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holding that party waived argument by failing to provide authority or argument on the issue
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No. 01-05-00086-CV.
August 24, 2006. Rehearing Overruled October 6, 2006.
Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law No. 1, Harris County, Jack Cagle, J.
Michael T. McGann, Houston, TX, for Appellant.
H. Miles Cohn, Sheiness, Scott, Grossman Cohn, L.L.P., Houston, TX, for Appellee.
Panel consists of Justices KEYES, ALCALA, and BLAND.
OPINION
In this assignment of accounts appeal, appellant, Holloway-Houston, Inc. (Holloway), challenges the judgment of the trial court rendered in favor of appellee, Gulf Coast Bank Trust Company (Gulf Coast). In 21 issues on appeal, Holloway argues that the trial court's findings of fact are supported by legally and factually in-sufficient evidence and that the trial court's conclusions of law are incorrect as a matter of law.
We affirm.
Background
Gulf Coast is involved in the business of factoring. On September 19, 2001, Gulf Coast entered into a Receivables Purchase Agreement with Star Steel Trading, Inc. (Star Steel). Pursuant to this contract, Star Steel assigned all of its accounts to Gulf Coast. Among the accounts assigned to Gulf Coast were accounts in which Holloway owed money to Star Steel. Gulf Coast sent notice to Holloway stating that future payments should be remitted to Gulf Coast. Holloway's branch manager signed and returned the notification. Gulf Coast also contacted Holloway before purchasing each Holloway invoice to verify that the amount was due and payable and that payment was to be directed to Gulf Coast. Each verification included an address to which payments were to be sent, a "lockbox" at Gulf Coast. Holloway regularly used that address for payment on the Star Steel accounts.
Factoring is a process by which a business sells to another business, at a small discount, its right to collect money before the money is paid. Houston Lighting and Power Co. v. Wharton, 101 S.W.3d 633, 636 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). Factoring is a financing tool that reduces the amount of working capital a business needs by reducing the delay between the time of sale and the receipt of payment. Id.
In April 2003, Charles Elliott, the President of Star Steel, telephoned Holloway's office manager, Cindy Dutton, and asked her to deliver Holloway's checks to Star Steel rather than to Gulf Coast. After checking with her supervisor, Dutton paid four of the assigned invoices directly to Elliott. Instead of paying the funds to Gulf Coast, Elliot deposited the funds into a Star Steel account. Star Steel subsequently entered into bankruptcy and is not a party to this litigation. Gulf Coast never received payment of the invoices.
Gulf Coast sued Holloway to collect on the four accounts. After a bench trial, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of Gulf Coast for $30,512.10, prejudgment interest, and $11,100 in attorney's fees.
Pertinent to this appeal, the trial court made the following findings:
Findings of Fact
5. Among the accounts receivable purchased from Star Steel were certain accounts owed by Holloway (the "Holloway Accounts"). The Holloway Accounts assigned to Gulf Coast Bank included the accounts evidenced by the following four Star Steel invoices:Invoice Date Invoice Number Balance March 13, 2003 202549 $10,843.40 March 13, 2003 202550 $ 560.00 March 18, 2003 202554 $19,010.70 March 25, 2003 202561 $ 98.00
6. The total amount owed for the Holloway Accounts is $30,512.10.
7. Prior to purchasing the Holloway Accounts, Gulf Coast Bank advised Holloway that the bank would purchase the accounts and that payment should therefore be made to Gulf Coast Bank, as assignee of the Holloway Accounts.
8. Before purchasing the Holloway Accounts, Gulf Coast Bank also contacted Holloway to verify those accounts. Holloway did verify each of the accounts and agreed to pay them to Gulf Coast Bank. Specifically, Holloway was asked to sign, with respect to each invoice, a Request for Invoice Verification. Each of these verifications was signed and accepted by an authorized employee of Holloway, Cindy Dutton. Moreover, each verification stated that the invoice "is currently due in the amount indicated above and represents payment for merchandise delivered and/or services rendered, free of any defense, offset, counter-claim or other limitation, and that payments for these invoices and all future payments will be directed to" Gulf Coast Bank.
9. Despite repeated notice of the assignment of the Holloway Accounts to Gulf Coast Bank, and although Holloway acknowledged each assignment and agreed to pay the invoices directly to Gulf Coast Bank, no payment of these accounts was made to the bank. In addition, neither Star Steel nor any other party has paid any portion of the Holloway Accounts to Gulf Coast Bank. The Holloway Accounts, in the total amount of $30,512.10, remain due and owing to Gulf Coast Bank.
10. Holloway did tender payment for the Holloway Accounts to Mr. Charles Elliot, President of Star Steel, after Gulf Coast Bank informed Holloway of the assignment of the accounts. However, Gulf Coast Bank did not authorize Mr. Elliot to accept payment on its behalf. Furthermore, the Receivables Purchase Agreement provides no such authority to Mr. Elliot.
Conclusions of Law
1. The Holloway Accounts are due and owing in the amount of $30,512.10.
2. Having received notice of the assignment of the Holloway Accounts to Gulf Coast Bank, Holloway was required to pay Gulf Coast Bank and not the assignor, Star Steel. After receiving such notice, payment to Star Steel or any other party besides Gulf Coast Bank would not have the effect of discharging liability on the accounts. TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. ART. 9-406(a).
3. Mr. Elliot was without any authority, express or implied, to accept or retain payment on behalf of Gulf Coast Bank.
5. The acknowledgments executed by Holloway constitute a valid agreement not to assert defenses against Gulf Coast Bank.
Holloway appeals from the trial court's findings and conclusions.
Standard of Review
In an appeal from a bench trial, a trial court's findings of fact have the same weight as a jury's verdict. Amador v. Berrospe, 961 S.W.2d 205, 207 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, writ denied). We review the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence by the same standards applied in reviewing evidence supporting a jury's answer. Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex. 1994). If a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue as to which he bears the burden of proof, then he must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence conclusively established all vital facts in support of the issue. Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co., 767 S.W.2d 686, 690 (Tex. 1989). In reviewing such a "matter of law" challenge, we examine the record for evidence that supports the challenged finding, ignoring evidence to the contrary. Id. If no evidence exists to support the finding, we examine the entire record to determine if the contrary proposition is established as a matter of law. Id.
In reviewing a factual-sufficiency point, we consider all the evidence supporting and contradicting the finding. Plas-Tex, Inc. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex. 1989). We set aside the verdict only if the finding is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986). In a bench trial, the trial court, as factfinder, is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses. Southwestern Bell Media, Inc. v. Lyles, 825 S.W.2d 488, 493 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, writ denied).
We review de novo a trial court's conclusions of law, and we uphold the judgment if it can be sustained on any legal theory supported by the evidence. BMC Software Belgium v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002); In re Moers, 104 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). An appellant may not challenge a trial court's conclusions of law for lack of factual sufficiency, but we review the legal conclusions drawn from the facts to determine their correctness. BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794.
Analysis
Assignment and Purchase of Accounts-Finding 5
In its first and second issues on appeal, Holloway argues that there is no evidence to support the trial court's fifth finding of fact that the Holloway accounts on which Gulf Coast bases its claims were purchased by Gulf Coast from Star Steel and that the invoices at issue were assigned to Gulf Coast. Alternatively, Holloway argues that such a finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
Legal Sufficiency
Holloway contends that no evidence, such as bank records or other documentary evidence, was offered to show that the invoices at issue were actually purchased by Gulf Coast. Holloway acknowledges that it received invoice verifications, but it contends that the invoice verifications were not any evidence of the purchase of the invoices.
This case is governed by section 9.406 of the Texas and Business Commerce Code. See TEX. Bus. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406 (Vernon 2002). Section 9.406 provides,
(a) Subject to Subsections (b)-(i), an account debtor on an account, chattel paper, or a payment intangible may discharge its obligation by paying the assignor until, but not after, the account debtor receives a notification, authenticated by the assignor or the assignee, that the amount due or to become due has been assigned and that payment is to be made to the assignee. After receipt of the notification, the account debtor may discharge its obligation by paying the assignee and may not discharge the obligation by paying the assignor.
(b) Subject to Subsection (h), notification is ineffective under Subsection (a):
(1) if it does not reasonably identify the rights assigned.
TEX. BUS. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406(a), (b)(1) (emphasis added).
Section 9.406, as applied to this case, provides that Holloway can discharge its debt by paying the assignor (Star Steel), but once Holloway is notified that the accounts have been assigned-not purchased-Holloway can discharge its debt only by paying the assignee (Gulf Coast). See id.
Paragraph 2 of the Receivables Purchase Agreement between Gulf Coast and Star Steel tracks the requirements of section 9.406. Under the terms of that paragraph, Star Steel offered to sell Gulf Coast all receivables from account debtors, such as Holloway. The parties agreed that Gulf Coast would examine and verify the receivables. Gulf Coast would then notify Star Steel which Receivables would constitute "Factored Receivables," i.e., purchased receivables. The invoice would designate the lockbox as the sole address for payment, unless payment was to be made by wire transfer to a controlled account at Gulf Coast. Upon Gulf Coast's execution of a receivables purchase schedule listing a specific receivable, or upon payment of the initial payment, Star Steel would be deemed to have sold the receivable to Gulf Coast.
Gulf Coast introduced an October 28, 2002 letter sent to Holloway which stated:
[Star Steel] will be assigning their accounts receivable to [Gulf Coast]. From this point forward, please continue to make all checks payable to [Star Steel], but for proper processing and credit please remit all payments to [Gulf Coast].
You may be contacted at times by [Gulf Coast] regarding your acceptance and approval of [Star Steel's] invoices. Should there be any questions concerning this matter, please . . . contact Ms. Robin Gutierrez. . . . This assignment is to remain in effect until you are notified to the contrary by [Gulf Coast].
Gulf Coast also produced two verification letters, entitled "Request for Invoice Verification," that had been sent to Holloway regarding the four invoices. The verification letters state,
Gulf Coast . . . has entered into an agreement with Star Steel Trading, Inc. in order to provide additional working capital to help facilitate the company's growth. Under this financing arrangement, Star Steel has sold their [sic] invoices to [Gulf Coast]. As part of [Gulf Coast's] continuing internal control procedures we would like to confirm the following balances owed by your company
The letters list the invoice numbers, dates, and amounts on the accounts that were not paid to Gulf Coast. They also state,
Please verify by signing below that this invoice(s) is currently due in the amount indicated above and represents payment for merchandise delivered and/or services rendered, free of any defense, offset, counterclaim or other limitation; and that payment for these invoices and all future payments will be directed to the following address:
Gulf Coast Bank and Trust Company For the account of Star Steel Trading, Inc. P.O. Box 203047 Houston, TX 77216-3047
Both invoice verifications were signed by Holloway's office manager, Cindy Dutton. The invoice numbers, dates, and amounts listed on the two invoice verification letters correspond to the amounts listed in the trial court's fifth finding of fact. Upon receipt of the verification letters, Holloway made payment to Elliot at Star Steel, rather than to the lockbox as directed in the letters.
The invoice verifications and October 28, 2002 letter constitute (1) authentication by the assignee (Gulf Coast); (2) notification that the amount due has been assigned; and (3) notification that the amount due was to be paid to Gulf Coast at the lockbox address. They thus satisfy section 9.406 of the Business and Commerce Code. See TEX. BUS. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406. Although Holloway contends that Gulf Coast was required to show that the accounts had been purchased by Gulf Coast, section 9.406 does not contain that requirement. Rather, Gulf Coast must only notify Holloway that the accounts have been assigned. See id. § 9.406(a). We conclude, therefore, that the invoice verification letters stating that Star Steel "has sold their invoices to [Gulf Coast]" and the October 28 letter stating "Star Steel will be assigning their accounts receivable to Gulf Coast" constitute legally sufficient evidence to satisfy the trial court's fifth finding of fact.
The part of the trial court's fifth finding of fact which states that Gulf Coast purchased the accounts is not necessary to support the judgment We will not reverse the judgment if the controlling findings of fact support a correct legal theory. Hitzelberger v. Samedan Oil Corp., 948 S.W.2d 497, 503 (Tex.App.-Waco 1997, pet. denied). Nevertheless, we note that Gulf Coast's vice-president, Robin Gutierrez, testified that Gulf Coast purchased the accounts. Thus, we conclude that the evidence contains both proof of notification of the assignment and proof of Gulf Coast's purchase of the invoice.
We overrule Holloway's first issue on appeal.
Factual Sufficiency
Holloway also argues that the trial court's finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence because Gutierrez could not locate any documentary proof that Gulf Coast had actually purchased the accounts at issue and that the accounts had been assigned. As we stated in Holloway's first issue on appeal, whether Gulf Coast purchased the accounts is not relevant because section 9.406(a) provides that, once Gulf Coast provided notice to Holloway that the accounts had been assigned and that payment was to be made to a lockbox under Gulf Coast's control, Holloway could discharge its debt only by paying Gulf Coast, the assignee at the lockbox address, and not by paying Star Steel, the assignor. See id.
We overrule Holloway's second issue on appeal.
Invoice Payments — Findings 6 and 9 and Conclusion 1
In its third and fourth issues on appeal, Holloway argues that no evidence supports the trial court's finding that the invoices were not paid and that the total amount owed for the Holloway accounts is $30,512.10 or, alternatively, that such a finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. In its fifth issue on appeal, Holloway argues that the trial court's conclusion of law that Holloway's accounts are due and owing in the amount of $30,512.10 is erroneous as a matter of law.
We have already concluded that legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the trial court's finding that Star Steel assigned the four accounts in question to Gulf Coast and that the invoices notified Holloway of the assignment and directed that payment be made to Gulf Coast at the address stated on the invoice. It is undisputed that Holloway did not make payment to Gulf Coast at the address stated on the invoice. Gutierrez testified that Gulf Coast never received payment, totaling $30,512.10, on the four invoices. The trial court was entitled to believe Gutierrez's testimony, and Holloway provided no contrary evidence that Gulf Coast had been paid on the four invoices. Thus, the record contains legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court's finding that Gulf Coast did not receive payment on the four invoices and that Holloway owed $30,512.10.
We overrule Holloway's third, fourth, and fifth issue on appeal.
Adequate Notice — Findings 7, 9, and 10 and Conclusion 2
In its sixth and seventh issues on appeal, Holloway argues that no evidence supports the trial court's finding that Gulf Coast advised Holloway that the bank would purchase the accounts or that the finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. In its tenth and eleventh issues on appeal, Holloway argues that no evidence supports the trial court's finding that Gulf Coast gave notice to Holloway about the assignment of accounts or that the finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. In its twelfth issue on appeal, Holloway contends that the trial court's conclusion of law that Holloway received notice of the assignment is erroneous as a matter of law. In its thirteenth issue on appeal, Holloway argues that the trial court's conclusion of law that Holloway was required to pay Gulf Coast and not Star Steel was erroneous as a matter of law. In its fourteenth and fifteenth issue on appeal, Holloway argues that no evidence supports the trial court's finding that Holloway tendered payment to Charles Elliott after Gulf Coast informed Holloway of the assignment of the accounts or that the finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
Legal Sufficiency
Gulf Coast presented the trial court with the Receivables Purchase Agreement and the three letters previously discussed. The first letter, mailed October 28, 2002 to Holloway, stated that "[Star Steel] will be assigning their accounts receivable to [Gulf Coast]. From this point forward, please continue to make all checks payable to [Star Steel], but for proper processing and credit please remit all payments to: [Gulf Coast] P.O. Box 203047 Houston, Texas 77216-3047." In addition, Gulf Coast sent to Holloway two invoice verification letters, dated March 13, 2003 and March 18, 2003, which stated that
Star Steel has sold their invoices to [Gulf Coast]. . . . [P]ayments for these invoices and all future payments will be directed to the following address:
Gulf Coast Bank and Trust Company For the account of Star Steel Trading, Inc. P.O. Box 203047 Houston, TX 77216-3047
These two invoice verification letters included the invoice account numbers, dates, and amounts. Moreover, Dutton testified that she understood that the letters stated that Star Steel would be assigning its accounts receivables to Gulf Coast. Dutton also testified that, after receiving the letters from Gulf Coast, Holloway allowed Elliott to pick up payments for the four invoices, even though she knew doing so was a problem.
Under section 9.406 of the Uniform Commercial Code ("UCC"), Gulf Coast was required to notify Holloway that the accounts had been assigned and that payment should be made to the assignee. See TEX. BUS. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406(a). "For notice of assignment to be adequate or effective under the U.C.C., an account debtor must receive notice that the amount due or to become due has been assigned and must also be notified that payment is to be made to the assignee." Buffalo Pipeline Co. v. Bell, 694 S.W.2d 592, 596 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Generally, "after a debtor receives notice of a valid assignment, payment made by the debtor to the assignor or to any person other than the assignee is made at the debtor's peril and does not discharge the debtor from liability to the assignee." Id.
After reviewing the evidence, we conclude that Gulf Coast's letters adequately notified Holloway that the accounts had been assigned and that payment should be made to Gulf Coast. See TEX. BUS. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406; BOC Group, Inc. v. Katy Nat'l Bank, 720 S.W.2d 229, 230-31 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, no writ) (holding assignment effective from letter that identified the parties, noted principal amount and amount to become due, noted that assignment was made, and directed all future payments be made to assignee); Buffalo Pipeline, 694 S.W.2d at 596 ("[T]he actual notice given by appellees provided Sun Pipeline Company notice or knowledge of facts sufficient to put [Sun Pipeline] on inquiry to ascertain who was entitled to the lease rental payments."). After receiving notice of the assignment of accounts, Holloway tendered payment to Elliott at its own peril, thus failing to discharge its debt pursuant to section 9.406. See TEX. BUS. COM. CODE ANN. 9.406; BOC Group, 720 S.W.2d at 230-31. Thus, we conclude that the trial court's sixth and tenth findings of fact are supported by legally sufficient evidence. We further conclude that the trial court's second conclusion of law is a correct statement of law.
We overrule Holloway's sixth, tenth, twelfth, and fourteenth issues on appeal.
Factual Sufficiency
In its factual insufficiency argument, Holloway contends that the invoice verification letters were sent prior to Gulf Coast's decision to purchase the invoices "in order to obtain information to use in determining if Gulf Coast wanted to indeed purchase those specific invoices." Also, Holloway states that Gulf Coast would not know whether it was going to purchase an invoice until after it sent a verification letter and that, even if an invoice verification letter was sent, some of Star Steel's invoices were purchased while others were not. We disagree with Holloway's implication that it was necessary for Gulf Coast to prove that it had purchased the invoiced accounts in order for it to be entitled to receive payment as directed in its invoices to Holloway, although, as set forth above, we conclude that Gulf Coast did prove that it had purchased the accounts. Section 9.406 of the UCC states that the account debtor must be notified only that the amount due or to become due has been assigned. See TEX. Bus. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406(a). Here, the evidence consisting of Gulf Coast's October 28, 2002 letter and the two invoice verification letters to Holloway, which were signed by Holloway, satisfies the notification requirements in section 9.406. See id.
We overrule Holloway's seventh, eleventh, and fifteenth issues on appeal.
In its thirteenth issue on appeal, Holloway argues that the trial court's conclusion of law that Holloway was required to pay Gulf Coast and not Star Steel is erroneous as a matter of law. Holloway provides no authority or argument for this issue and thus it is waived. See TEX.R.APP. P. 38.1(h). Thus, we overrule Holloway's thirteenth issue on appeal.
Agreement to Pay — Findings 8 and 9
In its eighth and ninth issues on appeal, Holloway argues that no evidence supports the trial court's finding that Holloway agreed to pay the accounts to Gulf Coast or that the finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
As the trial court found, the evidence shows that Holloway signed each invoice, acknowledged the assignment, and agreed to pay Gulf Coast at the lockbox address. When an account debtor (Holloway) receives a proper notification that the accounts have been assigned, Holloway can discharge its debt only by paying the assignee (Gulf Coast). See TEX. BUS. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406. By paying the amounts due on the invoices to Star Steel, instead of to Gulf Coast, Holloway failed to discharge its debt and thus is liable to Gulf Coast for the debt. See id.
Section 9.406 does not require a separate or additional agreement between the account debtor and the assignee, and Holloway cites no authority for such a proposition. Moreover, we will not reverse the judgment if the controlling findings of fact support a correct legal theory. See Hitzelberger, 948 S.W.2d at 503. Here, the trial court's controlling findings regarding discharge of a debtor pursuant to section 9.406 support a correct legal theory — specifically, that Holloway did not discharge its debt by paying the assignor instead of the assignee.
We overrule Holloway's eighth and ninth issues on appeal.
Agency — Finding 10 and Conclusions 3 5
In its sixteenth and seventeenth issues on appeal, Holloway argues that no evidence supports the trial court's finding that Elliott was not authorized to accept payment for the accounts on behalf of Gulf Coast or that the finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. In its eighteenth and nineteenth issues on appeal, Holloway argues that the trial court erred in failing to find that Star Steel was authorized to collect receivables on behalf of Gulf Coast because Holloway proved that Star Steel possessed such authority as a matter of law or, alternatively, that the lack of a finding was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. In its twentieth issue on appeal, Holloway argues that the trial court's conclusion of law that Elliott was without authority to accept payment on behalf of Gulf Coast is erroneous as a matter of law.
Holloway contends that even if Gulf Coast purchased the accounts, Holloway discharged its burden by paying Elliot, Gulf Coast's authorized agent. Gulf Coast responds that the Receivables Purchase Agreement did not authorize Star Steel to "act as its agent to pick up checks."
We resolve Holloway's issues in accordance with sections 9.406 and 1.103 of the UCC. Section 9.406 specifically states that once the account debtor has been notified of an assignment, the debt can only be discharged by paying the assignee. TEX. Bus. COM. CODE ANN. § 9.406. We previously discussed the three letters that notified Holloway that the accounts had been assigned. None of these letters authorized payment to Elliott. On the contrary, each expressly required Holloway to pay Gulf Coast directly at the address indicated. Moreover, Dutton testified that she knew that the accounts had been assigned. Allowing Holloway to discharge its debt by paying Elliott would be inconsistent with the express provisions of the Receivables Purchase Agreement and UCC section 9.406.
Section 1.103 of the UCC provides,
Unless displaced by the particular provisions of this title, the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, or other validating or invalidating cause shall supplement its provisions.
TEX. BUS. COMCODE ANN. § 1.103(b) (Vernon Supp. 2005). The commentary to section 1.103 states, "The Uniform Commercial Code preempts principles of common law and equity that are inconsistent with either its provisions or its purposes and policies." TEX. BUS. COM. CODE ANN. § 1.103 cmt. 2.
Holloway's argument is an attempt to persuade the Court that it can discharge its debt by paying someone other than the assignee, through the common law of contract and agency despite UCC section 1.103. Its argument is without merit. We thus conclude that Holloway cannot rely on agency principles to supplant the clear directives mandated by section 9.406 to pay the assignee.
Holloway contends that paragraph 7.6 of the Receivables Purchase Agreement makes Star Steel Gulf Coast's authorized agent for the collection of all factored receivables. This is incorrect. By its plain language, paragraph 7.6 is limited to "Factored Receivables that are not timely paid." It provides that
[Gulf Coast], as the owner of the Factored Receivables, shall be entitled at its option to collect and enforce all Factored Receivables that are not timely paid, to settle, compromise or litigate disputes or claims directly with the Company's Account Debtors on any Factored Receivables, . . . [while permitting Star Steel] . . . in its name for [Gulf Coast]'s benefit on [Gulf Coast]'s behalf (but at [Star Steel's] expense), [to] collect and enforce all of the Receivables.
The reading of the Receivables Purchase Agreement urged by Holloway would set up a conflict between the provisions of the Receivables Purchase Agreement and conflict with UCC section 9.406, governing factored receivables, and UCC section 1.103, providing for the UCC's preemption of inconsistent common law principles.
We overrule Holloway's sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth issues on appeal.
Agreements Not to Assert Defenses
In its twenty-first issue on appeal, Holloway argues that the trial court's conclusion of law that the acknowledgments executed by Holloway constitute a valid agreement not to assert defenses against Gulf Coast is erroneous as a matter of law. Gulf Coast argues that, even if an agency relationship was established, Holloway agreed not to assert any defenses at trial. We need not resolve this issue because we have previously determined that Holloway cannot rely on an agency theory to discharge its debt under these facts. See TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.