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holding that the "statutory language of § 548 expressly confers avoidance powers exclusively on the trustee"
Summary of this case from In Matter of RykerOpinion
BAP No. 97-6043.
Submitted October 9, 1997.
Decided November 21, 1997.
Allen I. Harris, St. Louis, MO, for Plaintiff/Appellant.
John C. Maxwell, St. Charles, MO, for Appellee.
Before KRESSEL, HILL and DREHER, Bankruptcy Judges.
The debtor, Caryn Merrifield, appeals an order of the bankruptcy court denying her request to avoid a pre-petition transfer pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 548. Since we conclude that the debtor lacks standing, we dismiss her appeal.
The Honorable Barry S. Schermer, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the Eastern District of Missouri.
BACKGROUND
The debtor filed a Chapter 13 case on April 9, 1996. On February 10, 1997, she filed a complaint against John Benda, alleging that her pre-petition transfer to him of a condominium unit was fraudulent in fact under 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1), and was for less than reasonably equivalent value under § 548(a)(2). The bankruptcy court granted the motion of John V. LaBarge, the trustee, to join the proceeding as a plaintiff. At trial, the debtor withdrew the allegation that the transfer was fraudulent in fact and pursued only her claim that the transfer was for less than reasonably equivalent value. The bankruptcy court found that the transfer was for reasonably equivalent value and entered judgment for the defendant. The debtor has appealed but the trustee has not. We dismiss the appeal because the debtor lacked standing to avoid the transfer and therefore lacks standing to pursue this appeal.
DISCUSSION Statutory Standing
In this appeal, the debtor invokes 11 U.S.C. § 548 as the basis for avoiding her pre-petition transfer of a condominium unit. Section 548 of the Bankruptcy Code expressly confers avoidance powers on trustees. 11 U.S.C. § 548. Therefore, we must preliminarily determine whether a debtor enjoys standing to bring an avoidance action under § 548.
Section 548 provides, in pertinent part:
(a) The trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property . . . that was made . . . on or within one year before the date of the filing of the petition, if the debtor voluntarily or involuntarily —
(2)(A) received less than a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for such
(B)(I) was insolvent on the date that such transfer was made . . . or became11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(2)(A) (B)(I).
While Chapter 11 and Chapter 12 debtors in possession enjoy the powers of a trustee, with one limited exception, the Bankruptcy Code contains no provision conferring avoidance powers on debtors. "There is no specific statutory provision generally authorizing Chapter 13 debtors to exercise trustees' avoidance powers." Hamilton v. Realty Portfolio, Inc. (In the Matter of Hamilton), 125 F.3d 292 (5th Cir. 1997).
11 U.S.C. § 1107(a) provides that "a debtor in possession shall have all the rights . . . and powers, and shall perform all the functions and duties . . . of a trustee. . . ." 11 U.S.C. § 1203 provides that "a debtor in possession shall have all the rights . . . and powers, and shall perform all the functions and duties . . . of a trustee. . . ."
11 U.S.C. § 1303 authorizes debtors to exercise certain powers otherwise reserved for the trustee. Section 1303 provides that "[s]ubject to any limitations on a trustee under this chapter, the debtor shall have, exclusive of the trustee, the rights and powers of a trustee under sections 363(b), 363(d), 363(e), 363(f) and 363( l), of this title." 11 U.S.C. § 1303. A Chapter 13 debtor who is engaged in business also has some of the trustee's rights and powers under § 363( l) and § 364. Notably, section 548 powers are not among the enumerated powers.
While we acknowledge that some courts have allowed Chapter 13 debtors to exercise the trustee's avoidance powers, see Freeman v. Eli Lilly Fed. Credit Union (In re Freeman), 72 B.R. 850 (Bankr.E.D.Va. 1987); Ottaviano v. Sorokin Sorokin (Matter of Ottaviano), 68 B.R. 238 (Bankr.D.Conn. 1986); Einoder v. Mount Greenwood Bank (In re Einoder), 55 B.R. 319 (Bankr.N.D.Ill. 1985); In re Boyette, 33 B.R. 10 (Bankr. N.D.Tex. 1983), we think those cases are inconsistent with the Bankruptcy Code.
The Eighth Circuit has determined that the statutory language of § 548 expressly confers avoidance powers exclusively on the trustee. See Nangle v. Lauer (In re Lauer), 98 F.3d 378, 388 (8th Cir. 1996) ("Section 548 by its terms provides that certain transfers by the debtor prior to bankruptcy may be voided only by `the trustee.'") (emphasis added); Saline State Bank v. Mahloch, 834 F.2d 690, 694 (8th Cir. 1987) (holding that "only the trustee or debtor in possession can invoke the avoidance powers . . . ."); see also Realty Portfolio, Inc. v. Hamilton (In re Hamilton), 125 F.3d 292, 296 (5th Cir. 1997) ("There is no specific statutory provision generally authorizing Chapter 13 debtors to exercise trustees' avoidance powers."); Hansen v. Finn (In re Curry Sorensen, Inc.), 57 B.R. 824, 827 (9th Cir. BAP 1986) (holding that § 548 actions "may only be asserted by a trustee. . . ."). Where Congress has promulgated specific rules about who can exercise avoidance powers and under what circumstances, it is not within the province of courts to confer those powers on others.
§ 522(h)
Despite section 548's reservation of avoidance powers solely to trustees, the Code allows debtors to avoid transfers in limited circumstances. In re Hamilton, 125 F.3d at 297 ("Congress has specifically authorized narrow exceptions to the general rule that Chapter 13 debtors lack standing to exercise the strong-arm powers of Chapter 13 trustees."). 11 U.S.C. § 522(h) permits a debtor to avoid a transfer of the debtor's property "to the extent that the debtor could have exempted such property under subsection (g)(1) of this section if the trustee had avoided such transfer. . . ." 11 U.S.C. § 522(h).
In DeMarah v. United States (In re DeMarah), 62 F.3d 1248 (9th Cir. 1995), the Ninth Circuit articulated a five-part test to determine whether a debtor may exercise avoidance powers under § 522(h). Under the test, a debtor may avoid the transfer if: (1) the debtor's transfer of property was involuntary; (2) the debtor did not conceal the property; (3) the trustee did not attempt to avoid the transfer; (4) the debtor seeks to exercise an avoidance power enumerated under § 522(h); and (5) the transferred property could have been exempted if the trustee had avoided the transfer under the provisions of § 522(g). Id. at 1250.
In this case, the debtor fails to satisfy the first, third and final DeMarah factors since she voluntarily transferred the condominium unit, the trustee attempted to avoid the transfer and the debtor would not have been able to exempt the unit if the transfer were successfully avoided. Therefore, § 522(h) does not give the debtor standing to avoid the transfer.
Standing to Appeal
Since the debtor lacked standing to bring the avoidance action, she also lacks standing to appeal the decision of the bankruptcy court. In order to have appellate standing, courts require that a party make an independent showing that he or she is aggrieved by the challenged order. McGuirl v. White, 86 F.3d 1232, 1234 (D.C. Cir. 1996); Travelers Ins. Co. v. H.K. Porter Co., Inc., 45 F.3d 737, 741 (3d Cir. 1995); Lopez v. Behles (In re Am. Ready Mix, Inc.), 14 F.3d 1497, 1500 (10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 818, 115 S.Ct. 77, 130 L.Ed.2d 31 (1994); In re El San Juan Hotel, 809 F.2d 151, 154 (1st Cir. 1987); Cosmopolitan Aviation Corp. v. New York State Dep't of Transp. (In re Cosmopolitan Aviation Corp.), 763 F.2d 507, 513 (2d Cir. 1985). In adopting the "person aggrieved" standard, courts have substantially followed the limitation on standing established under section 39(c) of the former Bankruptcy Act. In re Am. Ready Mix, Inc., 14 F.3d at 1500. An aggrieved party is defined as one who is "directly and adversely affected pecuniarily by the order of the bankruptcy court." Fondiller v. Robertson (In re Fondiller), 707 F.2d 441, 443 (9th Cir. 1983). Thus, a party is a person aggrieved if an order "diminishes their property, increases their burdens, or impairs their rights." General Motors Acceptance Corp. v. Dykes (In re Dykes), 10 F.3d 184, 187 (3d Cir. 1993); In re Fondiller, 707 F.2d at 442.
11 U.S.C. § 67(c) (1976) (repealed 1978).
In this case, the bankruptcy court judgment had no negative effect on the debtor's pecuniary interests, nor did it diminish her property, increase her burdens or impair her rights. If the transfer were avoided, Merrifield would gain nothing. Returning the condominium unit to the estate might increase the amount received by Merrifield's creditors, but it would not provide any benefit to her. Therefore, she is not a person aggrieved for purposes of appealing the order.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that Merrifield did not have standing to pursue the avoidance action and lacks standing to appeal the bankruptcy court's judgment. We therefore dismiss Merrifield's appeal.