Opinion
December 30, 1999
Appeal from Order of Supreme Court, Erie County, Sconiers, J.-Summary Judgment.
Order unanimously affirmed with costs.
PRESENT: DENMAN, P. J., PINE, WISNER, PIGOTT, JR., AND CALLAHAN, JJ.
Memorandum:
Plaintiff sustained personal injuries when he was catapulted out of a bucket truck while attempting to remove a utility pole. Plaintiff commenced an action against defendant, Sahlen Packing Company (Sahlen), the owner of the premises, alleging common-law negligence and violations of Labor Law §§ 200 Lab., 240 Lab. (1), and 241 Lab.(6). Sahlen impleaded Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (Niagara Mohawk), plaintiff's employer. Sahlen appeals from an order granting the motion of Niagara Mohawk for summary judgment dismissing the third-party complaint based on the 1996 amendments to Workers' Compensation Law § 11 Work. Comp. (L 1996, ch 635) restricting the availability of contribution in certain circumstances. Sahlen contends that the third-party complaint should be reinstated because the amendments violate due process, effect an unfair taking, and impair the obligation of contracts. Alternatively, Sahlen contends that the amendments should not be applied retroactively to plaintiff's accident and that there is a triable issue of fact concerning whether plaintiff sustained a grave injury.
Niagara Mohawk's motion was properly granted. Submissions before Supreme Court, including photographs of plaintiff's face, demonstrate as a matter of law that plaintiff did not sustain "permanent and severe facial disfigurement" (Workers' Compensation Law § 11 Work. Comp.), and Sahlen failed to raise a triable issue of fact on grave injury. We note that plaintiff's alleged internal injuries are not included within the statute's highly restrictive definition of "grave injury", nor are plaintiff's alleged fractures and non-total loss of hearing and vision ( see, Workers' Compensation Law § 11 Work. Comp.; see generally, Fichter v. Smith, 259 A.D.2d 1023, lv dismissed in part and denied in part 93 N.Y.2d 994). With regard to Sahlen's contention that the amendments should not be applied retroactively, we note that plaintiff was injured on September 11, 1996, the day after the amendments became effective ( see, L 1996, ch 635, § 90), and that, in any event, the relevant inquiry is the date of commencement of the action (here, March 1997), not the date of the accident ( see, Majewski v. Broadalbin-Perth Cent. School Dist., 91 N.Y.2d 577, 590).
We have considered Sahlen's constitutional challenges to the 1996 amendments and conclude that they are without merit ( see, Majewski v. Broadalbin-Perth Cent. School Dist., 169 Misc.2d 429, 431-432, revd on other grounds 231 A.D.2d 102, 111, affd 91 N.Y.2d 577, supra; Massella v. Partners Indus. Prods., 171 Misc.2d 812, 818, revd on other grounds 242 A.D.2d 870). It is no more unconstitutional for the Legislature to prohibit some third-party claims against injured workers' employers than it is for the Legislature to have completely prohibited direct claims by an injured worker against his own employer ( see, New York Cent. R. R. Co. v. White, 243 U.S. 188, 197-202; Cifolo v. General Elec. Co., 305 N.Y. 209, 214-215, cert denied 346 U.S. 874; see generally, Crosby v. State of New York, Workers' Compensation Bd., 57 N.Y.2d 305, 310-311).