Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. 20-2031
07-16-2020
ERIC D HARPER and ERIN M HARPER, h/w, Plaintiffs, v. SKY KING FIREWORKS, INC., SKY KING FIREWORKS GROUP, INC., SKY KING UNLIMITED, INC., SKY KING FIREWORKS OF TIOGA LLC, and 3D PYRO, Defendants.
MEMORANDUM
Joyner, J.
Presently before this Court is Defendants, Sky King Fireworks, Inc, Sky King Fireworks Group, Inc., Sky King Unlimited, Inc. and Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, LLC, Motion to Transfer Venue Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404. For the reasons that follow, the Motion shall be granted.
Factual Background
Plaintiffs, Eric D. Harper and Erin M. Harper, initiated this claim by filing a Complaint against Sky King Fireworks, Inc., Sky King Fireworks Group, Inc., Sky King Unlimited, Inc., and Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, LLC (collectively, "Defendants") on April 27, 2020. The Complaint alleges that Plaintiff Eric D. Harper was seriously injured as a result of using an alleged defective reloadable mortar that he purchased from Defendants on or about August 13, 2017 at their store in Tioga, Pennsylvania. (Pls. Civil Action Complaint, Doc. No. 1 ¶¶14, 22-23.)
Plaintiffs allege that on or about May 20, 2018, due to a defective design and/or manufacture, the mortar's tube became separated from its base while Mr. Harper was using it. (Id. ¶¶18-19, 23.) As a result, an artillery shell that Mr. Harper had loaded into the mortar was projected at him and struck him in his left eye. (Id. ¶22.) As a result of the incident, Plaintiffs allege that Mr. Harper suffered serious and extensive injuries. (Id. ¶54.)
Plaintiffs are both residents of Sodus, New York, (id. ¶1), and Mr. Harper's injury occurred in Sodus, New York. (Id. ¶18.) All Defendants are corporations incorporated in states other than Pennsylvania, and except for Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, have principal places of business outside Pennsylvania. (Id. ¶¶2-5.) Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, though incorporated in Florida, has a principal place of business in Tioga, Pennsylvania. (Id. ¶5.)
Plaintiffs allege four counts against all Defendants: (1) products liability, (2) negligence, (3) breach of warranty, and (4) loss of consortium. (Id. ¶¶24-52.) On May 27, 2020, seeking for the Court to transfer this action from the Eastern District of Pennsylvania to the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Defendants filed the instant Motion to Transfer Venue under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). (Defs. Sky King Fireworks, Inc, Sky King Fireworks Group, Inc., Sky King Unlimited, Inc. and Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, LLC, Motion to Transfer Venue Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404, Doc. No. 7.)
Analysis
Jurisdiction
Subject-matter jurisdiction in this Court is proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), as there is complete diversity of citizenship and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. (Doc. No. 1 ¶¶1-5, 11.) See also Horton v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 367 U.S. 348, 353 (U.S. 1961).
We may exercise personal jurisdiction over Defendants because Defendants are corporations that operate locations within this District. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(c). See also Fuentes v. AMC Entertainment Holdings, Inc., 2010 WL 1375555 at *2 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 5, 2010).
Challenge to Venue Under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)
The question under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) is whether the venue that Defendants seek is an appropriate one. Cameli v. WNEP-16 The News Station, 134 F. Supp. 2d 403, 405 (E.D. Pa. 2001). § 1404(a) states that:
For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where
it might have been brought or to any district or division to which all parties have consented.28 U.S.C § 1404(a). Analysis of a transfer request requires a two-step inquiry: first, the Court must determine that Defendants' proposed venue is proper, and, second, the Court must determine if the interests of justice would be better served by a transfer to the alternative forum. See Jumara v. State Farm Ins. Co., 55 F.3d 873, 879 (3d Cir. 1995). While there is no definitive list of factors, the Third Circuit has set forth both private and public interests for Courts to consider. See id. The private interests that a Court should consider include:
[1] plaintiff's forum preference . . . ; [2] the defendant's preference; [3] whether the claim arose elsewhere; [4] the convenience of the parties . . . ; [5] the convenience of the witnesses . . . ; and [6] the location of books and records . . . .Id. (citations omitted). The public interests include:
[1] the enforceability of the judgment; [2] practical considerations that could make the trial easy, expeditious, or inexpensive; [3] . . . court congestion; [4] the local interest in deciding local controversies at home; [5] the public policies of the fora; and [6] the familiarity of the trial judge with the applicable state law in diversity cases.Id. at 879-80 (citations omitted).
Importantly, the burden of establishing the need for transfer falls on the movant. Shutte v. Armco Steel Corp., 431 F.2d 22, 25 (3d Cir. 1970); Fuentes, 2010 WL 1375555 at *4; Sturm v. Consol. Rail Corp., 1990 WL 131898 at *2 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 5, 1990). Defendants must present evidence upon which the Court can rely in justifying a transfer. Gunther v. Dependable Auto Shippers, Inc., 2013 WL 247285, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 23, 2013).
I. Venue in the Proposed District
It is undisputed that venue is proper in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. (Doc. No. 1 ¶12; Pls. Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Opposition to the Motion of Defs., Doc. No. 10 at 5.) Additionally, Plaintiffs do not dispute that this case "might have been brought" in the Middle District of Pennsylvania, where Defendants transact business and the mortar was sold to Mr. Harper. (Doc. No. 10.) Rather, our analysis focuses on whether the convenience of the parties and witnesses and the interests of justice would be served by transferring this case to the Middle District of Pennsylvania. The Court addresses the relevant Jumara factors in turn.
II. Balancing the Interests of Justice
A. Private Interests
1. Plaintiff's Forum Preference
As a general rule, a plaintiff's choice of forum is a "paramount consideration" that is given significant weight and "should not be lightly disturbed." Shutte, 431 F.2d at 25. However, when a plaintiff files suit outside of the plaintiff's home forum, the plaintiff's choice is less significant. Hamilton v. Nochimson, 2009 WL 2195138, at *3 (E.D. Pa. July 21, 2009) (citations omitted); Lindley v. Caterpillar, Inc., 93 F. Supp. 2d 615, 617 (E.D. Pa. 2000); Sturm, 1990 WL 131898 at *2. Additionally, when none of the operative facts occurred in the selected forum, the plaintiff's choice is entitled to even less deference. Lindley, 93 F. Supp. 2d at 617. However, unless the defendant meets his burden of showing that the balance of convenience favors transfer, the plaintiff's choice of forum prevails. See Shutte, 431 F.2d at 25.
Plaintiffs argue that they chose this District for its "overall convenience and ease of access to New York and Florida," where many trial witnesses reside, and they assert they would face greater litigation costs should the case be transferred. (Id. at 8-9.) However, Plaintiffs do not live in this District, and none of the operative facts giving rise to the claim occurred here. (Doc. No. 7 at 5. See also Doc. No. 1 ¶1.) Additionally, the mortar was sold in the Middle District of Pennsylvania, (Doc. No. 1 ¶14), the accident and subsequent injury occurred in New York, (id. ¶¶18-23), and the design and manufacture of the alleged defective mortar occurred in jurisdictions outside of Pennsylvania. (Doc. No. 10 at 1.) Accordingly, here, this factor weighs against transfer but is entitled to significantly less deference than that which is usually given. See Hamilton, 2009 WL 2195138, at *3; Lindley, 93 F. Supp. 2d at 617; Sturm, 1990 WL 131898 at *2.
2. Defendant's Forum Preference
Defendant's forum choice is "entitled to considerably less weight than [p]laintiff's, as the purpose of a venue transfer is not to shift inconvenience from one party to another." Hamilton, 2009 WL 2195138, at *3 (quoting EVCO Tech. and Dev. Co. v. Precision Shooting Equip., Inc., 379 F. Supp. 2d 728, 730 (E.D. Pa. 2003)). However, in this matter, Defendants have selected a forum that is physically closer to Plaintiffs' residence in New York. See id. In line with Hamilton, this factor weighs in favor of transfer. Id. See also Coppola v. Ferrellgas, 250 F.R.D. 195, 198 (E.D. Pa. 2008).
3. Whether the Claim Arose Elsewhere
When the majority of operative facts and events "giving rise to plaintiff's claims take place in another forum, that weighs heavily in favor of transfer." Courtois v. TMG Health, Inc., 2018 WL 2688314, at *2 (E.D. Pa. June 5, 2018) (citations omitted). Moreover, Courts are more inclined to transfer an action if events giving rise to the action occurred in the proposed district. Ramsey v. Devereux Found., 2016 WL 3959075, at *5 (E.D. Pa. July 22, 2016). In a products liability action, the location of a single event giving rise to the action is not dispositive. See Rehmeyer v. Peake Plastics Corp., 2017 WL 2079887, at *4 (E.D. Pa. May 15, 2017). However, where none of the operative facts or events giving rise to the claims occurred in the chosen district, this factor favors transfer. Id.
All of the events giving rise to this instant action occurred in locations outside of the Eastern District. (Doc. No 10 at 1, 4-5.) The alleged defective mortar was designed and manufactured in China, (id. at 1), it was sold in the Middle District of Pennsylvania, and it was used and allegedly caused injury in New York. (Id. at 4-5.) This District has no connection to the particular facts or events giving rise to this action, whereas at least one event giving rise to this action took place in the Middle District. Thus, as in Rehmeyer, this factor favors transfer.
4. Convenience of the Parties
The importance of the parties' convenience depends on the parties' physical and financial condition. Jumara, 55 F.3d at 879. This factor turns on the inconvenience each party would endure by having to litigate in its non-preferred forum and the financial resources it would expend to do so. See Gunther, 2013 WL 247285, at *4. The convenience of counsel does not weigh in the Court's analysis. See, e.g., Shirley v. First Comp Ins., 2010 WL 2079752 at *3 (E.D. Pa. May 19, 2010); Coppola, 250 F.R.D. at 199. The convenience of the parties is less significant of a factor where the two fora are adjacent districts. Gunther, 2013 WL 247285, at *4. See also Jumara, 55 F.3d at 882.
While Plaintiffs argue that transfer to the Middle District of Pennsylvania would greatly increase litigation costs, Plaintiffs would travel approximately 146 miles less to litigate in the Middle District than if they were to litigate in the Eastern District. (Defs. Reply Brief in Further Support of Defs. Sky King Fireworks, Inc, Sky King Fireworks Group, Inc., Sky King Unlimited, Inc. and Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, LLC, Motion to Transfer Venue Under 28 U.S.C § 1404, Doc. No. 11 at 3.) Plaintiffs do not appear to have any connection to this District other than the presence of their attorney, (Doc. No. 7 at 4), which does not weigh in the Court's analysis. See, e.g., Shirley, 2010 WL 2079752 at *3; Coppola, 250 F.R.D. at 199.
Further, none of the parties reside in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. (Doc. No. 1 ¶¶1-5.) All Defendants are incorporated outside of Pennsylvania, and one defendant, Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, has its principal place of business in the Middle District. (Id. ¶¶2-5.) Additionally, the officers and directors of the Defendant corporations, including Sky King Fireworks of Tioga, reside in Florida and Ohio. (Doc. No. 10 at 9.) Thus, Defendants would need to travel regardless of which forum is chosen for litigation. The distance between the two fora is not so burdensome as to make Defendants' inconvenience in litigating here substantial. See Gunther, 2013 WL 247285, at *4.
While Defendants have not shown that litigating in the Middle District would be substantially more convenient for Defendants, the convenience of Plaintiffs does favor transfer. Like in Jumara, the significance of this factor is lessened due to the proximity of the fora. See Jumara, 55 F.3d at 882. Thus, the convenience of parties only slightly favors transfer.
5. Convenience of the Witnesses
While the convenience of witnesses is an important factor in evaluating a transfer motion, the Court should consider it only to the extent that witnesses may be unavailable for trial in one of the fora. Id. Further, the significance of this factor is lessened where, as here, the two fora are adjacent districts in the same state. Id.; Rehmeyer, 2017 WL 2079887, at *5. For instance, in Rehmeyer, the Court found that because the distance between the Middle and Eastern Districts was not great, non-party witnesses residing in Middle District could easily travel by road or passenger rail service to the Eastern District. Rehmeyer, 2017 WL 2079887, at *5.
Defendants have asserted that at least one witness will be called from the Tioga store and would be inconvenienced by the additional 100 miles of travel to this District. (Doc. No. 7 at 4-5.) However, the majority of witnesses who will speak to the design and manufacture of the mortar - the issue in dispute - are likely not from the Tioga store and will be traveling from out-of-state to testify. (Doc. No. 10 at 11.) Further, neither party asserts that witnesses would be unwilling or unable to attend trial in either of the fora. Thus, this factor does not weigh in our analysis. See Shirley, 2010 WL 2079752 at *3; Jumara, 55 F.3d at 882.
6. Location of Books and Records
The location of books and records is only relevant to the Court's analysis to the extent that the files could not be produced in the alternative forum. Jumara, 55 F.3d at 879. Further, where the distance between the plaintiff's chosen forum and the defendant's proposed forum is not great, the location of books and records does not weigh heavily in the Court's analysis. See Gunther, 2013 WL 247285, at *5.
Defendants argue that transferring this action to the Middle District of Pennsylvania will provide easier access to evidence. (Doc. No. 7 at 4.) However, neither party asserts that files could not be produced in either forum. Thus, the location of books and records does not weigh in the Court's analysis. See Jumara, 55 F.3d at 879.
For the aforementioned reasons, this Court finds that, on the whole, the private factors favor transferring this matter to the Middle District of Pennsylvania.
B. Public Interests
When the two potential fora are adjacent districts of the same state, the public interest factors are less significant in the Court's transfer analysis. Id. at 882-83. As such, factors such as enforceability of the judgment, court congestion, public policies of the fora, and judicial familiarity with state law do not favor or disfavor transfer in those instances. See Courtois, 2018 WL 2688314, at *3. Thus, they are given no weight in our analysis. See id.
Regarding practical considerations of litigating, the distance between the selected and proposed Districts is not so great as to make a significant difference in litigation costs. Both parties argue that litigating in their non-preferred forum will be more expensive and burdensome. (Doc. No. 7 at *5; Doc. No. 10 at 8.) However, the likelihood that parties, documents, and witnesses will have to be transported into both of the adjacent districts from out-of-state regardless of the chosen forum means that practical considerations that would make the trial easy, expeditious, or inexpensive do not favor either forum. See Jumara, 55 F.3d at 882.
Typically, when a substantial portion of the events giving rise to the action occurred in the chosen forum, that Court favors adjudicating as a matter of local interest. Gunther, 2013 WL 247285, at *5. Additionally, the burden of jury duty should not be placed on citizens who do not possess an interest in or connection to the matter being litigated. Coppola, 250 F.R.D. at 201. However, local interest is less significant where both fora are adjacent in the same state. See Jumara, 55 F.3d at 882-83.
In this matter, none of the events giving rise to this action occurred in the chosen forum. (Doc. No. 10 at 1, 4-5.) Plaintiffs contend that Defendants operate two stores within the Eastern District and market their products, including those manufactured by 3D Pyro, who manufactured the alleged defective product, throughout Pennsylvania. (Doc. No. 1 ¶¶6, 9.) However, the Middle District likely has a stronger interest in this matter, as the alleged defective mortar giving rise to this action was sold there. (Doc. No. 1 ¶14.) Additionally, jury service is more fairly placed on residents of the Middle District who maintain an interest in resolving disputes that arise from the sale of alleged defective products within their district. See Coppola, 250 F.R.D. at 201. As such, though this factor is less significant to this Court's analysis due to the fora being adjacent in the same state, it favors transfer. See Jumara, 55 F.3d at 882-83. Taking all of the public interest factors into consideration, they slightly favor transfer.
After considering the factors discussed above, we find that three of the private factors weigh in favor of transferring the case to the Middle District of Pennsylvania, one of the factors weighs slightly against transfer, and two of the factors do not weigh in our analysis. Additionally, the public interest factors slightly favor transfer. Because Plaintiff's choice of forum in this case is entitled to significantly less deference, we find that Defendants have met their burden of overcoming that deference and establishing that transfer is justified. See Sturm, 1990 WL 131898 at *2.
Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, we find that Defendants have met their required burden of establishing that transfer to the Middle District of Pennsylvania is appropriate. Therefore, we grant Defendants' Motion to Transfer. An appropriate Order follows.