Opinion
Submitted Nov. 13, 2008, at Detroit. Blum Konheim Elkin & Ceglarek, (by Joseph L. Konheim, Southfield, and Stephanie L. Arndt), Berkley, for the plaintiff.
O'Connor, DeGrazia, Tamm & O'Conner, P.C. (by Julie McCann O'Connor and Donald K. Warwick), Bloomfield Hills, for the defendant.
Before: JANSEN, P.J., and O'CONNELL and OWENS, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
[281 Mich.App. 508] In this medical-malpractice action, defendant appeals by leave granted the circuit court's order denying his motion for a qualified protective order to allow him to conduct an ex parte interview with the decedent's treating physician. We reverse and remand.
Plaintiff filed this wrongful-death medical-malpractice action alleging that defendant had failed to properly diagnose or treat plaintiff's decedent, Linda Clippert, thereby proximately causing her death. Defendant sought to interview Clippert's treating physicians, but plaintiff refused to waive Clippert's confidentiality rights under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 42 USC 1320d et seq. Plaintiff signed a waiver allowing the release of medical records, but refused to provide a release for oral communications. Defendant moved for a qualified protective order to permit an ex parte interview with Clippert's treating physician, but the circuit court denied the motion. The court concluded that " the HIPAA provision relative to a protective order only ... pertains to documentary evidence" and " that HIPAA does not authorize ex parte oral interviews."
A circuit court's decision on a discovery motion is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Lantz v. Southfield City Clerk, 245 Mich.App. 621, 629, 628 N.W.2d 583 (2001). However, an issue of statutory interpretation is reviewed de novo as a question of law. [281 Mich.App. 509] Rakestraw v. Gen. Dynamics Land Systems, Inc., 469 Mich. 220, 224, 666 N.W.2d 199 (2003). Although the decisions of lower federal courts are not binding on Michigan state courts, Abela v. Gen. Motors Corp., 469 Mich. 603, 606-607, 677 N.W.2d 325 (2004), we are free to adopt their analysis if it is persuasive and instructive, Cowles v. Bank West, 476 Mich. 1, 33-34, 719 N.W.2d 94 (2006).
HIPAA regulates the retention, use, and transfer of patient information by health-care providers. In re Petition of Attorney General for Investigative Subpoenas, 274 Mich.App. 696, 699, 736 N.W.2d 594 (2007); see also Bayne v. Provost, 359 F.Supp 2d 234, 236 (N.D.N.Y., 2005). HIPAA " authorizes regulations governing confidential patient information." In re Petition of Attorney General, supra at 699, 736 N.W.2d 594. " Under this authority, regulations have been promulgated establishing procedures for the uses and disclosure of such information." Id. These regulations make clear that HIPAA applies to both oral and written information. 45 CFR 160.103 (providing that " [h]ealth information means any information, whether oral or recorded in any form or medium" ). HIPAA does not prohibit all ex parte communications with an adverse party's treating physician. Law v. Zuckerman, 307 F.Supp 2d 705, 708 (D.Md., 2004). " However, HIPAA clearly regulates the methods by which a physician may release a patient's health information, including ‘ oral’ medical records." Id.
In Michigan, it was well established before the enactment of HIPAA that the filing of a lawsuit for personal injury or malpractice generally waived the statutory physician-patient privilege with respect to any injury, disease, or condition at issue in the lawsuit, MCL 600.2157, and that a defendant was permitted to meet ex parte with the injured party's treating physician as part of discovery, see Domako v. Rowe, 438 Mich. 347, 361-362, 475 N.W.2d 30 (1991).
[281 Mich.App. 510] Under HIPAA, however, the filing of a lawsuit does not waive the confidentiality of health information, and unless the patient gives written consent or enters into an agreement, see 45 CFR 164.508; 45 CFR 164.510, the patient's physician may only disclose confidential health information under limited conditions. As observed in Law, supra at 711:
HIPAA outlines the steps to follow in order to obtain protected health information during a judicial proceeding in 45 CFR 164.512(e). There are three ways. First, counsel may obtain a court order which allows the health care provider to disclose " only the protected health information expressly authorized by such order." 45 CFR 164.512(e)(1)(i). In the absence of a court order, [45 CFR] 164.512(e)(1)(ii)(A) and (B) provide two additional methods available when used in conjunction with more traditional means of discovery.
Specifically, 45 CFR 164.512(e) provides in pertinent part:
(1) Permitted disclosures. A covered entity may disclose protected health information in the course of any judicial or administrative proceeding:
(i) In response to an order of a court or administrative tribunal, provided that the covered entity discloses only the protected health information expressly authorized by such order; or
(ii) In response to a subpoena, discovery request, or other lawful process, that is not accompanied by an order of a court or administrative tribunal, if:
(A) The covered entity receives satisfactory assurance, as described in paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section, from the party seeking the information that reasonable efforts have been made by such party to ensure that the individual who is the subject of the protected health information that has been requested has been given notice of the request; or
[281 Mich.App. 511] (B) The covered entity receives satisfactory assurance, as described in paragraph (e)(1)(iv) of this section, from the party seeking the information that reasonable efforts have been made by such party to secure a qualified protective order that meets the requirements of paragraph (e)(1)(v) of this section.
* * *
(v) For purposes of paragraph (e)(1) of this section, a qualified protective order means, with respect to protected health information requested under paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section, an order of a court or of an administrative tribunal or a stipulation by the parties to the litigation or administrative proceeding that:
(A) Prohibits the parties from using or disclosing the protected health information for any purpose other than the litigation or proceeding for which such information was requested; and
(B) Requires the return to the covered entity or destruction of the protected health information (including all copies made) at the end of the litigation or proceeding.
(vi) Notwithstanding paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section, a covered entity may disclose protected health information in response to lawful process described in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section without receiving satisfactory assurance under paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(A) or (B) of this section, if the covered entity makes reasonable efforts to provide notice to the individual sufficient to meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section or to seek a qualified protective order sufficient to meet the requirements of paragraph (e)(1)(iv) of this section.
(2) Other uses and disclosures under this section. The provisions of this paragraph do not supersede other provisions of this section that otherwise permit or restrict uses or disclosures of protected health information. We agree with plaintiff that HIPAA supersedes Michigan law to the extent that its protections and [281 Mich.App. 512] requirements are more stringent than those provided by state law. See Law, supra at 711. Thus, if written consent or an agreement for the disclosure of confidential health information is not provided, a treating physician may only disclose such information under conditions set out in the HIPAA regulations, one of which provides for qualified protective orders.
But we disagree with the circuit court's determination that a defendant's ex parte interview with a treating physician may not be the subject of a qualified protective order under HIPAA. While 45 CFR 164.512(e)(1)(ii) does not specifically address oral communications, neither does it exclude oral or spoken information from the regulations governing disclosure of protected health information. As our Supreme Court observed in Domako, supra at 362, 475 N.W.2d 30, where rules are not meant to be exhaustive, " the omission of oral interviews does not mean that they are prohibited." In fact, 45 CFR 160.103 specifically provides that HIPAA applies to both oral and written information, and 45 CFR 164.512(e)(2) makes clear that the regulations concerning qualified protective orders " do not supersede other provisions of this section that otherwise permit or restrict uses or disclosures of protected health information." Thus, as the federal district court determined in Bayne, supra at 241," if a qualified protective order, consistent with [45 CFR 164.512(e) ], was in place then an ex parte discussion with the health provider would be appropriate."
Plaintiff argues that it should be sufficient for defendant to rely on written medical records or to depose Clippert's physicians if more information is desired. However, as our Supreme Court observed in Domako, supra at 360, 475 N.W.2d 30, it is " routine practice ... to talk with each witness before trial to learn what the witness knows [281 Mich.App. 513] about the case and what testimony the witness is likely to give" and " [t]here is no justification for requiring costly depositions ... without knowing in advance that the testimony will be useful." Id. at 361, 475 N.W.2d 30.
The circuit court erroneously concluded that oral interviews cannot be the subject of qualified protective orders under HIPAA. Quite simply, defendants may conduct an ex parte oral interview with Clippert's physician if a qualified protective order, consistent with 45 CFR 164.512(e)(1), is first put in place. Bayne, supra at 241. We reverse the circuit court's decision and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.