Opinion
No. 2:16-cv-02986-KJM-AC
08-09-2017
HMS CORNERSTONE SOLUTIONS, INC., Plaintiff, v. SIGNORELLI COMPANY, and DOES 1 through 50, Defendant.
ORDER
This matter is before the court on the motion to remand this action to the Placer County Superior Court by plaintiff HMS Cornerstone Solutions, Inc. ECF No. 5. Defendant opposes the motion. ECF No. 8. The motion was submitted without argument and the court now DENIES the motion.
I. BACKGROUND
On November 7, 2016, plaintiff filed this breach of contract action in Placer County Superior Court. Notice of Removal ¶ 1, ECF No. 1. That same day, plaintiff mailed a summons and the complaint to defendant. Lyon Decl. ¶ 7, ECF No. 5-2. On November 28, 2016, defendant returned to plaintiff, by email and standard mail, the Notice of Acknowledgement of Receipt that had been enclosed with the summons and complaint. Id. Defendant filed that notice in Placer County Superior Court on December 16, 2016. Id.
On December 22, 2016, defendant removed the action to this court on the basis of the court's diversity jurisdiction. On January 5, 2017, plaintiff filed the instant motion to remand, claiming removal was not timely and that the contract at issue precludes removal to federal court.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The time period during which a civil action may be removed is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b):
The notice of removal of a civil action or proceeding shall be filed within 30 days after the receipt by the defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim for relief upon which such action or proceeding is based, or within 30 days after the service of summons upon the defendant if such initial pleading has then been filed in court and is not required to be served on the defendant, whichever period is shorter."[T]he defendant must be 'notified of the action, and brought under a court's authority, by formal process,' before the removal period begins to run." Quality Loan Serv. Corp. v. 24702 Pallas Way, 635 F.3d 1128, 1133 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Murphy Bros. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 347-48 (1999)). Federal courts siting in California look to California law to determine the sufficiency of service prior to removal. Stafford v. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc., No. 2:14-cv-01465-KJM-CKD, 2014 WL 7335673, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 19, 2014). ///// ///// /////
III. DISCUSSION
A. Timeliness of the Motion
The court turns first to plaintiff's argument that removal was untimely under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b). Relying on "the plain language of [the] statute," plaintiff argues "the time period within which defendant must remove [a] case to federal court begins upon receipt of [the] complaint, regardless of whether defendant has been properly served." Pl.'s P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. to Remand ("Pl.'s Mot.") 4, ECF No. 5-1. The Supreme Court's decision in Murphy, however, makes clear that the 30-day period in § 1446(b) begins running only after the defendant is "brought under a court's authority[] by formal process." Murphy, 526 U.S. at 347. In support of its position, plaintiff cites three cases that predate the Supreme Court's decision in Murphy. See Pl.'s Mot. 4 (citing Boyles v. Junction City Foundry, Inc., 992 F. Supp. 1246 (D. Kan. 1997); Carter v. Bldg. Material & Constr. Teamsters' Union Local 216, 928 F. Supp. 997 (N.D. Cal. 1996); Richman v. Zimmer, Inc., 644 F. Supp. 540 (S.D. Fla. 1986)). These cases all were abrogated by Murphy and are thus deprived of any force. See Furness v. Mills, No. 2:12-cv-00256 DN, 2013 WL 3995258, at *2 (D. Utah Aug. 5, 2013) (recognizing that the time calculation in Carter was rejected in Murphy).
In its reply, plaintiff attempts to distinguish Murphy on grounds that it merely "dealt with the effect of a pre-service, faxed 'courtesy copy'" and not "the situation here, where Plaintiff was directed to speak only to Defendant's counsel, and thereafter, Defendant's counsel agreed to waive formal service on defendant and accept service of the summons and complaint." Pl.'s Reply 1, ECF No. 9. Murphy sweeps more broadly than plaintiff suggests, as recognized by the Ninth Circuit in Quality Loan, and requires formal service to have been effected for the 30-day time limit to start running. See Quality Loan, 635 F.3d at 1133 (finding an emailed notice of relevant action insufficient service under California law, which "did not start the removal clock").
The relevant question, therefore, is when service was completed so as to bring defendant under the authority of the Placer County Superior Court. Defendant avers correctly it received the summons and complaint on November 28, 2017, and returned the Notice of Acknowledgement of Receipt the same day. Plaintiff claims "Defendant's Notice of Removal acknowledges receipt of the complaint on, or about, November 7, 2016." Pl.'s Mot. 4 (citing Notice of Removal ¶ 2). But the cited paragraph of defendant's Notice of Removal instead states, "The first date upon which Defendant The Signorelli Company received a copy of the . . . complaint was November 28, 2016." Notice of Removal ¶ 2. The only reference to November 7 in that paragraph merely acknowledges that plaintiff mailed the summons and complaint on that date, see Notice of Removal ¶ 2, which does not on its own constitute effective service under California law, see Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 415.30(c) ("Service of a summons [by mail] is deemed complete on the date a written acknowledgment of receipt of summons is executed . . . ."). Service was complete on November 28, 2016, see Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 415.30(c), and defendant's removal on December 22, 2016, was timely.
B. Effect of the Forum Selection Clause on Removal
Plaintiff also argues that the contract's forum selection clause prevents defendant from removing this action to federal court. That clause states: "[A]ny litigation arising out of or connected in any way with this Agreement shall take place in a State or Federal court of competent jurisdiction in Placer County, State of California." Lyon Decl., Ex. B ¶ 10(d), ECF No. 5-4.
Plaintiff argues this court is not a proper forum because "it is n[ot] in Placer County." Pl.'s Mot. 7. However, fundamental rules of contract interpretation preclude plaintiff's reading of the contract. First, "where language is ambiguous the court should construe the language against the drafter of the contract." Hunt. Wesson Foods, Inc. v. Supreme Oil Co., 817 F.2d 75, 78 (9th Cir. 1987). It is undisputed that plaintiff drafted the forum selection clause. Thus, to the extent the forum selection clause is ambiguous, it must be construed against plaintiff. Next, courts "presum[e] that every provision was intended to accomplish some purpose, and that none are deemed superfluous." Chaly-Garcia v. United States, 508 F.3d 1201, 1204 (9th Cir. 2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Harris v. Epoch Grp., L.C., 357 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2004)). There is no federal court physically located in Placer County. Thus, requiring venue to be physically located in Placer County would render the reference to federal courts a nullity; this agreement should be rejected, particularly given that plaintiff drafted the contract.
Because the forum selection clause contemplates proper venue in a federal court, the court finds "[t]he manifest intent of the clause was to favor either state or federal jurisdiction so long as its location covered [the named c]ounty." Project Dev. Grp,. Inc. v. Sonoma Cty. Junior Coll. Dist., No. C 07-02987 WHA, 2007 WL 2518034, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 31, 2007) (addressing a virtually identical forum selection clause and reaching the same conclusion). Because the Eastern District of California comprises the entirety of Placer County, see E.D. Cal. L.R. 120(d), this court is a proper venue under the terms of the parties' forum selection clause, see Project Dev. Group, 2007 WL 2518034, at *2. The question remains whether the contract constitutes a waiver of defendant's right to remove the action once it has been filed in state court, as plaintiff argues.
"[A] party can waive its right of removal by agreeing to a contractual clause that gives a clear and unequivocal waiver of that right." Paradigm Sols. Grp., Inc. v. Shanghai Precision Tech. Corp., No. 15-CV-539 JLS (JLB), 2015 WL 3466017, at *2 (S.D. Cal. June 1, 2015) (citing ENSCO Int'l, Inc. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, 579 F.3d 442, 443-44, 448 (5th Cir. 2009)). For example, a forum selection clause can waive the right of removal when the parties agree to "submit to the jurisdiction of any court of competent jurisdiction within the United States of America." Am. States Ins. Co. v. Century Sur. Co., No. C08-1163Z, 2008 WL 4779833, at *1-3 (W.D. Wash. Oct. 30, 2008) (collecting cases). The forum selection clause at issue here, however, contains no such language indicating defendant waived its right of removal by agreeing to yield to litigation in any court
Rather than pointing to specific language in the contract, plaintiff appears to argue that all forum selection clauses result in waiver of the right of removal once suit has been filed in state court. See Pl.'s Mot. 5-6; Reply 2. Plaintiff relies extensively on InterDigital, Inc. v. Wistron Corp., C.A. No. 15-478-LPS, 2015 WL 4537133 (D. Del. June 18, 2015), which does not support its argument. In InterDigital, the court addressed the following contractual language: "The Parties irrevocably consent to exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the state and federal courts in the State of Delaware . . . ." 2015 WL 4537133, at *1. In this case, the court focused on the words "irrevocably consent" and found the clause "constitute[d] a waiver of the right to remove to federal court if a party files suit in a Delaware state court." Id. The court reasoned that once suit had been filed, the parties' consent to the choice of state court over federal court was made irrevocable by the terms of the clause. See id. Assuming without deciding that InterDigital got it right, the forum selection clause at issue here states only that litigation "shall take place" in one of the chosen forums, without memorializing consent of any kind.
Plaintiff has not shown the clause at issue in this case contains a "clear and unequivocal" waiver of the right of removal. Instead, the clause provides merely that the parties must pursue litigation in a court that covers Placer County, whether it be state or federal. The court DENIES plaintiff's motion to remand.
C. Attorney's Fees and Costs
Plaintiff requests attorney's fees and costs expended in opposing defendant's removal on the basis that removal was improper. Because such fees and costs can only be awarded if the action is remanded, see 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), the court DENIES plaintiff's request.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons provided, the court DENIES plaintiff's motion to remand, ECF No. 5, as well as its request for attorney's fees and costs.
This order resolves ECF No. 5.
IT IS SO ORDERED. DATED: August 9, 2017.
/s/_________
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE