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(8028)
The defendant appealed to this court from the judgment of the trial court adjudicating him to be a youthful offender for having committed the crime of using a motor vehicle without the owner's permission. He claimed, inter alia, that because the New Haven police department had destroyed tapes of police radio broadcasts that were made during pursuit of the occupants of the vehicle, the trial court should have stricken the testimony of those officers. Held: 1. The challenged testimony should have been stricken, the state having failed to prove that the nonproduction of the tapes, which would have provided the most thorough description of the incident given outside the courtroom, was harmless.
(One judge dissenting)
2. The trial court should not have admitted into evidence the police report on the incident without redacting an inadmissible hearsay statement that the defendant had been the driver of the vehicle.
Argued January 17, 1990
Decision released May 4, 1990
Substitute information charging the defendant with being a youthful offender for having committed the crime of using a motor vehicle without the owner's permission, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of New Haven, geographical area number six, and tried to the court, Ramsey, J.; judgment adjudicating the defendant as a youthful offender, from which the defendant appealed to this court. Error; new trial.
Mary Miller Haselkamp, deputy assistant public defender, with whom was Temmy Ann Pieszak, assistant public defender, for the appellant (defendant).
Mitchell S. Brody, assistant state's attorney, with whom, on the brief, were Michael Dearington, state's attorney, John O'Meara, deputy assistant state's attorney, Bernard D. Kennedy, deputy assistant state's attorney, and Harry Weller, assistant state's attorney, for the appellee (state).
The defendant appeals from the judgment of adjudication as a youthful offender, pursuant to General Statutes 54-76g, by virtue of his commission of the crime of using a motor vehicle without the owner's permission in violation of General Statutes 53a-119b. He claims that the trial court erred (1) in refusing to strike the testimony of two police officers, (2) in admitting a police report into evidence, and (3) in denying the defendant's motion to recuse. We find error.
The following facts are relevant to this appeal. On September 27, 1988, New Haven police officer Sal Rivera noticed three individuals in or around a parked car. Rivera observed that their attention was focused on the car's steering column. Shortly thereafter, the three individuals became aware of Rivera's presence and took flight, running down the street and between some buildings. Suspecting that the car might be stolen, Rivera gave chase on foot. During the pursuit, he used his portable police radio to transmit a description of the individuals and what had just transpired.
Rivera's broadcast was heard by Officer Anthony DeLucia, who was in a patrol car about two blocks from the scene. Just after hearing the report, DeLucia saw three individuals run across the street in front of him. DeLucia radioed that he had Rivera's subjects in sight, and then left his car to pursue them on foot. He soon located the defendant in the kitchen of a nearby home. Rivera arrived a few moments later, identified the defendant as one of the persons who had run from him, and placed him under arrest. A second suspect was found hiding under the stairs in the basement, but the third was never found.
I
The defendant's first claim is that the trial court erred in refusing to strike the testimony of Rivera and DeLucia because of the state's failure to produce the tapes of the officers' radio broadcasts. This claim arises in the following context. Shortly after entering a plea of not guilty, the defendant filed a discovery request seeking, inter alia, copies of all witness statements relevant to his case. Following each officer's trial testimony, the defendant moved, pursuant to Practice Book 752, for the production of the broadcast tapes on the grounds that they were statements within the meaning of Practice Book 749, The recordings were unavailable, however, because the New Haven police department had erased and reused the tapes thirty-seven days after the defendant's arrest and a few days prior to the defendant's pretrial request. The trial court denied the defendant's motion to strike.
Practice Book 752 provides: "After a witness called by the state has testified on direct examination at trial, the judicial authority shin, on motion of the defendant, order the state to produce any statement of the witness in the possession of the state or its agents, including state and local law enforcement officers, which statement relates to the subject matter about which the witness has testified."
Practice Book 749 provides: "The term `statement' as used in Sec. 748 means: "(1) A written statement made by a person and signed or otherwise adopted or approved by him; or "(2) A stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording, or a transcription thereof, which is a substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement made by a person and recorded contemporaneously with the making of such oral statement."
This is not the first occasion where, on appeal, Connecticut courts have been required to consider the implications of the New Haven police department's failure to preserve tapes of witness statements. See, e.g., State v. Johnson, 214 Conn. 161, 571 A.2d 79 (1990); State v. Kelly, 208 Conn. 365, 545 A.2d 1048 (1988); State v. Santangelo, 205 Conn. 578, 534 A.2d 1175 (1987); State v. Mullings, 202 Conn. 1, 519 A.2d 58 (1987); State v. Myers, 193 Conn. 457, 479 A.2d 199 (1984); State v. Shaw, 185 Conn. 372, 441 A.2d 561 (1981), cert. denied, 454 U.S. 1155, 102 S.Ct. 1027, 71 L.Ed.2d 312 (1982); State v. Williamson, 14 Conn. App. 108, 552 A.2d 815, aff'd, 212 Conn. 6, 562 A.2d 470 (1989); State v. Sims, 12 Conn. App. 239, 530 A.2d 1069, cert. denied, 206 Conn. 801, 535 A.2d 1315 (1987). It is settled that the state cannot avoid its obligations under the rules of practice governing discovery by destroying discoverable material prior to a defendant's motion for production, and, in appropriate circumstances, the affected testimony may be struck as a sanction for such destruction. Practice Book 755; State v. Williamson, 212 Conn. 6, 13, 562 A.2d 470 (1989). Sanctions will not be imposed, however, if the court finds that the nonproduction of a statement is harmless. State v. Williamson, supra, 212 Conn. 6, 13.
In State v. Sims, supra, we held that police broadcast tapes were "statements" within the terms of our rules of practice. Id., 248-49. In that case, as here, the recordings had been destroyed by the reuse of the tapes prior to the request for disclosure. Id. We held there that the erasure did not require that the testimony be stricken, although we expressed serious reservations about the New Haven police department's failure to comply with judicial directives to discontinue routine erasure of tape-recorded material. Id., 249.
Sims was followed by our decision in State v. Williamson, supra, 14 Conn. App. 108. In Williamson, this court reiterated that recordings such as the one in Sims had to be preserved because they related "to the investigation, apprehension, and prosecution of suspects of a crime. . . ." Id., 118C n. 9. Since the recordings were not produced, the affected testimony had to be stricken. Id., 109.
We recognize that our decision in State v. Williamson, 14 Conn. App. 108, 552 A.2d 815 (1989), dealt with recordings of emergency 911 telephone calls. The reasoning in Williamson, however, applies equally to police broadcasts, which are recorded on the same type of twenty-four hour tape.
At oral argument in this case the state argued that police broadcast tapes do not come within the ambit of our decision in Williamson. The state did not present this issue in its brief but instead relegated it to a vague comment in a footnote. The impropriety of raising claims and arguments in footnotes has been the subject of comment in several recent cases. See State v. Ruscoe, 212 Conn. 223, 241 n. 9, 563 A.2d 267 (1989), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. 1144, 107 L.Ed.2d 1049 (1990); State v. Webley, 17 Conn. App. 200, 202 n. 2, 551 A.2d 428 (1988); State v. Reddick, 15 Conn. App. 342, 343 n. 1, 545 A.2d 1109, cert. denied, 209 Conn. 819, 551 A.2d 758 (1988). Moreover, even if this argument were properly raised, it would be futile. As noted above, the matter was settled in Sims, where we concluded that police broadcast recordings were statements within the definition of the Practice Book disclosure requirements. State v. Sims, supra, 247-50.
The irony that condemnation of the practice of raising arguments in footnotes is itself set forth in footnotes has not escaped the author of this opinion.
Turning then, to our analysis of the defendant's claim, our first task is to determine whether the erasure of the recordings was done in bad faith. "`In the context of a 752 violation . . . the term "bad faith" connotes a deliberate act done with intent to deprive the defense of information. State v. Santangelo, [supra, 587-88); see also United States v. Bryant, 439 F.2d 642 (D.C. Cir. 1971) . . .' State v. Williamson, [supra, 212 Conn. 6, 16]." State v. Johnson, supra, 168. See State v. Leroux, 18 Conn. App. 223, 228, 557 A.2d 1271 (1989). Nothing in this case indicates that the New Haven police acted maliciously or that the erasure of the tapes was directed toward this particular defendant. We conclude that the police did not act in bad faith.
Where the facts do not support a finding of bad faith, the court must balance the fault of the state in failing to make disclosable material available against any resulting prejudice to the defendant. State v. Johnson, supra, 172; State v. Williamson, supra, 212 Conn. 6, 14. Since it is undisputed that the New Haven police intentionally erased the recordings, the state has the burden of proving that the nonproduction was harmless. State v. Johnson, supra; State v. Williamson, supra, 212 Conn. 6, 18.
We now are faced with the question of what standard the state must meet. The defendant argues that because the recordings were intentionally destroyed and because his sixth amendment right to confront the witnesses against him was compromised, the state should be required to prove that erasure was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
In State v. Williamson, supra, 212 Conn. 6, 23, our Supreme Court stated that, under the facts of that case, a strict application of the harmless error doctrine requiring the state to prove harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt, "would not be unwarranted." The Supreme Court noted that the destruction impinged on the defendant's constitutional right to confront the witnesses against him. Id. Furthermore, the Supreme Court was precluded, for obvious reasons, from reviewing and assessing the significance of the undisclosed material, thus preventing it from determining whether the erasure was harmless. Id., 22, citing State v. Gonzales, 186 Conn. 426, 435, 441 A.2d 852 (1982). Despite those concerns, the Supreme Court in Williamson, having determined that the state failed to show that it was more probable than not that the nonproduction was harmless, found no point in holding the state to the higher standard of showing that the nonproduction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Williamson, supra, 212 Conn. 6, 23; see also State v. Belle, 215 Conn. 257, 265, 576 A.2d 139 (1990).
Here, we also are persuaded that the state has failed to satisfy this lesser standard, and consequently we do not decide whether the state must prove harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt. Our analysis involves "`a "case-by-case assessment of the [state's] culpability for the loss, together with a realistic appraisal of [the evidence's] significance when viewed in light of its nature, its bearing upon critical issues in the case and the strength of the [state's] untainted proof." . . .' United States v. Konefal, 566 F. Sup. 698, 704 (N.D.N.Y. 1983) . . . ." (Citations omitted.) State v. Williamson, supra, 212 Conn. 6, 23. The state's culpability is well established. The destruction of the recordings here occurred long after our decisions in Sims and Williamson had directed that they be preserved.
We also are satisfied that the defendant was prejudiced by the nonproduction. The state's case consisted solely of the testimony of the two officers and an admittedly inaccurate and incomplete police report prepared several hours after the event. Furthermore, the defendant's version of events contrasted sharply with the state's case. He testified that he never entered the car but was instead standing on the sidewalk beside to it when Rivera appeared. Rivera, on the other hand, stated that the defendant was not only in the car but was behind the wheel before taking flight.
It is possible that the recordings would not have helped the defendant. At the same time, however, the recordings could have given the defendant the information necessary to impeach both Rivera and DeLucia. Both officers made their broadcasts while the events were unfolding and thus, presumably, the tapes of those broadcasts would have provided the "most thorough description of the incident given outside the courtroom . . . ." State v. Williamson, supra, 14 Conn. App. 108, 118C. Furthermore and most important, because we do not have the tapes before us, we cannot speculate on what they might have contained, nor can we determine that the error was harmless. State v. Williamson, supra, 212 Conn. 6, 22; State v. Gonzales, supra. We therefore conclude that the trial court erred in failing to strike the testimony of Rivera and DeLucia.
II
The defendant next claims that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a copy of the police report on the ground that it included inadmissible hearsay. We will consider this claim because it may occur on retrial. See State v. Thurman, 10 Conn. App. 302, 317, 523 A.2d 891, cert. denied, 204 Conn. 805, 528 A.2d 1152 (1987). The problem arose because the individual arrested with the defendant told the police that the defendant, and not he, had stolen the car. Officer DeLucia included this information in his report.
A police report generally is admissible as a business record under General Statutes 52-180. State v. Shade, 195 Conn. 651, 663, 491 A.2d 345 (1985). To qualify under this statute the report must be based entirely upon the police officer's own observations or upon information provided by an observer with a business duty to transmit such information. Id.; D'Amato v. Johnston, 140 Conn. 54, 59, 97 A.2d 893 (1953). For example, a report prepared by an officer in charge of an accident investigation is admissible in its entirety, despite the fact that it contains information received from other officers assisting in the investigation. Such a report is not admissible, however, if it contains information furnished by a mere bystander. Information obtained from a person with no business duty to report is admissible only if it falls within some other hearsay exception. State v. Sharpe, supra, 663-64; State v. Palozie, 165 Conn. 288, 295, 334 A.2d 468 (1973). No such exception existed here. Therefore, it was error to admit the police report without redacting the inadmissible material.
We will not consider the third claim of error because it is not likely to occur on retrial.
I dissent from the majority's conclusion that the state did not establish the harmlessness of the destruction of the tapes. Both Rivera and DeLucia testified at trial as to the general contents of their broadcasts. Rivera testified that he radioed a general description of the individuals. DeLucia testified that he had radioed that he observed the subjects. Indeed, it is hardly likely that they would have radioed much more in the course of their pursuit of the three individuals involved.
The majority argues that their broadcasts would have provided the longest and most thorough description of the incident given outside the courtroom. Although it is true that the tapes would have provided some description of the incident given outside the courtroom, that description can not, ipso facto, be characterized as either long or thorough. Thus, under either the "more probable than not" or the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard of harmlessness, I am persuaded that the destruction of the tapes could not have affected the verdict.
The majority's reliance on State v. Williamson, 212 Conn. 6, 562 A.2d 470 (1989), is misplaced. In that case, there were critical inconsistencies between the trial testimony of the witness and the transcript of the destroyed tape of her interview. Id., 24-25. Here, no such inconsistencies have been shown between Rivera's and DeLucia's testimony and the likely content of the destroyed tapes. Furthermore, in Williamson, the destroyed tape was of an interview with the victim in which she described the crime in detail. Thus, the tape "`was the longest and presumably the most thorough description of the incident given outside the courtroom'" (emphasis added); id., 25, quoting State v. Williamson, 14 Conn. App. 108, 118C, 552 A.2d 815 (1988); and would have been useful in cross-examining the victim. In my view, that cannot reasonably be said of these radio broadcasts.
I agree, however, with the majority's conclusion that the admission of the police report constituted harmful error. I concur, therefore, in the remand for a new trial.