Opinion
Nos. 07-1695, 07-2053, 07-2142, 07-2244.
Submitted July 2, 2007.
Decided July 13, 2007.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, G. Patrick Murphy, 472 F.Supp.2d 1102, and David R. Herndon, J.
Robert L. King (submitted), Korein Tillery, St. Louis, MO, for Plaintiffs Steve Dudley, Beth Dudley (Dkt. 07-1695), Dorothy Luettinger (Dkt. 07-2142), Robert Potter, Edna Grench, Dorothy Luettinger (Dkt. 07-2244).
George A. Zelcs (submitted), Korein Tillery, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs Robert Potter, Edna Grench, Dorothy Luettinger (Dkt. 07-2053).
Charles L. Joley (submitted), Donovan, Rose, Nester Szewczyk, Belleville, IL, Rebecca R. Jackson (submitted), Bryan Cave (submitted), St. Louis, MO, for Defendants Putnam Investment Management, LLC and Putnam Investment Funds (Dkt. 07-1695).
Steven B. Feirson (submitted), Dechert, Philadelphia, PA, for Defendant Pacific Life Insurance Company (Dkt. 07-2142).
Mark A. Perry (submitted), Gordon R. Broom (submitted), Edwardsville, IL, Kurt E. Reitz (submitted), Thompson Coburn (submitted), Belleville, IL, for Defendants Janus Capital Management LLC, Janus Investment Fund (Dkt. 07-2244 Dkt. 07-2053).
Richard K. Hunsaker (submitted), Heyl, Royster, Voelker Allen, Edwardsville, IL, Mark A. Perry (submitted), Gibson, Dunn, Crutcher, Washington, DC, for Defendants Deutsche Investment Management Americas, Inc., Scudder International Fund (Dkt. 07-2244 07-2053).
Before EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and KANNE and WOOD, Circuit Judges.
We have for decision multiple motions in three cases: Dudley v. Putnam Investment Funds, No. 07-1695; Potter v. Janus Investment Fund, Nos. 07-2053 07-2244; and Spurgeon v. Pacific Life Insurance Co., No. 07-2142.
The motion for voluntary dismissal in Spurgeon, see Fed.R.App.P. 42(b), has not been opposed by the appellee and is therefore granted. Costs are taxed against appellants. This also means that motions to defer briefing in Dudley and Potter pending the disposition of Spurgeon are denied. Both Dudley and Potter must be dismissed, in turn, for lack of appellate jurisdiction.
These suits are among the many that were remanded to state court by In re Mutual Fund Market-Timing Litigation, 468 F.3d 439 (7th Cir.2006) (Kircher IV), in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Kircher v. Putnam Funds Trust, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 2145, 165 L.Ed.2d 92 (2006) (Kircher III). The district judges assigned to these suits had held that federal jurisdiction was lacking. That belief was incorrect, see Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith Inc. v. Dabit, 547 U.S. 71, 126 S.Ct. 1503, 164 L.Ed.2d 179 (2006), but Kircher HI held that a district judge's error in applying the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 does not support appellate review of a remand, given 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d).
After the cases returned to state court, defendants filed renewed notices of removal, asserting that Dabit is a new "order" that creates another opportunity for removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). Chief Judge Murphy, who handled Dudley and Potter, disagreed, holding that the word "order" in § 1446(b) means a decision about subject-matter jurisdiction in the current litigation, made by the state judge before whom the suit is pending, and not the decision in some other case (such as Dabit) with different litigants. Dudley and Potter were remanded again. See Dudley v. Putnam Investment Funds, 472 F.Supp.2d 1102 (S.D.Ill.2007); Potter v. Janus Investment Fund, 483 F.Supp.2d 692 (S.D.Ill.2007).
Defendants have appealed. Just as in Kircher III, § 1447(d) precludes appellate review.
Section 1447(d) provides: "An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise, except that an order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed pursuant to section 1443 of this title shall be reviewable by appeal or otherwise." The Supreme Court has held that this statute, despite the breadth of its language, affects only remands made on the authority of § 1447(c), which covers lack of jurisdiction or defect in removal procedure. See, e.g., Powerex Corp. v. Reliant Energy Services, Inc., ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 2411, 168 L.Ed.2d 112 (2007) (summarizing the Court's understanding of § 1447(d)).
Dudley and Potter were remanded on the ground that the notices of removal not only were untimely, having been filed years after the suits commenced, but also were successive and represented attempts to relitigate issues decided adversely to defendants in Kircher IV. Just one removal is allowed per case, the court believed. See Midlock v. Apple Vacations West, Inc., 406 F.3d 453 (7th Cir.2005). Successive and untimely removals are procedurally defective, and thus within the scope of § 1447(c), so § 1447(d) and the holding of Kircher III are fully applicable.
Defendants reply that a motion to remand based on a defect in removal procedure must be filed within 30 days (a limit set by § 1447(c) itself), yet plaintiffs did not advance their reading of the word "order" before that time expired. A district court's failure to respect the 30-day limit is reviewable on appeal, see In re Continental Casualty Co., 29 F.3d 292, 295 (7th Cir.1994), and it is on this ground that defendants maintain that we have appellate jurisdiction.
This line of argument misunderstands the relation between § 1447(c) and § 1446(b). The remands are not based on any reading of § 1446(b); they are based on a conclusion that notices of removal have come too late and too often. Plaintiffs did not exceed the 30 days allowed to seek remand, nor did the district court remand sua sponte; Continental Casualty therefore is irrelevant. Defendants invoked § 1446(b) in response to plaintiffs' motion; the district court held that § 1446(b) does not vindicate defendants' strategy. Such a holding does not invent an extra-statutory ground of remand; it just implements a statutory ground. Contrast Benson v. SI Handling Systems, Inc., 188 F.3d 780 (7th Cir.1999). Plaintiffs' motions to remand did not need to anticipate and refute the defendants' potential response to the problems the motions identified.
Now it may be that Chief Judge Murphy misunderstands the meaning of the word "order" in § 1446(b) and that the removals were proper. But § 1447(d) blocks appellate inquiry into whether the district judge is mistaken. That's the holding of Kircher III and Powerex, among many other decisions. See, e.g., Gravitt v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 430 U.S. 723, 97 S.Ct. 1439, 52 L.Ed.2d 1 (1977). Otherwise § 1447(d) would mean only that proper remands can't be reversed, and then it would have no effect at all. Thus "[a]ny remand order falling within the scope of § 1447(c) lies outside our jurisdiction, regardless of the correctness of the district court's reasoning." Holmstrom v. Peterson, 492 F.3d 833, 839-40 (7th Cir.2007).
District Judge Reagan, who declined to remand Spurgeon, disagrees with Chief Judge Murphy's understanding of § 1446(b). See Spurgeon v. Pacific Life Insurance Co., 2007 WL 685943, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15663 (S.D.Ill. Mar. 6, 2007). Appellate review within the federal system to resolve this conflict is possible only when the district judge keeps the suit and rules on the merits.
The appeals in Dudley and Potter are dismissed for want of jurisdiction.