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stating that petitions for writ of mandate do not toll limitations period because they are not applications for State PCR or other collateral review with respect to pertinent judgment or claims under § 2244(d)
Summary of this case from MacDonald v. ShinnOpinion
Argued and Submitted February 10, 2003.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION. (See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure Rule 36-3)
Following affirmance of his murder and attempted murder convictions, denial of series of mandamus petitions, and denial of state post-conviction relief, petitioner sought writ of habeas corpus. The United States District Court for the Central District of California, Lourdes G. Baird, J., dismissed writ of timeliness grounds, and petitioner appealed. The Court of Appeals held that: (1) one-year limitations period was not statutorily tolled or equitably tolled while petitioner sought writs of mandamus in state court, and (2) any deficiency in prison law library did not establish entitlement to equitable tolling for period sufficient to render habeas petition timely.
Affirmed. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California, Lourdes G. Baird, District Judge, Presiding.
Before B. FLETCHER and HAWKINS, Circuit Judges, and BURY, District Judge.
Honorable David Bury, of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Petitioner-Appellant Cesari Hardiman appeals the district court's dismissal, on timeliness grounds, of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Hardiman contends that the statute of limitations should have been statutorily and/or equitably tolled to render his petition timely under the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). We affirm the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
In June 1991, Hardiman was convicted in Los Angeles County of one count of first-degree murder with personal use of a firearm and two counts of attempted murder. He was sentenced on July 19, 1991, to twenty-five years to life in state prison, plus two consecutive terms of twenty-five years to life. Hardiman's convictions were affirmed by the California Court of Appeal on February 3, 1994, and his petition for review before the California Supreme Court was denied on June 1, 1994.
Almost two years later, commencing on April 30, 1996, Hardiman filed a series of three mandamus petitions in the California state courts. Hardiman was seeking a court order requiring his trial counsel to turn over his case file and any other materials pertaining to his case. Hardiman's final petition for mandamus, before the California Supreme Court, was denied on March 26, 1997.
On April 18, 1997, Hardiman signed a habeas petition to be filed in Los Angeles County Superior Court. That petition was denied on May 9, 1997, and Hardiman's subsequent motion for reconsideration was denied on June 10, 1997. Approximately one year and eight months later, on February 5, 1999, Hardiman filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the California Court of Appeal. The appellate court denied Hardiman's petition on February 5, 1999, holding that Hardiman had no explanation for the lengthy delay in filing the petition and that the petition lacked merit in any case. On June 14, 1999, Hardiman filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the California Supreme Court, which was denied on October 27, 1999.
Hardiman was acting pro se before the district court. Because he was in prison, the "prison mailbox rule" applies to the calculation of the date on which his petition was filed. Hardiman v. Galaza, Civil No. CV 00-10294-LGB, opinion at 6 (C.D.Cal. Apr. 27, 2001) (citing Saffold v. Newland, 224 F.3d 1087, 1091 (9th Cir.2000)); see also Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 270-71, 108 S.Ct. 2379, 101 L.Ed.2d 245 (1988). Although the docket reflects that the petition was filed on May 5, 1997, in light of the prison mailbox rule we will deem the petition "filed" as early as the date on which it was signed, April 18, 1997.
Hardiman signed his initial petition for a writ of habeas corpus to the federal district court on March 26, 2000, but the petition was not filed until September 25, 2000. Hardiman's first amended petition was also signed on March 26, 2000, but was not filed until September 26, 2000. Respondent moved to dismiss the first amended petition on December 27, 2000.
On April 27, 2001, Magistrate Judge James McMahon filed a report and recommendation ("R&R") that the district court grant the motion to dismiss Hardiman's petition as untimely. Hardiman filed his objections to the R&R on May 23, 2001. The district court filed an order adopting the R&R on June 18, 2001, and entered judgment dismissing Hardiman's petition on June 20, 2001. This appeal followed.
II. ANALYSIS
Hardiman's claim of timeliness founders principally on one central point: the unavailability of statutory tolling during the period in which his mandamus petitions were pending in the California courts. Petitions for writ of mandate do not toll the limitations period because they are not "application[s] for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claims" within the meaning of § 2244(d)(2). Hardiman v. Galaza, Civil No. CV 00-10294-LGB, opinion at 6 (C.D.Cal. Apr. 27, 2001) (citing Sorce v. Artuz, 73 F.Supp.2d 292, 297 (E.D.N.Y.1999)) (hereinafter "Dist. Ct. Op."). We agree. See also Moore v. Cain, 298 F.3d 361, 367 (5th Cir.2002); Hodge v. Greiner, 269 F.3d 104, 107 (2d Cir.2001).
The Hodge court pointed out that a prisoner always has the option of filing a habeas petition in a timely manner and then seeking additional discovery or documentation. Should the additional information provide grounds for additional claims, the petitioner may always seek to amend the petition. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a) (leave to amend pleading "shall be freely given when justice so requires"); Bonin v. Calderon, 59 F.3d 815, 845 (9th Cir.1995) (noting that district court's "denial of a motion for leave to amend pursuant to Rule 15(a) is reviewed for abuse of discretion and in light of the strong public policy permitting amendment") (internal citation omitted).
The magistrate judge calculated that Hardiman's limitations period ran, untolled, from April 24, 1996, through April
A petitioner's one-year limitation period is deemed to run one year from AEDPA's effective date of April 24, 1996. Calderon v. United States Dist. Ct. (Beeler), 128 F.3d 1283, 1287 (9th Cir.1997), overruled in part on other grounds by Calderon v. United States Dist. Ct. (Kelly), 163 F.3d 530 (9th Cir.1998) (en banc).
Page 711.
18, 1997, the date on which Hardiman signed his petition for habeas corpus to be filed in Los Angeles County Superior Court: a period of 359 days, six days short of the one-year limitation period. Even if we agree that Hardiman was entitled to tolling of the entire period between April 18, 1997, and October 27, 1999, while Hardiman's habeas petitions were pending in the California courts, Hardiman would have had only through November 2, 1999, to file his federal habeas petition. However, Hardiman did not file his federal petition until, at the earliest, March 26, 2000 --approximately five months too late.
As the magistrate judge noted, there was no explanation in the record for the six-month gap between the date Hardiman signed his petition and the date it was deemed filed in the district court. Dist. Ct. Op. at 7.
Hardiman's claim of equitable tolling is also unavailing. Equitable tolling of the filing deadline for a habeas petition is available "only if extraordinary circumstances beyond a prisoner's control make it impossible to file a petition on time." Lott v. Mueller, 304 F.3d 918, 922 (9th Cir.2002) (quoting Miles v. Prunty, 187 F.3d 1104, 1107 (9th Cir.1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The burden of demonstrating extraordinary circumstances lies with the petitioner. See United States v. Marolf, 173 F.3d 1213, 1218 n. 3 (9th Cir.1999).
Hardiman argues that he is entitled to equitable tolling under Whalem/Hunt v. Early, 233 F.3d 1146 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc). In Whalem/Hunt, this Court held that the unavailability of a copy of AEDPA in the prison law library where the petitioner was incarcerated could constitute either (1) an "impediment" to the petitioner's filing of a habeas petition, within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(B), or (2) grounds for equitable tolling of the one-year limitation period. Id. at 1148. In his own declaration, however, Hardiman stated that he had knowledge of the "newly amended procedural rules governing the AEDPA" at least as of March 1999. Thus, even if we were to credit Hardiman's claim that he was ignorant of AEDPA until March 1999, and that the prison libraries lacked copies of AEDPA until that time, this still leaves an additional delay of approximately one year between the date Hardiman had gained access to a copy of AEDPA and the date he signed his habeas petition. Moreover, if Hardiman did in fact learn of the AEDPA rules in March 1999, there should have been no impediment to filing his federal petition in the six days he had remaining on the limitations period between October 27 and November 2, 1999. Even taking Hardiman entirely at his word, the period between November 2, 1999 and March 26, 2000 is unaccounted for, and cannot be tolled.
III. CONCLUSION
Hardiman is ineligible for either statutory or equitable tolling of the period during which his mandamus petitions were pending in state court. Moreover, even if the prison law libraries were in fact deficient in the manner Hardiman describes, they do not establish his entitlement to equitable tolling for a period sufficient to render his federal habeas petition timely. Accordingly, the decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.