Opinion
No. 01-06-00901-CV
Opinion issued August 28, 2008.
On Appeal from the 311th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 1991-42738.
Panel consists of Chief Justice RADACK and Justices KEYES and HIGLEY.
Justice KEYES, dissenting.
OPINION
Appellant, George Hernandez, appeals from a judgment nunc pro tunc granted in favor of appellee, the Office of the Attorney General of Texas ("the OAG"), in which the trial court modified the arrearage in a child support enforcement order.
In what we construe as one issue, George contends that the trial court erred by granting the OAG's motion for judgment nunc pro tunc because the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court's implied finding that the agreed order contained a clerical error.
We vacate the judgment nunc pro tunc.
Facts and Procedural History
On May 16, 1986, a child, C.L.H., was born to George and appellee, Maria Guadalupe Lopez (formerly, Hernandez). In 1992, George was ordered to begin paying $260 in monthly child support for C.L.H. Thereafter, George failed to make certain child support payments.
On January 21, 2004, a child-support enforcement hearing was held before a master. There is not a record of that hearing before us in this appeal. However, the record shows that George, Maria, and the OAG signed an "Agreed Order Enforcing Child Support Obligation" ("Agreed Order").
The Agreed Order contains a judgment on arrears, which states, "The Court FINDS and CONFIRMS that [George] is in arrears in the amount of $51,000.00 as of December 31, 2004." (Bold emphasis added.) On January 27, 2004, the trial court signed an order adopting the master's report and the Agreed Order. There is not a record of any hearing at the time the trial court signed the order before us in this appeal.
Over two years later, on April 11, 2006, the OAG filed a motion for judgment nunc pro tunc, alleging that the Agreed Order contained a clerical error in the date that the arrearage was confirmed. Specifically, the OAG alleged that the date of December 31, 2004 stated in the Agreed Order should have been December 31, 2003. In addition, the OAG filed a "Motion to Confirm Child Support Arrearage," alleging that George had failed to pay the sum in arrears. The OAG appended to its motion an accounting statement from the OAG stating that appellant owed $51,000 as of December 31, 2003.
On August 22, 2006, a hearing was held on the motion for judgment nunc pro tunc. The OAG presented the testimony of Maria as its evidence that the date of December 31, 2004 had been incorrectly entered. Maria testified, as follows, in relevant part:
Q. Did you approach the judge with the Attorney General and your ex?
A. I believe so, yes, sir.
Q. Okay. And did you-all recite your agreement into the record?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And was it agreed upon and stipulated on the record that the arrears as of December 31st, 2003 were $51,000?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Was there any testimony on the record — Was there any testimony that the agreement was 2004?
A. No, sir.
On cross-examination, Maria testified that she could not recall the name of the judge or of any of the attorneys involved.
George, who appeared through his counsel, objected to the entry of judgment nunc pro tunc, contending that the requested change of date constituted a substantive change outside the trial court's plenary period. Specifically, George contended that the change of date would result in an extra year of interest and would vitiate the parties agreement that the arrearage be confirmed at $51,000 as of December 31, 2004.
At the close of the hearing, the trial court granted the OAG's motion for judgment nunc pro tunc, ordering that the date of the confirmation of arrearage be changed from December 31, 2004 to December 31, 2003. The trial court explained the basis for its determination as follows:
The court can observe that I have yet to see a Motion for Nunc Pro Tunc that didn't make a substantive change to the Order. So, I've never found the supposed distinction between clerical and substantive errors to be any help to the Trial Court in determining these issues. They always make some change that affects the substance of the Order. Presumably, nobody would be down here requesting nunc pro tuncs if they didn't; but I think it is permissible for the court to assume that the underlying court would not enter a judgment it had no authority to enter. And given the testimony, the Court is comfortable granting the motion.
This appeal ensued.
Jurisdiction
As a threshold issue, the OAG contends that we do not have jurisdiction to consider this appeal because George's notice of appeal was untimely filed. Specifically, the OAG contends that, because the judgment nunc pro tunc was signed on August 22, 2006, George's notice of appeal was due by September 21, 2006. George filed his notice of appeal on September 22, 2006, however, and did not file a motion for extension of time.
With exceptions not applicable herein, a notice of appeal must be filed within 30 days after the date the judgment is signed. See TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1. An appellate court may extend the time to file the notice of appeal, if, within 15 days after the deadline for filing the notice of appeal, the party files in the trial court the notice of appeal and files in the appellate court a motion complying with rule 10.5(b). Id. 26.3. Rule 10.5(b) requires that a motion for extension of time to file a notice of appeal include, inter alia, "the facts relied on to reasonably explain the need for an extension." Id. 10.5(b)(2).
An extension of time is implied when an appellant, acting in good faith, files a notice of appeal beyond the time permitted by Rule 26.1, but before the expiration of the 15-day period in Rule 26.3. See Hone v. Hanafin, 104 S.W.3d 884, 885-86 (Tex. 2003) (applying Verburgt v. Dorner, 959 S.W.2d 615, 617 (Tex. 1997)); Coronado v. Farming Tech., Inc., 994 S.W.2d 901, 901 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.). However, rule 10.5 still requires that an appellant offer a reasonable explanation for her failure to timely file a notice of appeal. TEX. R. APP. P. 10.5(b)(2); see Hone, 104 S.W.3d at 886; Verburgt, 959 S.W.2d at 617.
Here, the record shows that the judgment nunc pro tunc was signed on August 22, 2006 and therefore George's notice of appeal was due by September 21, 2006. George's notice of appeal, filed on September 22, 2006, was beyond the time permitted by Rule 26.1, but was before the expiration of the 15-day period in Rule 26.3. Because George has also filed a factual explanation indicating that he, in good faith, believed that he filed on time and had inadvertently miscalculated the dates, we imply an extension of time, and we conclude that George's notice of appeal was timely filed. See Hone, 104 S.W.3d at 885-86; Weik v. Second Baptist Church of Houston, 988 S.W.2d 437, 439 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (stating that "reasonable explanation" means any plausible statement of circumstances indicating that failure to timely file was not deliberate but was the result of inadvertence). Hence, our jurisdiction over this appeal is established, and we turn to the merits of the appeal.
Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc
George contends that the trial court erred by granting the OAG's motion for judgment nunc pro tunc because the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court's implied finding that the agreed order contained a clerical error. Specifically, appellant contends that changing the date confirming appellant's arrearage created an increase in his obligation to pay and therefore constituted a substantive change. Appellant contends that the trial court was without plenary power to make a substantive change to the judgment.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
Pursuant to Rule 329b(d) of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, the trial court has plenary power for 30 days after a judgment is signed to grant a new trial or to vacate, modify, correct, or reform the judgment. TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(d). Once the trial court's plenary power expires, it cannot set its judgment aside except by a bill of review for sufficient cause. TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(f). However, the trial court may at any time correct a clerical error in the judgment by entering a judgment nunc pro tunc. TEX. R. CIV. P. 316; 329b(f); Escobar v. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d 230, 231 (Tex. 1986); Barton v. Gillespie, 178 S.W.3d 121, 126 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).
A clerical error is a discrepancy between the entry of a judgment in the record and the judgment that was actually rendered, and does not arise from judicial reasoning or determination. Barton, 178 S.W.3d at 126 (citing Andrews v. Koch, 702 S.W.2d 584, 585 (Tex. 1986)). A judicial error, on the other hand, occurs in the rendering, as opposed to the entering, of a judgment. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231. It arises from a mistake of law or fact that requires judicial reasoning to correct. Butler. v. Cont'l Airlines, Inc., 31 S.W.3d 642, 647 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).
When deciding whether an error is clerical or judicial, the court must look to the judgment actually rendered and not to the judgment that should or might have been rendered. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231. The trial court can only correct the entry of a final written judgment that incorrectly states the judgment actually rendered. Id. at 231-32. Even if the trial court incorrectly rendered judgment, it cannot alter a written judgment that precisely reflects the incorrect rendition. Id. at 232. A judgment rendered to correct a judicial error after plenary power has expired is void. Dikeman v. Snell, 490 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. 1973); Barton, 178 S.W.3d at 126.
Whether an error is judicial or clerical is a question of law. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 232. However, whether the court pronounced judgment orally and the terms of the pronouncement are questions of fact. Id. "The judicial or clerical question becomes a question of law only after the trial court factually determines whether it previously rendered judgment and the judgment's contents." Id.
This court has held that, in order for a judgment nunc pro tunc to be properly granted, the evidence must be clear and convincing that a clerical error was made. Riner v. Briargrove Park Prop. Owners, Inc., 976 S.W.2d 680, 683 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ); but see Wittau v. Storie, 145 S.W.3d 732, 736 n. 3 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, no pet.) (applying traditional legal and factual sufficiency standards). Evidence may be from oral testimony of witnesses, written documents, previous judgments, docket entries, or the trial judge's personal recollection. Riner, 976 S.W.2d at 683.
B. Analysis
Here, the trial court signed the Agreed Order on January 27, 2004, which included a judgment on arrears, stating, "The Court FINDS and CONFIRMS that [George] is in arrears in the amount of $51,000.00 as of December 31, 2004." The trial court's plenary power expired on February 26, 2004, and the trial court was not permitted to correct a judicial error after that date. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(d); Dikeman, 490 S.W.2d at 186.
Over two years later, on August 22, 2006, the trial court issued the judgment nunc pro tunc, changing the date of George's arrearage from December 31, 2004 to December 31, 2003. We consider whether the trial court permissibly corrected a clerical error or improperly attempted to correct a judicial error outside of its plenary power. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 316; Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231; Dikeman, 490 S.W.2d at 186.
George contends that the change in the year of the confirmation of his arrearage from 2004 to 2003 created a new payment obligation that was not present in the Agreed Order. George contends that the change of date was a substantive change, and thus a judicial error, because it resulted in an extra year of interest and vitiated the parties agreement that the arrearage be confirmed at $51,000 as of December 31, 2004.
The record shows that, on January 21, 2004, a hearing was conducted before a family court master on the OAG's motion for child support enforcement. Subsequently, George, Maria, and the OAG signed the proposed Agreed Order. The terms of the Agreed Order were set forth by the parties, and the master submitted the Agreed Order to the trial court for its approval. When the trial court signed the Agreed Order adopting the master's recommendation on January 27, 2004, rendition of the judgment occurred. See Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas v. County of Dallas Tax Collector, 228 S.W.3d 475, 479 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2007, no pet.) (explaining that signing of agreed judgment constitutes rendition of judgment); In re Fuselier, 56 S.W.3d 265, 268 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, orig. proceeding); Stein v. Stein, 868 S.W.2d 902, 904 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no writ) (holding that associate judge of family law court does not have power to render judgment and that "rendition occurs only when the referring court adopts the master's report or, if no report is generated, when the trial judge signs the final judgment"). Hence, the error at issue herein, if any, occurred in the rendering of the judgment.
An error in the rendition of judgment is always judicial error, which may not be corrected by a nunc pro tunc judgment. America's Favorite Chicken Co. v. Galvan, 897 S.W.2d 874, 878-79 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1995, writ denied) (citing Comet Aluminum Co. v. Dibrell, 450 S.W.2d 56, 58-59 (Tex. 1982)); Fuselier, 56 S.W.3d at 267 (stating that error in rendering judgment is judicial error).
In Galvan, the plaintiff initially sued the defendant in Bexar County. 897 S.W.2d at 876. Subsequently, the plaintiff decided to bring the lawsuit in Maverick County and filed a motion for non-suit in Bexar County, requesting that the trial court grant a non-suit "with prejudice." Id. The trial court issued an order granting the non-suit "with prejudice." Id. When the plaintiff re-filed her suit in Maverick County, the defendant moved to dismiss based on the Bexar County trial court's order of non-suit "with prejudice." Id. The plaintiff moved for a judgment nunc pro tunc, alleging that she had erroneously moved for non-suit "with" prejudice, rather than "without." Id. At a hearing on the motion, the plaintiff's counsel testified that the request for a non-suit "with prejudice" was a clerical error made by his legal assistant. Id. The trial court granted the motion and changed the order of non-suit to reflect that it was issued "without prejudice." Id. The trial court concluded that "the signing of the nonsuit `with prejudice' was a ministerial act, which required no judicial reasoning, and could thus be corrected by a judgment nunc pro tunc." Id. at 877.
On appeal in Galvan, the court vacated the trial court's order granting judgment nunc pro tunc and reinstated the trial court's order granting the plaintiff's motion for non-suit with prejudice. Id. at 879. The court reasoned that the trial court could only amend the final written order if there was some evidence that it had, at some point before the order was entered, rendered judgment "without prejudice." Id. at 878. Without regard to evidence showing that the plaintiff attempted to re-file her suit and therefore logically must have intended to request a non-suit "without" prejudice, the appellate court concluded that the trial court never stated in the record that it had intended to render judgment without prejudice. Id. at 877. The court concluded that, if the judgment entered is the same as the judgment rendered, regardless of whether the rendition was incorrect, a trial court has no nunc pro tunc power to correct or modify the entered judgment after its plenary power expires. Id. There was simply no evidence that the trial court intended to do anything other than grant the motion exactly as the plaintiff had requested. Id. at 878.
Here, the OAG contends that George's assertion that the parties agreed in January 2004 to set the arrearage at $51,000 as of December 31, 2004 is illogical. Indeed, by definition, to be in "arrears" is to be "behind in the payment of a debt or the discharge of an obligation." BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 104 (7th ed. 1999). An "arrearage" is an unpaid or overdue debt. Id. However, even if the trial court incorrectly rendered judgment, it cannot alter a written judgment that precisely reflects the incorrect rendition. See Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 232. We must look to the judgment actually rendered and not the judgment that should have been rendered. Id. at 231.
Nothing in the record before us suggests that the trial judge applied his personal recollection of the facts surrounding the Agreed Order to determine the motion for judgment nunc pro tunc. See Riner, 976 S.W.2d at 683. Like Galvan, in which plaintiff's counsel testified that language presented in the motion to the trial court was in error, here, Maria testified that the date of December 31, 2004 stated in the Agreed Order was in error and that she intended for the date to have been December 31, 2003. See Galvan, 897 S.W.2d at 876. Here, as there, there is no evidence in the record that the trial court intended to do anything other than grant the motion exactly as the parties requested, and there is no evidence in the record before us with regard to any prior rendition of judgment. See id. Again, as in Galvan, without such evidence in the record, it is of no consequence which date Maria may have intended in the Agreed Order that she signed or whether this Court can agree that the date that Maria now asserts is, as a matter of logic, the date everyone who signed the Agreed Order prior to presenting it to the trial court must have intended.
As the court concluded in Galvan, if the judgment entered is the same as the judgment rendered, regardless of whether the rendition was incorrect, a trial court has no nunc pro tunc power to correct or modify the entered judgment after its plenary jurisdiction expires. See Galvan, 897 S.W.2d at 877 (applying Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 232). Even an incorrect or unintended rendition of judgment does not constitute an error in the entry or recording of the judgment that can be corrected by a judgment nunc pro tunc. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 232; Alford v. Whaley, 794 S.W.2d 920, 922 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ). "The judgment as entered must differ from the judgment as rendered; a nunc pro tunc judgment will only serve to ensure that the judgment as rendered is actually entered of record." See Galvan, 897 S.W.2d at 878 (applying Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 231). Here, like Galvan, nothing in the record shows that there is a discrepancy between the judgment as rendered and the judgment as entered. See id.; Barton, 178 S.W.3d at 126.
We conclude that the trial court's signing of the Agreed Order on January 27, 2004 constituted its rendition of judgment. See Galvan, 897 S.W.2d at 878. Because the error complained of was present in the trial court's rendition of judgment on that day, the error, if any, constituted judicial error. Because an error in the rendition of judgment is always judicial error, we conclude that the trial court erred by granting the OAG's motion for judgment nunc pro tunc. We hold that the judgment nunc pro tunc is void because it constitutes an attempt to correct a judicial error after the expiration of the trial court's plenary power.
Accordingly, we sustain George's issue.
Conclusion
We vacate the trial court's judgment nunc pro tunc, leaving intact the trial court's original judgment of January 27, 2004.
DISSENTING OPINION
I respectfully dissent. Appellant George Hernandez contends that the trial court erred by granting the motion of appellee, the Office of the Attorney General of Texas ("the OAG"), for judgment nunc pro tunc because the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court's implied finding that the agreed order contained a clerical error. The majority agrees, and I disagree. I would affirm the judgment nunc pro tunc in favor of the OAG.
George appeals from a nunc pro tunc judgment signed on August 22, 2006, correcting the date on which he was found to be in arrearage on child support payments to December 31, 2003 from the date of December 31, 2004 recited in the original judgment executed on January 28, 2004.
The January 28, 2004 judgment adopted as the judgment of the trial court a family law master's report dated January 21, 2004 approving the parties' "Agreed Order Enforcing Child Support Obligation" ("Agreed Order"). The master signed the report following a child-support enforcement hearing in which the master heard evidence of the terms of the Agreed Order and transcribed them in a written "Agreed Order," which appellant and appellees Maria Guadalupe Lopez (Hernandez) and the OAG then initialed and the master signed. The Agreed Order stated, in relevant part, "The Court FINDS and CONFIRMS that George Everardo Hernandez is in arrears in the amount of $51,000.00 as of December 31st, 2004" — a date then eleven months in the future — including "all unpaid child support and any balance owed on previously confirmed arrearages or retroactive support judgments as of the specified date." (Bold emphasis added.). The trial court rendered judgment against George in the amount of $51,000 on the basis of that finding and stated that "[t]he judgment for this amount is a cumulative judgment." The judgment also contained findings that George failed to pay court-ordered child support on four specific dates in 2003.
The OAG subsequently moved for judgment nunc pro tunc, contending that the Agreed Order transcribed by the master, initialed by the parties, and signed by the master on January 21, 2004, and signed and adopted as the judgment of the trial court on January 28, 2004, did not reflect the agreement of the parties but contained a clerical error, namely the finding that Hernandez was cumulatively in arrears as of December 2004, rather than December 2003. At the nunc pro tunc hearing, held on August 22, 2006, the OAG presented evidence in the form of Maria's testimony that the master heard the terms of the "Agreed Order" in open court and that the date of December 31, 2004 was incorrectly entered in the written master's report:
Q. Did you approach the judge with the Attorney General and your ex?
A. I believe so, yes, sir.
Q. Okay. And did you-all recite your agreement into the record?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And was it agreed upon and stipulated on the record that the arrears as of December 31, 2003 were $51,000?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Was there any testimony on the record — Was there any testimony that the agreement was 2004?
A. No, sir.
George did not present contrary evidence.
At the close of the hearing, the trial court granted the OAG's motion for judgment nunc pro tunc, ordered that the confirmation date of the arrearage be changed from December 31, 2004 to December 31, 2003, and wrote that finding into the August 22, 2006 nunc pro tunc judgment. With respect to the January 28, 2004 judgment, the court commented, "I think it is permissible for the court to assume that the underlying court would not enter a judgment it had no authority to enter." I construe the court's comment as its determination that it had no authority to render a judgment on January 28, 2004 that did not accurately reflect the terms of the agreement presented to the master and that the error was, therefore, a clerical mistake in the entry of the judgment and not a judicial error in the judgment rendered.
"Rendition is the judicial act by which the court settles and declares the decision of the law upon the matters at issue." Comet Aluminum Co. v. Dibrell, 450 S.W.2d 56, 58 (Tex. 1970) (quoting Coleman v. Zapp, 105 Tex. 491, 151 S.W. 1040, 1041 (Tex. 1912)). An agreed judgment — such as the Agreed Order adopted by the court in this case — is rendered "whenever the trial judge officially announces his decision in open court . . . in his official capacity for his official guidance whether orally or by written memorandum the sentence of law pronounced by him in any cause." Samples Exterminators v. Samples, 640 S.W.2d 873, 875 (Tex. 1982) (quoting Comet Aluminum, 450 S.W.2d at 59 and holding that, after parties had voiced their approval of settlement dictated in open court, "the trial court rendered judgment by ordering them to sign and follow the agreement"); see also Patel v. Eagle Pass Pediatric Health Clinic, Inc., 985 S.W.2d 249, 252 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1999, no pet.); accord Noorian v. McCandless, 37 S.W.3d 170, 173-74 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied) (agreeing with Samples, but finding that settlement agreement was incomplete and was neither read into record nor admitted as exhibit).
Because an associate judge of a family law court lacks the power to render judgment, however, rendition occurs in a case heard before a master when the referring court adopts the associate judge's report or, if no report is generated, when the court signs the final order. Stein v. Stein, 868 S.W.2d 902, 904 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1994, no writ). In this case, therefore, the trial court rendered judgment by adopting the "sentence of law" in the Agreed Order recited to the master by the parties in open court. See Samples, 640 S.W.2d at 875.
The purpose of a judgment nunc pro tunc is to make the written record of a judgment accurately reflect the trial court's decision and the relief ordered. See Hawk v. E.K. Arledge, Inc., No. 05-01-01144-CV, 2002 WL 1225917, at *2 (Tex.App.-Dallas June 6, 2002, pet. denied) (mem. op.). Thus, the nunc pro tunc rule provides that "clerical mistakes in the record of any judgment may be corrected by the judge in open court according to the truth or justice of the case after notice of the motion therefor has been given to the parties interested in such judgment." TEX. R. CIV. P. 316. A clerical mistake is, by definition, "a mistake or omission in the final written judgment that prevents it from accurately reflecting the judgment actually rendered." Hawk, 2002 WL 1225917, at *2. Thus, to support a judgment nunc pro tunc, the judgment entered must differ from the judgment actually rendered, so that the judgment nunc pro tunc serves only to ensure that the judgment rendered is actually entered of record. Id.; see also America's Favorite Chicken Co. v. Galvan, 897 S.W.2d 874, 879 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1995, writ denied); Ex parte Hogan, 916 S.W.2d 82, 85 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ) (trial court had jurisdiction to correct obvious typographical errors in dates of missed child support payments in contempt order nunc pro tunc to make written judgment speak truth of judgment that judge actually rendered verbally in court).
Whether an error in the judgment is clerical or judicial is a question of law. Escobar v. Escobar, 711 S.W.2d 230, 232 (Tex. 1986). However, whether the court pronounced judgment orally and what the terms of the pronouncement were are matters of fact. Id. "The judicial or clerical question becomes a question of law only after the trial court factually determines whether it previously rendered judgment and the judgment's contents." Id. The appellate court may review the trial court's factual determinations regarding its rendition of judgment for legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. Id.
Here, the trial court held a hearing on appellees' Rule 316 motion for judgment nunc pro tunc to ensure that the judgment entered accurately reflected the judgment actually rendered. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 316. It heard testimony that, under the terms of the Agreed Order stipulated to in open court before the master at the August 21, 2004 hearing, George was in arrears in the amount of $51,000.00 as of December 31, 2003, not, as incorrectly transcribed, 2004. This testimony was not disputed. The court also had before it the January 28, 2004 judgment approving the Agreed Order, which contained the handwritten finding that George's cumulative arrearage was $51,000 as of December 31, 2004.
I would hold that the evidence at the nunc pro tunc hearing was legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's implied factual determination that the confirmation date of arrearage recorded in its January 28, 2004 judgment did not accurately reflect the terms of the Agreed Order recited in open court, that the confirmation date of arrearage was incorrectly transcribed, and that George was actually in arrears in the amount of $51,000 as of December 31, 2003 — not December 31, 2004. Therefore, the written master's report did not accurately reflect the court's "decision of the law upon the matters at issue." Comet Aluminum, 450 S.W.2d at 58; see also Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 232 (whether error was clerical or judicial becomes question of law only after trial court factually determines whether it previously rendered judgment and judgment's contents); see also BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002) (if trial court does not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law "all facts necessary to support the judgment and supported by the evidence are implied").
Because there is probative evidence to support the trial court's determinations that the judgment entered did not accurately reflect the judgment rendered, I would hold that the sentence of law pronounced here by the court's signature on the parties' Agreed Order was that to which the parties testified, namely that George was in arrears in the amount of $51,000 as of December 31, 2003, and that he should pay arrearages from that time — and not from December 31, 2004, a date testified to by no one, contrary to the testimony, the evidence, and logic, and appearing only in the incorrect transcription in the handwritten master's report. And I would further hold that, in hearing and transcribing the terms of the Agreed Order in open court, the family law master acted as the agent of the trial court in performing the judicial function of hearing and transcribing the terms of the agreed judgment and that any transcription error should be attributed to the court, not to the parties who correctly recited the agreement to the master. Thus, I would hold that the trial court did not err in correcting the arrearage confirmation date in its August 22, 2006 judgment nunc pro tunc, and I would, therefore, affirm the August 22, 2006 nunc pro tunc judgment. See Escobar, 711 S.W.2d at 232 (affirming judgment nunc pro tunc when, at hearing on motion for judgment nunc pro tunc, district court heard evidence of partial judgment orally rendered by different presiding judge in complex proceedings that differed from written judgment entered on all claims in case four years later and court heard evidence of contents of oral partial judgment, and some record evidence supported trial court's decision to correct judgment).
The majority, however, holds that because the rendition of judgment occurred on January 28, 2004, when the trial court adopted the master's report, and because all errors in the rendition of judgment are judicial errors, not clerical errors, the trial court erred in correcting the arrearage confirmation date in the January 28, 2004 judgment nunc pro tunc, and it vacates the nunc pro tunc judgment signed on August 22, 2006. The majority relies for support on Galvan, 897 S.W.2d 874, Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas v. County of Dallas Tax Collector, 228 S.W.3d 475, 479 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2007, no pet.), In re Fuselier, 56 S.W.3d 265, 268 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, orig. proceeding), and Stein, 868 S.W.2d 902.
In my view, the majority conflates rendition of judgment and entry of judgment, and its holding is incompatible with the definition of rendition of judgment as the "judicial act by which the court settles and declares the decision of the law upon the matters at issue." Comet Aluminum, 450 S.W.2d at 58; see also Samples, 640 S.W.2d at 875 (judgment rendered is "the sentence of law pronounced" by the Court). Nor do I believe the cases cited by the majority support its interpretation of the law.
The majority relies most heavily upon Galvan, which is distinguishable from the case at hand. In Galvan, the plaintiff requested that the trial court grant her motion for non-suit "with prejudice," and, after the trial court had entered the judgment and dismissed the suit, she requested correction of the judgment "nunc pro tunc" to reflect dismissal "without prejudice," claiming the request for a non-suit "with prejudice" was a clerical error made by her counsel's legal assistant. 897 S.W.2d at 876. There is no question, however, that a judicial ruling dismissing a suit "with prejudice" in response to the prayer of a party is a "declar[ation of] the law upon the matters at issue." Therefore, I agree with Galvan, but I do not think its ruling is applicable to this case, in which the error corrected was not a judicial ruling but a transcription mistake.
Likewise, in Roman Catholic Diocese, an agreed judgment was submitted to the trial court pursuant to a compromise and settlement. 228 S.W.3d at 479. The terms were set forth in the agreed judgment. Id. That judgment imposed ad valorem tax liability on the Diocese for the years 1989 through 1991. Id. at 478, 479. Approximately nine months later, the parties submitted an agreed "nunc pro tunc" judgment to the trial court that imposed an additional two years of tax liability on the Diocese, and the trial court approved it. Id. at 479. The appellate court voided the "nunc pro tunc" judgment, stating, "A substantive change in a judgment results from the correction of a judicial error, not a clerical one." Id. The court explained, "Because the trial court approved the settlement by signing the agreed judgment, the judge's act of signing the judgment constituted his rendition of the judgment" and "any error that may have been made in the drafting of the judgment became part of the judgment the court rendered at the time the judgment was signed." Id. In sum, the original mistake was the parties' own drafting mistake, and, by accepting their statement of the substantive terms of the agreed judgment, the trial court rendered judgment. It could not then go back at the parties' request and, by signing a judgment "nunc pro tunc," change a mistake in the declaration of the substantive law into a clerical mistake.
In In re Fuselier, as in Galvan, the court signed an order dismissing a non-suited case "with prejudice." 56 S.W.3d at 266. The order was signed as "approved" by counsel for the movant. Id. at 267. When the same plaintiff subsequently filed a second suit on the same issue, her new counsel discovered the dismissal with prejudice and sought entry of an order nunc pro tunc, contending the original order was mistakenly submitted by the plaintiff's former attorney. Id. The trial court signed the order, but the appeals court vacated it on the ground that the original order correctly reflected the judgment actually rendered. Id. at 267-68. Again, the mistake that was sought to be corrected by judgment "nunc pro tunc" was a mistake in the declaration of the substantive law, not a clerical mistake that the evidence showed never to have been intended to be part of the agreed judgment.
In Stein, the situation was somewhat different. There, the family law master initialed a Final Decree of Divorce and Property Settlement Agreement drafted by appellee's counsel that was announced in open court and dictated into the record. 868 S.W.2d at 903. Thereafter, and before the trial court signed the judgment approving the settlement agreement and entering the decree of divorce, the wife revoked her consent to the agreed judgment. Id. The appellate court interpreted the central question in the case to be the date of rendition of judgment, and it concluded that, because an associate judge does not have statutory authority to render judgment, rendition necessarily took place when the trial court approved the settlement agreement and not when the associate judge initialed the agreed decree. Id. at 903-04. The court held that, because the wife revoked her consent to the agreed judgment before the trial court signed it, the judgment was void. Id. at 904. But the situation in that case is not analogous to this case, where there was no revocation of consent to the terms of the agreed judgment recited to the master in open court, but a mistake of transcription by the master that caused the master's report to incorrectly reflect the terms of the agreed judgment recited to the court in the hearing before him. Thus, I would hold that because there was evidence in the nunc pro tunc proceeding from which the court could reasonably conclude that there was a mistake in the transcription of the parties' agreement that prevented the written judgment from accurately reflecting the judgment actually rendered, the trial court did not err in determining that the error in the judgment was clerical, and not judicial, and in correcting it. See Hawk, 2002 WL 1225917, at *2.
The problem with the majority's holding in this case is that clerical errors in the transcription of an agreed judgment recited before a master and transcribed by him are automatically transformed into judicial errors in the rendition of judgment. Hence, there can never be a nunc pro tunc correction of a judgment rendered on the basis of a master's report to the court, no matter how absurd or obvious a mistake is made in transcribing the terms of the agreement. I believe, therefore, that this ruling has the effect of excepting agreed judgments entered on the basis of a master's report from the protection of Rule 316, providing for the nunc pro tunc correction of judgments, and that it is inconsistent with the purpose of the nunc pro tunc rule and with Comet Aluminum and Samples, which approve the correction of clerical errors nunc pro tunc while distinguishing these errors from errors in the rendition of judgment, which are not correctable nunc pro tunc. See Samples, 640 S.W.2d at 875; Comet Aluminum, 450 S.W.2d at 58-59.
I would overrule appellant's sole issue.
Conclusion
I would affirm the trial court's judgment nunc pro tunc.