Opinion
2013-08-22
In the Matter of Maureen S. HOERGER et al., Appellants, v. Thomas J. SPOTA III, Respondent, et al., Respondent.
Martin E. Connor, Brooklyn, for appellants. Harris Beach PLLC, Uniondale (Thomas J. Garry of counsel), and Kevin G. Snover, North Babylon, for respondent.
Martin E. Connor, Brooklyn, for appellants. Harris Beach PLLC, Uniondale (Thomas J. Garry of counsel), and Kevin G. Snover, North Babylon, for respondent.
Kathleen M. Rice, District Attorney, Kew Gardens (John M. Ryan and Edward D. Saslaw of counsel), Steven A. Bender, White Plains, Itamar J. Yeger, Brooklyn, and Morrie I. Kleinbart, Staten Island, for District Attorneys Association of the State of New York, amicus curiae.
OPINION OF THE COURT
PER CURIAM.
At issue in this appeal is the validity of Suffolk County's term limit law pertaining to the office of district attorney. Petitioners allege that, as a consequence of such local law, respondent District Attorney Thomas J. Spota III is ineligible to hold the office he seeks. We conclude that the County is without the power to regulate the number of terms the district attorney may serve, and therefore we affirm the order finding the designating petitions valid.
The Suffolk County Legislature imposed term limits on county officials, including the district attorney ( see Local Law No. 27–1993 of the County of Suffolk). After approval by public referendum, the measure was added to the Suffolk County Charter, which specifies that “[n]o person shall serve as District Attorney for more than 12 consecutive years” (art. XIX, § C19–1[B] ). Respondent, who was elected district attorney in 2001, will have served three full four-year terms (or 12 consecutive years) as of December 31, 2013. Spota, however, has been designated as a candidate in the upcoming primary election for the Democratic, Republican, Independence and Conservative Parties.
Petitioner Raymond G. Perini is a candidate for district attorney in the Republican Party primary. Petitioners-objectors are registered voters who filed objections to respondent's designating petitions with the Suffolk County Board of Elections. They commenced this special proceeding seeking to invalidate the designating petitions. Supreme Court denied the petition and dismissed the proceeding.
The Appellate Division affirmed, finding that the authority to enact a restriction on the number of consecutive years a person can serve as district attorney rests with the State, rather than the County ( see109 A.D.3d 564, 970 N.Y.S.2d 592 [2d Dept.2013] ). Two Justices dissented and would have reversed and granted the petition to invalidate the designating petitions. The dissent would have found that the State has neither expressly nor impliedly preempted the issue of the number of consecutive terms that could be served by an individual district attorney and that the County was therefore free to legislate the matter. Petitioners appeal as of right, pursuant to CPLR 5601(a).
The State Constitution requires that “[i]n each county a district attorney shall be chosen by the electors once in every three or four years as the legislature shall direct” (N.Y. Const., art. XIII, § 13[a] ). For counties outside of New York City, the state legislature has determined that the term of office shall be four years ( seeCounty Law § 400[1–a]; Matter of Enders v. Rossi, 45 A.D.2d 447, 449, 358 N.Y.S.2d 782 [4th Dept.1974], affd. 34 N.Y.2d 966, 360 N.Y.S.2d 408, 318 N.E.2d 601 [1974] [“We find no indication of any intent in the Constitution or in the legislative action thereunder to permit local county governments to establish disparate, unbridled terms in the office ( ) of ... district attorney”] ). In addition, a district attorney is subject to removal from office, not by county officials, but by the Governor ( seeN.Y. Const., art. XIII, § 13[b] ). The Governor is likewise vested with the authority to fill a vacancy existing in that office ( see Carey v. Oswego County Legislature, 91 A.D.2d 62, 458 N.Y.S.2d 283 [3d Dept.1983], affd. 59 N.Y.2d 847, 466 N.Y.S.2d 312, 453 N.E.2d 541 [1983] ).
We have therefore recognized that “a [d]istrict [a]ttorney is a constitutional officer chosen by the electors of a county” ( Matter of Soares v. Herrick, 20 N.Y.3d 139, 144, 957 N.Y.S.2d 664, 981 N.E.2d 260 [2012] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted] ). In other words, although the district attorney may be an officer serving a county, the office and its holder clearly implicate state concerns ( see Matter of Kelley v. McGee, 57 N.Y.2d 522, 457 N.Y.S.2d 434, 443 N.E.2d 908 [1982] ). For example, there is a strong state interest in establishing adequate salaries for district attorneys, as the representatives of the People of the State of New York responsible for enforcing the Penal Law at the local level ( see Kelley, 57 N.Y.2d at 539–540, 457 N.Y.S.2d 434, 443 N.E.2d 908).
Existing law further illustrates the necessity of statewide uniformity of qualifications for district attorneys. An individual must be at least 18 years old, a resident of the county and a citizen of the United States ( seePublic Officers Law § 3[1] ). We have also mandated that a district attorney must be an attorney admitted to practice in order to properly fulfill the duties of the office and that a county may not alter that prerequisite even in the face of major practical obstacles ( see Matter of Curry v. Hosley, 86 N.Y.2d 470, 475, 634 N.Y.S.2d 28, 657 N.E.2d 1311 [1995] [“The possible practical difficulties that might ensue given the few admitted lawyers in Hamilton County cannot override the important legal principle, applicable throughout the State, that the nature of the District Attorney's duties and responsibilities to the public require the officeholder to be an attorney”] ). The office of district attorney is plainly subject to comprehensive regulation by state law, leaving the counties without authority to legislate in that respect. In this light, we view the limitation on the length of time a district attorney can hold office to be an improper imposition of an additional qualification for the position ( see generally U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779, 115 S.Ct. 1842, 131 L.Ed.2d 881 [1995] ).
Permitting county legislators to impose term limits on the office of district attorney would have the potential to impair the independence of that office because it would empower a local legislative body to effectively end the tenure of an incumbent district attorney whose investigatory or prosecutorial actions were unpopular or contrary to the interests of county legislators. The state has a fundamental and overriding interest in ensuring the integrity and independence of the office of district attorney.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, without costs.
SMITH, J. (dissenting).
I dissent, because I see nothing in the State Constitution or any state statute that prevents Suffolk County from imposing a limit on the number of consecutive years that a district attorney may serve. On the contrary, article IX, § 2(c)(ii)(1) of the Constitution and Municipal Home Rule Law § 10(1)(ii)(a)(1) empower local governments to adopt local laws relating to the “qualifications” and “terms of office” of their “officers and employees,” in the absence of inconsistent state legislation, and no state legislation that is inconsistent with Suffolk County Local Law No. 27–1993 exists.
It is irrelevant that, as the majority notes, a district attorney is “a constitutional officer” as well as a county officer and that the office of district attorney is a subject of statewide concern (majority op. at 552, 975 N.Y.S.2d at 378, 997 N.E.2d at 1230). These premises lead, at most, to the conclusion that the state has the power to prohibit the limitation of district attorneys' terms ( see Matter of Kelley v. McGee, 57 N.Y.2d 522, 457 N.Y.S.2d 434, 443 N.E.2d 908 [1982] )—a proposition petitioners do not contest. The issue is whether the state has exercised that power; the majority cites no statute in which it has done so. Nor can it fairly be said that there is a “ necessity of statewide uniformity” on this issue (majority op. at 553, 975 N.Y.S.2d at 378–79, 997 N.E.2d at 1230–31 [emphasis added] ). No calamity will occur if some counties have term limits for district attorneys and others do not. Perhaps statewide uniformity is desirable, but that is for the state legislature, not this Court, to decide. Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges GRAFFEO, READ, PIGOTT, RIVERA and ABDUS–SALAAM concur; Judge SMITH dissents in an opinion.
Order affirmed, without costs.