Opinion
No. 5752
Submitted September 14, 1926.
Decided September 21, 1926.
Error to Circuit Court, Raleigh County.
Action by W.D. Holliday against the Elkhorn-Piney Coal Mining Company begun before a justice of the peace. From the judgment for plaintiff, defendant appealed to the circuit court, which rendered judgment for defendant, and plaintiff brings error.
Reversed; judgment here.
C. C. Long and M. L. Painter, for plaintiff in error.
McGinnis McGinnis, for defendant in error.
W. D. Holliday, hereafter called plaintiff, in the course of his business as a merchant, accepted at face value, for value returned, from various employees of Elkhorn-Piney Coal Mining Company, hereafter called defendant, certain scrip, due-bills, or tokens issued by defendant, in the sum of $299.50, and presented same to defendant on a regular pay day, after same became due, and requested defendant to redeem same in lawful money of the United States of America. Upon defendant's refusal to redeem same, plaintiff instituted his action before a justice of the peace of Raleigh County and obtained judgment for $299.50. Defendant appealed. The circuit court heard the case on an agreed statement of facts and found for defendant. Plaintiff comes here on writ of error.
The defendant, in addition to housing a large number of its employees, operates a general merchandise store for the use and benefit of said employees, as well as others. In the course of the business of the company store, the said company has in use a system of credit consisting of brass scrip, due-bills, tokens, or chips representing various denominations — from one dollar down. The obverse side of said scrip, due-bills, or tokens bear the following inscription: "Payable in cash on pay-days when due to employee to whom issued. Ingle-Schirloh Co., Dayton, O. In merchandise only — Nontransferable;" on the reverse, "Elkhorn-Piney Coal Mining Company." It is the defendant's custom to issue certain pieces of said scrip from time to time to its employees, at their request, for labor performed, or to be performed, in course of their employment about the business of the company, and defendant redeems the face value of the scrip, due-bills, or tokens in merchandise at its store at any time after issuance to such employees, or pays in cash to any employee to whom issued the face amount of such unused scrip, due-bills, or tokens at pay days when the amount of money is due for which the scrip, due-bills, or tokens were issued under the contract of employment. There is no reasonable way to identify any specific piece or part of said scrip, tokens, or due-bills, each denomination being as nearly alike as possible. It does not bear the name of the employee to whom issued.
The "scrip law" as it stood before the addition of two provisos by the last Legislature (Acts 1925, Chap. 87), forbade, under penalty of fine and imprisonment, "any corporation, company, firm or person, engaged in any trade or business, either directly or indirectly, to issue, sell, give or deliver to any person employed by such corporation, company, firm or person, in payment of wages due such laborer, or as advances for labor not due, any scrip, token, draft, check, or other evidence of indebtedness, payable or redeemable otherwise than in lawful money", and providing that such scrip, token, draft, check or other evidence of indebtedness "shall be construed, taken and held in all courts and places, to be a promise to pay the sum specified therein in lawful money by the corporation, company, firm or person, issuing, selling, giving or delivering the same to the person named therein, or to the holder thereof." Chapter 15H, § 80, Code, 1923.
This act was held to be constitutional in State v. Peel Splint Coal Company, 36 W. Va. 802; and in Atkins v. Coal Company, 76 W. Va. 27, Judge LYNCH points out very clearly that this statute, requiring that all scrip issued thereunder must be redeemable in "lawful money", is a reasonable regulation for the protection of employees, and that it does not violate any constitutional provision, or unduly curtail the right of contract, and is therefore not an illegitimate exercise of the state's police power. The Legislature, in 1925, reenacted the foregoing statute, adding thereto two provisos, giving the employer the right to issue scrip, redeemable in merchandise, only, on certain conditions. These provisos are: "Provided, that any such corporation, company, firm, person, or association, engaged in any of the businesses aforesaid, at other times than at the regular pay day settlements, upon the faith and to credit of labor to be performed but not to be paid for under the contract of hiring until a future date, may, in payment or part payment therefor, upon request of any employee, issue to such employee, non-transferable orders upon himself or itself, or upon another, payable in merchandise only; or non-transferable coupons or tokens payable and redeemable in merchandise only; provided further, that it be shown upon the face of said order that such employer agrees to pay the employee in lawful money of the United States or by check the unused portion or part, if any, of such order in possession of the holder, or the unused coupons or tokens, if any, of such holder, in his possession, upon demand and surrender thereof by him at such regular settlement day or pay days according to the issuance thereof when the same would be due in cash had not said order or token been issued."
It will be observed that the statement of facts upon which the case was tried in the circuit court admits that the scrip was issued "for labor performed, or to be performed." The original statute (Ch. 15H, § 80, Code, 1923), now incorporated in toto in Chap. 87, § 1, Acts of the Legislature, 1925, permitted the issuance of scrip in payment of wages due or for labor not due, provided the same was redeemable in "lawful money". The scrip in this case on the obverse side says: "Payable in cash on pay days when due to employee to whom issued", and immediately thereunder, "In merchandise only." What does it mean? Two means of redemption are attempted. It is clearly only redeemable in cash on "pay days" — otherwise redeemable in "merchandise"; whereas the mandate of the statute is that it shall not be "redeemable otherwise than in lawful money." It is plainly violative thereof. But the defendant seeks to bring such scrip under the protection of the provisos enacted by the Legislature in 1925, hereinbefore set out. It can only do so, in so far as such scrip was issued "for labor to be performed". A careful consideration of these provisos will disclose this limitation. It cannot thereby justify its action in any court in the issuance of said scrip for "labor performed".
There is no separation of the amount of scrip given for "labor performed" and for "labor to be performed". The law casts the burden on defendant to bring such issuance within the terms of the provisos. Richard's Case, 32 W. Va. 356; Hill's Case, 5 Gratt. 682. So, it becomes unnecessary to consider the provisos in the present statute. They have no application here. Since it falls within the prohibition of the body of the statute, such scrip shall be construed, taken, and held in all courts to be a promise to pay the sum specified therein in lawful money to the person to whom issued, or to the holder thereof.
Upon the agreed statement of facts, the plaintiff was entitled to judgment. The judgment of the circuit court is therefore reversed, annulled and set aside. As a jury was expressly waived by both parties to the litigation, and the case submitted to the court in lieu thereof, judgment for the plaintiff is entered here.
Reversed; judgment here.