copy."
		Note: WPR's Response to the OSC
		states " the attorney at WPR who
		was at the time assigned to
		manage the case left the firm
		suddenly and without prior
		notice. He was not replaced
		until mid August, when Gail
		Rinaldi, an attorney licensed to
		practice law in California with
		an office in San Diego, joined
		the firm. His abrupt departure,
		followed on August 16, 2013, by
		the departure of the paralegal
		who did not file the [unilateral
		status report] with the
		supporting documentation,
		created significant disruption."
		Adv. Dk. 17, 3:11-15.
8:12-ap-01641-CB	Order Assessing	" The Status Conference and
	Sanctions Against	Scheduling Order entered on May
	Weinstein, Pinson &	23, 2013 (" Scheduling Order" )
	Riley, PS, Adv. Dk. 21,	required the parties to file a
	filed August 23, 2013	joint status report by August 6,
		2013. LBR 7016-1(a) also
		requires the parties to file a
		joint status report fourteen
		days prior to any status
		conference, and a unilateral
		status report not less than
		seven days prior to the status
		conference if a party fails to
		cooperate. Plaintiff did not
		file a joint or unilateral
		status report at any time
		between the entry of the
		Scheduling Order and the August
		13, 2013 status conference.
		Based on the record of this case
		and the discussions on the
		record at the status conference,
		and good cause appearing, IT IS
		ORDERED that the law firm of
		Weinstein, Pinson & Riley, P.S.
		is sanctioned $200.00 for
		failure to file a status report
		as required by LBR 7016-1(a)."

         APPENDIX B

Ralston	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
Totals	293	47	340	86%	14%
	1:09-ap-01279-GM	1:12-ap-01002-AA
	1:11-ap-01483-MT	1:12-ap-01023-VK
	1:12-ap-01008-AA	1:12-ap-01237-MT
	1:12-ap-01022-AA	1:12-ap-01266-AA
	1:12-ap-01030-AA	1:12-ap-01267-AA
	1:12-ap-01069-AA	1:12-ap-01381-AA
	1:12-ap-01070-VK	2:05-ap-01557-VZ
	1:12-ap-01072-VK	2:06-ap-01232-VZ
	1:12-ap-01073-MT	2:10-ap-02933-BR
	1:12-ap-01074-VK	2:11-ap-02889-PC
	1:12-ap-01075-MT	2:12-ap-01078-RK
	1:12-ap-01104-MT	2:12-ap-01143-BB
	1:12-ap-01110-MT	2:12-ap-01725-RN
	1:12-ap-01120-AA	2:12-ap-01906-BR
	1:12-ap-01121-AA	2:12-ap-01985-PC
	1:12-ap-01144-AA	2:12-ap-02028-BB
	1:12-ap-01170-VK	2:12-ap-02227-RN
	1:12-ap-01196-MT	2:12-ap-02414-ER
	1:12-ap-01199-MT	2:12-ap-02483-BR
	1:12-ap-01202-MT	2:12-ap-02484-BR
	1:12-ap-01224-VK	2:12-ap-02541-ER
	1:12-ap-01227-MT	2:12-ap-02543-ER
	1:12-ap-01233-VK	6:11-ap-01006-MH
	1:12-ap-01238-MT	6:11-ap-01493-MH
	1:12-ap-01239-MT	6:11-ap-01986-MH
	1:12-ap-01307-VK	6:12-ap-01031-WJ
	1:12-ap-01345-AA	6:12-ap-01126-WJ
	1:12-ap-01367-AA	6:12-ap-01171-MW
	1:12-ap-01368-VK	6:12-ap-01172-MW
	1:12-ap-01392-VK	6:12-ap-01210-MW
	1:12-ap-01402-MT	6:12-ap-01211-MW
	1:12-ap-01410-VK	6:12-ap-01338-MH
	1:12-ap-01427-AA	6:12-ap-01351-DS
	1:12-ap-01432-AA	6:12-ap-01458-MH
	1:12-ap-01434-VK	6:12-ap-01477-WJ
	2:09-ap-02534-BR	8:11-ap-01419-TA
	2:11-ap-02857-RK	8:12-ap-01006-TA
	2:11-ap-02888-PC	8:12-ap-01350-MW
	2:11-ap-03058-RN	8:12-ap-01351-MW
	2:11-ap-03164-BB	8:12-ap-01587-CB
	2:11-ap-03167-SK	8:12-ap-01623-TA
	2:11-ap-03174-RN	9:10-ap-01401-RR
	2:11-ap-03215-BB	9:11-ap-01048-RR
	2:12-ap-01014-RK	9:11-ap-01374-PC

Ralston	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	2:12-ap-01297-BR	9:12-ap-01182-PC
	2:12-ap-01305-ER	9:12-ap-01256-PC
	2:12-ap-01318-RN	9:12-ap-01304-PC
	2:12-ap-01319-TD
	2:12-ap-01322-RK
	2:12-ap-01323-BR
	2:12-ap-01324-RN
	2:12-ap-01327-BR
	2:12-ap-01411-TD
	2:12-ap-01412-ER
	2:12-ap-01426-BB
	2:12-ap-01491-ER
	2:12-ap-01492-BR
	2:12-ap-01493-ER
	2:12-ap-01494-ER
	2:12-ap-01516-TD
	2:12-ap-01560-RN
	2:12-ap-01561-ER
	2:12-ap-01575-RN
	2:12-ap-01576-BR
	2:12-ap-01629-BR
	2:12-ap-01630-RN
	2:12-ap-01631-RN
	2:12-ap-01632-BR
	2:12-ap-01657-TD
	2:12-ap-01658-TD
	2:12-ap-01688-TD
	2:12-ap-01699-TD
	2:12-ap-01700-RN
	2:12-ap-01717-TD
	2:12-ap-01718-TD
	2:12-ap-01719-RN
	2:12-ap-01723-ER
	2:12-ap-01724-RK
	2:12-ap-01775-PC
	2:12-ap-01786-PC
	2:12-ap-01787-TD
	2:12-ap-01798-ER
	2:12-ap-01799-TD
	2:12-ap-01800-VZ
	2:12-ap-01821-BB
	2:12-ap-01823-ER
	2:12-ap-01824-TD
	2:12-ap-01825-BR
	2:12-ap-01826-BR
	2:12-ap-01827-ER

Ralston	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	2:12-ap-01828-TD
	2:12-ap-01877-BR
	2:12-ap-01893-RN
	2:12-ap-01907-TD
	2:12-ap-01909-ER
	2:12-ap-01910-ER
	2:12-ap-01911-BR
	2:12-ap-01915-PC
	2:12-ap-01916-BB
	2:12-ap-01932-PC
	2:12-ap-01939-BB
	2:12-ap-01942-ER
	2:12-ap-01943-TD
	2:12-ap-01944-RN
	2:12-ap-01965-PC
	2:12-ap-01966-PC
	2:12-ap-01980-TD
	2:12-ap-02012-ER
	2:12-ap-02130-BR
	2:12-ap-02234-RN
	2:12-ap-02237-RN
	2:12-ap-02259-BR
	2:12-ap-02271-BB
	2:12-ap-02363-PC
	2:12-ap-02365-RN
	2:12-ap-02410-RN
	2:12-ap-02412-RN
	2:12-ap-02435-BR
	2:12-ap-02436-BR
	2:12-ap-02440-RN
	2:12-ap-02442-RK
	2:12-ap-02452-ER
	2:12-ap-02456-RK
	2:12-ap-02472-TD
	2:12-ap-02477-PC
	2:12-ap-02490-ER
	2:12-ap-02491-TD
	2:12-ap-02500-TD
	2:12-ap-02501-BR
	2:12-ap-02503-RN
	2:12-ap-02563-RN
	2:12-ap-02586-RK
	2:12-ap-02627-BR
	2:12-ap-02637-BR
	2:12-ap-02695-RK
	2:12-ap-02700-RK

Ralston	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	6:11-ap-01586-MH
	6:11-ap-01590-MH
	6:11-ap-01749-MW
	6:11-ap-01755-MH
	6:11-ap-01849-WJ
	6:11-ap-01864-WJ
	6:11-ap-01938-MW
	6:11-ap-01998-MH
	6:11-ap-02022-DS
	6:11-ap-02036-SC
	6:11-ap-02039-DS
	6:11-ap-02075-DS
	6:12-ap-01005-MH
	6:12-ap-01010-SC
	6:12-ap-01056-DS
	6:12-ap-01057-MJ
	6:12-ap-01058-MJ
	6:12-ap-01059-MJ
	6:12-ap-01063-DS
	6:12-ap-01065-MJ
	6:12-ap-01066-MH
	6:12-ap-01067-DS
	6:12-ap-01068-DS
	6:12-ap-01108-WJ
	6:12-ap-01109-WJ
	6:12-ap-01116-SC
	6:12-ap-01124-DS
	6:12-ap-01127-DS
	6:12-ap-01151-DS
	6:12-ap-01157-MW
	6:12-ap-01160-DS
	6:12-ap-01169-MH
	6:12-ap-01170-MH
	6:12-ap-01175-DS
	6:12-ap-01193-SC
	6:12-ap-01213-MH
	6:12-ap-01234-SC
	6:12-ap-01236-MH
	6:12-ap-01242-WJ
	6:12-ap-01247-DS
	6:12-ap-01248-DS
	6:12-ap-01258-MW
	6:12-ap-01262-MH
	6:12-ap-01266-DS
	6:12-ap-01277-DS
	6:12-ap-01278-MJ

Ralston	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	6:12-ap-01286-SC
	6:12-ap-01289-MW
	6:12-ap-01291-MW
	6:12-ap-01305-MH
	6:12-ap-01314-WJ
	6:12-ap-01325-SC
	6:12-ap-01327-MH
	6:12-ap-01337-WJ
	6:12-ap-01364-MH
	6:12-ap-01377-MW
	6:12-ap-01384-DS
	6:12-ap-01393-MW
	6:12-ap-01397-MJ
	6:12-ap-01404-MJ
	6:12-ap-01407-DS
	6:12-ap-01417-WJ
	6:12-ap-01422-MH
	6:12-ap-01443-DS
	6:12-ap-01451-SC
	6:12-ap-01460-WJ
	6:12-ap-01461-WJ
	6:12-ap-01480-SC
	6:99-ap-01734-MJ
	8:06-ap-01065-ES
	8:06-ap-01200-ES
	8:09-ap-01819-ES
	8:11-ap-01333-TA
	8:11-ap-01366-TA
	8:11-ap-01396-TA
	8:11-ap-01485-TA
	8:11-ap-01506-TA
	8:11-ap-01522-MW
	8:11-ap-01523-ES
	8:12-ap-01004-ES
	8:12-ap-01005-TA
	8:12-ap-01015-TA
	8:12-ap-01017-MW
	8:12-ap-01030-TA
	8:12-ap-01064-ES
	8:12-ap-01065-ES
	8:12-ap-01066-ES
	8:12-ap-01067-ES
	8:12-ap-01119-MW
	8:12-ap-01165-CB
	8:12-ap-01194-ES
	8:12-ap-01211-MW

Ralston	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	8:12-ap-01240-ES
	8:12-ap-01253-TA
	8:12-ap-01254-TA
	8:12-ap-01267-TA
	8:12-ap-01268-ES
	8:12-ap-01325-MW
	8:12-ap-01341-CB
	8:12-ap-01352-MW
	8:12-ap-01354-CB
	8:12-ap-01362-CB
	8:12-ap-01368-ES
	8:12-ap-01369-TA
	8:12-ap-01371-TA
	8:12-ap-01377-MW
	8:12-ap-01378-TA
	8:12-ap-01379-TA
	8:12-ap-01380-ES
	8:12-ap-01381-CB
	8:12-ap-01384-MW
	8:12-ap-01392-ES
	8:12-ap-01394-TA
	8:12-ap-01407-CB
	8:12-ap-01419-TA
	8:12-ap-01420-CB
	8:12-ap-01458-ES
	8:12-ap-01524-TA
	8:12-ap-01525-ES
	8:12-ap-01551-ES
	8:12-ap-01572-CB
	8:12-ap-01573-ES
	8:12-ap-01574-CB
	8:12-ap-01575-ES
	8:12-ap-01588-CB
	8:12-ap-01589-TA
	8:12-ap-01594-SC
	8:12-ap-01595-CB
	8:12-ap-01596-ES
	8:12-ap-01607-CB
	8:12-ap-01613-ES
	8:12-ap-01625-TA
	8:12-ap-01634-SC
	9:08-ap-01136-RR
	9:09-ap-01049-RR
	9:12-ap-01045-RR
	9:12-ap-01046-RR
	9:12-ap-01092-RR

Ralston	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	9:12-ap-01111-RR
	9:12-ap-01115-RR
	9:12-ap-01126-PC
	9:12-ap-01127-PC
	9:12-ap-01151-RR
	9:12-ap-01192-RR
	9:12-ap-01209-PC
	9:12-ap-01214-RR
	9:12-ap-01215-RR
	9:12-ap-01216-RR
	9:12-ap-01225-RR
	9:12-ap-01277-RR
	9:12-ap-01278-RR
	9:12-ap-01305-PC
	9:12-ap-01321-PC
	9:12-ap-01323-RR
	9:12-ap-01325-PC
	9:12-ap-01326-PC
	9:12-ap-01344-RR

         APPENDIX C

Harrison	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
Totals	88	27	115	77%	23%
	8:12-ap-01354-CB	6:12-ap-01171-MW
	1:12-ap-01367-AA	1:12-ap-01266-AA
	1:12-ap-01410-VK	1:12-ap-01267-AA
	1:13-ap-01074-AA	1:12-ap-01381-AA
	1:13-ap-01098-VK	1:13-ap-01141-MT
	1:13-ap-01116-VK	2:12-ap-02028-BB
	1:13-ap-01142-AA	2:12-ap-02541-ER
	2:12-ap-01909-ER	2:12-ap-02543-ER
	2:12-ap-02259-BR	2:13-ap-01060-RN
	2:12-ap-02440-RN	2:13-ap-01207-BR
	2:12-ap-02490-ER	2:13-ap-01266-RK
	2:12-ap-02491-TD	2:13-ap-01338-BB
	2:12-ap-02705-ER	2:13-ap-01440-RK
	2:12-ap-02707-ER	6:12-ap-01210-MW
	2:12-ap-02708-PC	6:12-ap-01211-MW
	2:12-ap-02715-TD	6:12-ap-01458-MH
	2:12-ap-02731-TD	6:12-ap-01477-WJ
	2:13-ap-01101-TD	6:12-ap-01497-MW
	2:13-ap-01179-ER	6:13-ap-01110-WJ
	2:13-ap-01204-TD	8:12-ap-01350-MW
	2:13-ap-01269-BB	8:12-ap-01351-MW
	2:13-ap-01323-PC	8:12-ap-01587-CB
	2:13-ap-01352-BB	8:12-ap-01623-TA
	2:13-ap-01353-BB	8:13-ap-01008-CB
	2:13-ap-01354-SK	8:13-ap-01032-MW
	2:13-ap-01374-PC	8:13-ap-01227-TA
	2:13-ap-01400-ER	9:13-ap-01037-RR
	2:13-ap-01541-BB
	2:13-ap-01615-ER
	2:13-ap-01634-TD
	2:13-ap-01635-ER
	2:13-ap-01640-BB
	2:13-ap-01708-ER
	2:13-ap-01847-BR
	6:12-ap-01289-MW
	6:12-ap-01291-MW
	6:12-ap-01417-WJ
	6:12-ap-01422-MH
	6:12-ap-01461-WJ
	6:12-ap-01480-SC
	6:12-ap-01489-SC

Harrison	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	6:13-ap-01006-MH
	6:13-ap-01025-MH
	6:13-ap-01043-MJ
	6:13-ap-01067-SC
	6:13-ap-01068-MJ
	6:13-ap-01077-WJ
	6:13-ap-01101-DS
	6:13-ap-01109-SC
	6:13-ap-01115-DS
	6:13-ap-01116-MH
	6:13-ap-01160-SC
	6:13-ap-01161-MW
	6:13-ap-01168-DS
	6:13-ap-01194-MJ
	6:13-ap-01213-SC
	6:13-ap-01228-DS
	6:13-ap-01232-MJ
	6:13-ap-01253-DS
	6:13-ap-01273-WJ
	8:12-ap-01362-CB
	8:12-ap-01380-ES
	8:12-ap-01589-TA
	8:12-ap-01595-CB
	8:12-ap-01607-CB
	8:12-ap-01634-SC
	8:12-ap-01639-TA
	8:12-ap-01641-CB
	8:12-ap-01649-TA
	8:13-ap-01034-MW
	8:13-ap-01044-TA
	8:13-ap-01045-SC
	8:13-ap-01084-SC
	8:13-ap-01086-CB
	8:13-ap-01097-SC
	8:13-ap-01101-CB
	8:13-ap-01109-CB
	8:13-ap-01148-ES
	8:13-ap-01177-ES
	8:13-ap-01202-TA

Harrison	Pro Se	Not Pro Se	Total	% Pro Se	% Not Pro Se
			Adversaries
	8:13-ap-01214-TA
	8:13-ap-01215-CB
	9:12-ap-01277-RR
	9:12-ap-01278-RR
	9:12-ap-01355-RR
	9:13-ap-01032-RR
	9:13-ap-01069-RR
	9:13-ap-01103-RR

(b) Representations to the court By presenting to the court (whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating) a petition, pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying that to the best of the person's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances, . . . .

(3) the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery;

. . . . (c) Sanctions If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines that subdivision (b) has been violated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subdivision (b) or are responsible for the violation. . . . .

(B) On court's initiative

On its own initiative, the court may enter an order describing the specific conduct that appears to violate subdivision (b) and directing an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not violated subdivision (b) with   respect thereto.

FRBP 9011 (emphasis added).

Plaintiff's complaint implied that defendant acted fraudulently by taking out credit without the ability to repay plaintiff. In plaintiff's responses to defendant's motions to dismiss, plaintiff relied on Anastas v. American Savings Bank (In re Anastas), 94 F.3d 1280, 1285 (9th Cir. 1996), for the proposition that such an argument could be used to show fraud. However, Anastas explicitly stands for the proposition that courts should not look to debtor's ability to repay, but rather should look to debtor's intent to repay a debt in order to establish fraud. Id. at 1285-86 [quotation omitted]. In plaintiff's brief on the attorney's   fees issue, in addressing the justification for its suit, plaintiff continues to use this faulty argument.

In re Shahidulla, 465 B.R. 511, 515 (Bankr. D. Minn. 2012)  appeal dismissed, CIV. 12-670 SRN, 2012 WL 2402817 (D. Minn. June 26, 2012).